ch 12, 10 & 9

A neuron can fire approximately once every.. A. 1ms B. 10 ms C. 100 ms D. 1,000 ms

A. 1 ms

The length of the manubrium malli is approximately how many times that of the long process of the stapes? A. 1.2 B. 2.4 C. 3.6 D. 4.8

A. 1.2

The human ear has a frequency range of approximately... A. 10 octaves B. 10 decibles C. 10 Newtons D. none of the above

A. 10 octaves

The outer ear system results in a net gain of approximately how many dB at 2,000 Hz? A. 20 B. 40 C. 60 D. none of the above

A. 20

The tympanic membrane has an effective area of approximately... A. 55 mm^2 B. 3.2 mm^2 C. 16 mm^2 D. 85 mm^2

A. 55 mm^2

The period following depolarization when a neuron cannot fire is termed the.. A. absolutely (absolute) refectory period B. relatively (relative) refractory period C. hypostyle (ascending) refractory period D. adductory (closing) refractory period

A. absolutely (absolute) refractory period

In the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle... A. acetylcholine (ACH) activates muscle function B. gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) activated muscle function C. dopamine (DA) activated muscle function D. none of the above

A. acetylcholine (ACH) activates muscle function

The molecular "fuel" for active transport is.. A. adenosine triphosphate (ATP) B. monosodium glutamate (MSG) C. lysergic acid diethyl amine (LSD) D. acetylcholinesterase (ACHE)

A. adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Another name for the pinna is... A. auricle B. oracle C. audiology D. none of the above

A. auricle

Excitation caused... A. depolarization B. hyper polarization C. repolarization D. none of the above

A. depolarization

In biological systems, voltage is the product of... A. ion movement B. myelin C. Schwann cells D. the neurotransmitter

A. ion movement

The basilar membrane... A. is flaccid at the apex B. consist primarily of otoliths C. is another name for Reissner's membrane D. is conical in shape

A. is flaccid at the apex

The basal end of the basilar membrane.. A. is stiffer than the apical end B. is made up of basal cells C. responds best to low (bass) frequency sounds D. none of the above

A. is stiffer than the apical end

The umbo... A. marks the most distal point of attachment of the manubrium malli B. is the term for the deep sounds processed specifically by the tympanic membrane C. marks the most medial point of attachment of the manubrium malli D. none of the above

A. marks the most distal point of attachment of the manubrium malli

Slow twitch muscle fibers... A. remain activated up to five times linger than fast twitch muscles B. consist mostly of myosin C. do not respond to calcium released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum D. all of the above

A. remain activated up to five times longer than fast twitch muscles

The counterpart to the oval window that allows wave propagation inside the cochlea is known as.. A. round window B. tympanic membrane C. scala media D. Organ of Corti E. auditory meatus

A. round window

The tympanic membrane is... A. slightly concave as viewed from the ear canal B. slightly convex as viewed from the ear canal C. relatively immobile D. none of the above

A. slightly concave as viewed from the ear canal

The term "spectral analysis" refers to the process of measuring and representing... A. the frequency components of sound B. the rhythms of syllables in speech C. a and b D. none of the above

A. the frequency components of sound

The lobule is.. A. the non cartilaginous region in the inferior aspect of the pinna B. the cartilage frame of the pinna C. inferior to the cone of light on the tympanic membrane D. none of the above

A. the non cartilaginous region in the inferior aspect of the pinna

Approximately how many dB of gain does the middle ear lever advantage provide to the signal? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4

B. 2

The combined area and lever of advantages provide a gain of how many dB? A. 25 dB B. 27 dB C. 2 dB D. 45 dB

B. 27 dB

The oval window has an effective area of approximately.. A. 55 mm^2 B. 3.2 mm^2 C. 16 mm^2 D. 85 mm^2

B. 3.2 mm^2

Which of the following is the formula for pressure? A. P = F x A B. P = F/A C. P = F/A^2 D. none of the above

B. P = F/A

An action potential is.. A. the return of baseline voltage that occurs following depolarization B. a change in electrical potential that occurs when the cell membrane is stimulated adequately to permit ion exchange between inta and extracellular spaces C. the threshold phenomenon associated with moment in muscle D. none of the above

B. a change in electrical potential that occurs when the cell membrane is stimulated adequately to permit ion exchange between intra and extracellular spaces

The outer ear can be viewed predominantly as... A. a vestigial structure that is no longer needed B. a collector of sound C. a musculotendinous structure suspended by ligaments D. a signal synthesizer

B. a collector of sound

The pars flaccid is... A. the most flaccid portion of the external auditory meatus B. a portion of the eardrum with the lease fibrous tissue C. another name for the umbo D. none of the above

B. a portion of the eardrum with the lease fibrous tissue

The tympanic membrane is.... A. richly invested with osseous components B. about 55 mm^2 in area C. deep to the ossicular chain D. none of the above

B. about 55 mm^2 in area

The utricle and saccule sense.. A. the force of gravity on the body B. acceleration of the head/body C. static position of the head in space D. none of the above

B. acceleration of the head/body

Electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings are actually records of... A. motor end plates B. action potentials C. K+ ions D. none of the above

B. action potential

The ear is... A. a structure designed for non communicative function B. an energy transducer C. both a and b D. none of the above

B. an energy transducer

The lowest frequency sounds are produced... A. at the helicotrema B. at the apex C. at the base D. at the round window

B. at the apex

Although the outer ear has no "active elements" it serves... A. mainly as an amplifier but not a filter B. both as a filter and an amplifier C. only to process passive sounds D. mainly as a filter and not an amplifier

B. both as a filter and an amplifier

An action potential at the motor end plate... A. results from activation of troponin B. causes calcium to be released into the environment of muscle fibers C. a and b D. none of the above

B. causes calcium to be released into the environment of the muscle fibers

Manubrium means... A. hammer B. handle C. hand D. hard

B. handle

Inhibition causes.... A. depolarization B. hyperpolarization C. repolarization D. none of the above

B. hyperpolarization

Neurotransmitter substance... A. leaves the presynaptic neuron, active ion channels, and enters the postsynaptic neuron B. leaves the presynaptic neuron, activates ion channels, and then is reabsorbed into the presynaptic neuron C. leaves the presynaptic neuron, activates ion channels, and then is absorbed into the lymphatic system D. leaves the postsynaptic neuron, activates ion channels, and then is absorbed into the presynaptic neuron

B. leaves the presynaptic neuron, activates ion channels, and then is reabsorbed into the presynaptic neuron

Myelinated fibers conduct the wave of depolarization more rapidly than demyelinated fibers.. A. because the lipids that make up myelin are hydrophobic in nature B. primarily due to saltatory conduction C. because myelin serves as an electrical conductor D. because depolarization occurs before hyper polarization

B. primarily due to saltatory conduction

When the stapes moves medially.. A. a wave is initially set up in the endolymph B. the perilymph of the scala vestibuli receives a compression pulse C. Reissner's membrane undergoes muscular contraction D. the organ of Corti vibrates at a resonant frequency equal to the whole number multiple of

B. the perilymph of the scala vestibule receives a compression pulse

The frequency region that is most enhanced by the outer ear is.... A. 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz B. 0.02 KHz to 20 KHz C. 1,500 Hz to 8,000 Hz D. none of the above

C. 1,500 Hz to 8,000 Hz

The acoustical gain arising from the area function is approximately... A. 17:1 B. 25 dB C. a and b D. none of the above

C. a and b 17:1, 25 dB

The middle ear serves as an impedance-matching function by... A. amplifying the force per unit area through leverage of ossicles B. reducing the area over which the existing force is exerted through differential area of tympanum versus oval window C. a and b D. none of the above

C. a and b amplifying the force per unit are through leverage of ossicles, reducing the are over which the existing force is exerted through differential area of tympanum versus oval window

Volrage-sensitive proteins... A. are responsive to voltage gradients in their environment B. change shape and open in response to voltage differences in their environment C. a and b D. none of the above

C. a and b are responsive to voltage gradients in their environment, change shape and open in response to voltage differenced in their environment

The head of the malleus... A. is the point of articulation with the incus B. projects into the epitympanic recess C. a and b D. none of the above

C. a and b is the point of articulation with the incus, projects into the epitympanic recess

For fine movement... A. only a limited number of muscle fibers need to be recruited B. typically fast-twitch fibers will be recruited C. a and b D. none of the above

C. a and b only a limited number of muscle fibers need to be recruited, typically fast twitch fibers will be recruited

An action potential causes.. A. synaptic vesicles to migrate to the synaptic membrane B. neurotransmitter to be released into the synaptic cleft C. a and b D. none of the above

C. a and b synaptic vesicles to migrate to the synaptic membrane, neurotransmitter to be released into the synaptic cleft

A speculum is.. A. a small patch of dirt or cerumen within the ear canal B. another name for eyeglasses C. a device used to look into cavities D. none of the above

C. a device used to look into cavities

IPSP refers to.... A. a potential that is excitatory in nature B. use of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine(ACH) C. an inhibitory potential D. an input potential

C. an inhibitory potential

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the function of the vestibular mechanism? A. the cilia of the vestibular mechanism are stimulated by the acoustic signal input to the oval window B. the lateral semicircular canal senses acceleration in the vertical dimension C. as your head rotates, the fluid in the semicircular canals tends to remain in the same location D. none of the above

C. as your head rotates, the fluid in the semicircular canals tends to remain in the same location

The highest frequency sounds are produced... A. at the B. at the apex C. at the base D. ar the round window

C. at the base

You can increase pressure by... A. increasing force per unit area B. decreasing the area over which force is extended C. both a and b D. none of the above

C. both a and b increasing force per unit area, decreasing the area over which force is extended

Adenosine triphosphate is a direct product of... A. the synaptic dyad B. gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) C. cellular mitochondria D. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

C. cellular mitochondria

The basic function of a neuron is to.. A. transmit nutrients B. maintin dynamic equilibrium between glial cells and potassium ions C. communicate by firing or not firing D. none of the above

C. communicate by firing or not firing

The epithelial lining of the external auditory meatus... A. continues as both the superficial and deep layers of the tympanic membrane B. relies upon secreting epithelial cells of the middle ear for lubrication C. continues as the superficial layer of the tympanic membrane D. none of the above

C. continues as the superficial layer of the tympanic membrane

As the mass of a vibrating body increases.. A. frequency of vibration increases B. frequency remains unchanged C. frequency vibration decreases D. none of the above

C. frequency of vibration decreases

The tragus.... A. is another name for the ear canal B. is the ligament surrounding the footplate of the strapes C. is a flap of tissue at the entrance to the ear canal D. none of the above

C. is a flap of tissue at the entrance to the ear canal

The malleus.. A. is also called the manubrium B. attaches to the round window by means of tiny ligaments C. is lateral to the incus D. none of the above

C. is lateral to the incus

Because an action potential always results in the same neural response... A. the neuron can only fire during inhabitation B. the neuron cannot be used to differentiate stimuli C. the neuron is capable of representing differences in input only through rate of response D. none of the above

C. the neuron is capable of representing differences in input only through rate of response

Which of the following statements is most accurate? A. the tympanic membrane is approximately 17 times stiffer than the oval window B. the tensor tympani is approximately 17 times more flaccid than the stapedius C. the oval window is approximately 17 times smaller than the tympanic membrane D. none of the above

C. the oval window is approximately 17 times smaller than the tympanic membrane

The primary function of the pinna is.. A. collection of sound B. sound localization C. amplification of sound D. a and b E. all of the above

D. a and b collection of sound, sound localization

The pharyngotympannic tube is also known as the... A. Eustachian tube B. auditory C. discovery fo Bartolomeo Eustachi D. all of the above E. none of the above

D. all of the above Eustachian tube, auditory, discovery of Bartolomeo Eustachi

Active cellular transport.... A. is required to adjust the ion balance between intra and extracellular environments B. involves the use of sodium-potassium pumps C. moves sodium out of the cell D. all of the above

D. all of the above is required to adjust the ion balance between intra and extracellular environments, involves the use of sodium-potassium pumps, moves sodium out of the cell

The tympanic membrane is... A. the boundary between the outer and middle ear B. is the place where the males attaches inside the middle ear C. is about 17 times larger in area than the oval window D. all of the above E. none of the above

D. all of the above the boundary between the outer and middle ear, is the place where the males attaches inside the middle ear, is about 17 times large in area than the oval window

A major difference between slow and fast twitch fibers is that.. A. one neuron may innervate thousands of slow twitch fibers B. one neuron may innervate as few as 10 fast twitch fibers C. slow twitch fibers are important for sustained contraction D. all the above

D. all the above one neuron may innervate thousands of slow twitch fibers, one neuron may innervate as few as 10 fast twitch fibers, slow twitch fibers are import for sustained contraction

The external auditory meatus... A. serves the same function as the internal auditory meatus B. has bone deep to two thirds of its epithelial tissue C. has cartilage deep to one third of its epithelial tissue D. b and c E. a b and c

D. b and c has bone deep to tow thirds of its epithelial tissue, has cartilage deep to one third of its epithelial tissue

Another name for earwax is... A. cementum B. centrum C. cenemon D. cerumen

D. cerumen

The point of maximal perturbation of the basilar membrane arising from the traveling wave... A. determines the temporal component of the traveling wave B. determines the zone pelicula for the traveling wave C. represents the frequency component determined by the umbo of the manubrium D. determines the hair cells that will be maximally stimulated to fire

D. determines the hair cells that will be maximally stimulated to fire

The concha is the... A. shell like structure within he middle ear B. outer margin, also known as the "skiff" C. bulge on the pinna just opposite of Darwin's tubercle D. entrance to the ear canal

D. entrance to the ear canal

EPSP refers to... A. excitatory presummative potential B. excitatory presynaptic potential C. excitatory presynaptic potential D. excitatory postsynaptic potential

D. excitatory postsynaptic potential

The conical shaped central axis in the cochlea is technically reffered to as the... A. ampula B. recesses ellipticus C. oriffice of the aquaeductus D. modiolus E. scala tympani

D. modiolus

The period following depolarization of a neuron during which a neuron can fire, but requires a higher level of stimulation than required for the initial depolarization, is the... A. primary refractory period B. secondary refractory period C. absolutely (absolute) refractory period D. relatively (relative) refractory period

D. relatively (relative) refractory pacific

Communication between two neurons occurs at the.. A. mitochondria B. protein shell C. nodes of Ranvier D. synapse

D. synapse

Which of the following statements is false? A. Dr. Santos-Sacchi showed that the OHCs can amplify sounds by 100 times B. the OHCs outnumber the IHCs more then 3 to 1 C. there are about 3,500 inner hair cells in the human cochlea D. there are four rows of OHCs but only one of IHCs E. none of the above is false

D. there are four rows of OHCs but only one of IHCs

Which of the following marks the boundary between the outer and middle ear? A. Tympanic membrane B. ear drum C. isthmus D. footplate of stapes (and oval window) E. a and b

E. a and b tympanic membrane, ear drum

The ossicles... A. act as an impedance-matching device B. provide the means of communicating sound from the outer ear to the inner ear C. are the smallest bones of the body D. a and b E. a b and c

E. a b and c acts as an impedance-matching device, prove the means of communicating sounds from the outer ear to the inner ear, are the smallest bones of the body

The external auditory meatus is... A. approximately 7 mm in diameter B. approximately 1.5 cm long from the base of the concha to the tympanic membrane C. the ear canal D. a and b E. a b and c

E. a b and c approximately 7 mm in diameter, approximately 1.5 cm long from the base of the concha to the tympanic membrane, the ear canal

The pars flaccida is... A. in the superior quadrant of the tympanic membrane B. between the posterior and anterior malleolar folds C. the most flaccid portion of the tympanic membrane D. a and b E. a b and c

E. a b and c in the superior quadrant of the tympanic membrane, between the posterior and anterior malleolar folds, the most flaccid portion of the tympanic membrane

The external meatus... A. is roughly s shaped B. takes a turn inferiorly at the junction of the cartilaginous and bony framework C. is slightly constricted at the margin of the bony and cartilaginous framework D. a and b E. a b and c

E. a b and c is roughly s shaped, takes a turn inferiorly at the junction of the cartilaginous and bony framework, is slightly constricted at the margin of the bony and cartilaginous framework

The isthmus is... A. lateral to the tragus on the pinna B. a constriction in the external auditory meatus C. about 5 mm from the tympanic membrane D. a and b E. b and c

E. b and c a constriction in the external auditory meatus, about 5 mm from the tympanic membrane

The chorda tympani.. A. is a blood vessel that is first surfaces in the external auditory meatus and passes into the middle ear space at the inferior merging of the tympanic membrane B. is a branch of the VII facial nerve C. can sometimes be seen through the superficial tympanic membrane during otoscopy D. a and b E. b and c

E. b and c is a branch of the VII facial nerve, can sometimes be seen through the superficial tympanic membrane during otoscopy

The reflex that enables protection of the cochlea from sudden loud noises is known as.... A. the acoustic startle response B. the stapedial reflex C. the acoustic reflex D. cochlear microphonics E. b and c

E. b and c the stapedial reflex, the acoustic reflex

According to the Nobel prize winning research of Roger Sperry, the subordinate hemisphere... A. is usually left B. excels at processing linguistic signs C. is usually right D. excelles at processing holistic images E. both c and d

E. both c and d is usually right, excels at processing holistic images

The ossicles of the middle ear are.... A. the densest bones of the body B. actually made of cartilage that has been infused with potassium ions C. embryologically related to the atlas and axis of the vertebral column D. a and b E. none of the above

E. none of the above