Ch. 12

_____ is the degree to which the worker has freedom, discretion, and self-determination in planning and carrying out tasks.

Autonomy

Which of these is sometimes called negative reinforcement?

Avoidance learning

_____ is the removal of an unpleasant consequence following a desired behavior.

Avoidance learning

Which of the following is NOT a common method for reducing a perceived inequity?

Change equity

Samuel, a sales associate at an electronics store, learns that his base pay is higher than any other sales associate in the store. He justifies his higher salary to the idea that he must be a top sales associate, generating more revenue than anyone else. This example demonstrates which method for reducing perceived inequity?

Changing perceptions

Which of the following is NOT a need proposed by Maslow in his hierarchy of needs theory?

Compensation needs

Which of the following theories emphasize the needs that motivate people?

Content

_____ theories emphasize the needs that motivate people.

Content

The _____ involves whether putting effort into a task will lead to high performance.

E -> P expectancy

Nelson is motivated by a strong need for recognition and is continually seeking credit for his contributions to the organization. According to Maslow, Nelson is motivated by which category of needs?

Esteem

_____ rewards are given by another person, typically a manager, and include promotions and pay increases.

Extrinsic

_____ is a motivational compensation program that allows workers to set their own hours.

Flextime

Which term, in goal-setting theory, refers to the need to make goals highly ambitious but achievable?

Goal difficulty

_____ is the application of motivational theories to the structure of work for improving productivity and satisfaction.

Job design

The idea that people are strongly motivated by a potential loss, such as a financial penalty, is known as _____.

Loss aversion

Which of the following is the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior?

Motivation

_____ refers to the forces either within or external to a person that arouse enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action.

Motivation

Abbi works at Railroad Ties. Her bosses continually indicate that her motivational level is low. Abbi agrees, but is unwilling to work harder until the company changes the types of reward it offers its employees. Which of the following is low for Abbi?

O -> P expectancy

_____ are the most basic human physical needs, including food, water, and oxygen.

Physiological needs

_____ theories explain how workers select behavioral actions to meet their needs and determine whether their choices were successful.

Process

One of your fellow students is continually late to class. The professor has tried numerous verbal warnings and recently took points away from the student's grade. Based on the above, the professor's actions are consistent with which of the following reinforcement techniques?

Punishment

Which of the following theories places an emphasis on behavior and its consequences?

Reinforcement theory

Daisy tried to apply the job characteristics model to her workforce, but it only worked for some of her employees. Which of the following may be a reason why it did not work for everyone?

Some of her employees are low in growth-need strength.

_____ is defined as the altering of jobs to increase both the quality of employees' work experience and their productivity.

Work redesign

The delegation of power and authority to subordinates is referred to as:

empowerment.

Carla's subordinates view her as a great manager. Not only does she get the job done, but she organizes the workplace in such a way that employees experience a sense of meaningfulness, connection, and growth. This is an example of employee:

engagement.

A state of _____ exists whenever the ratio of one person's outcomes to inputs equals the ratio of another's outcomes to inputs.

equity

The idea that failure to meet a high-order need may cause a regression to an already satisfied lower-order need is referred to as a(n) _____.

frustration-regression principle

Factors that involve the presence or absence of job dissatisfiers, such as working conditions or pay, are known as _____.

hygiene factors

Sally enjoys her job as a teacher, not because of the pay or benefits, but because she feels good about shaping the minds of tomorrow's leaders. Sally is motivated by:

intrinsic rewards

The job characteristic of feedback provides the worker with:

knowledge of actual results.

The assumption that positively reinforced behavior tends to be repeated is the basis for the _____.

law of effect

The _____ is the idea that the single most important factor that can boost motivation during a workday is making progress toward meaningful goals.

making progress principle

According to Herzberg, _____ is an example of a hygiene factor.

pay

A high need for _____ is associated with successful attainment of top levels in the organizational hierarchy, according to McClelland.

power

Frank is primarily driven by a need to establish close social relationships with other people. Alderfer would say he is motivated by:

relatedness needs.

At Rightway Industries, new hires spend a significant portion of their first week of training just walking around the factory, observing other workers and watching them get rewarded for doing their jobs well. This is an example of:

vicarious learning.