ch. 12

the andes tree line

-5 different climate zones and can vary from hot to freezing -________: elevation at which trees no longer can grow -Animals - llamas, alpacas, vicunas, Andean condor

rubber Manaus

-Agriculture and Mining is important in the amazon basin. -Brazil's rainforest is leading producer of _____. The city of _____ grew rich from the harvesting and shipping of rubber. -Resources- hardwood trees, land, oil exploration, and other minerals.

llanos Gran Chaco Pampas

-Amazon River basin is the largest plain -______: large plains areas in Northeast Columbia and Venezuela -_______: hunting land between the andes and the Brazilian highlands -_______: Argentina's most densely populated area -Semiarid Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego both south of the Pampas

European European native America

-Argentina - 97% _____ -Ecuador - only 7% _____. Many mestizos and Native American groups -Bolivia - 55% of Bolivia is _______

the equator

-Around _______, some areas have tropical wet and dry climates. -Natural vegetation includes dry forests or savannas

amazon river basin

-Climate - world's largest tropical humid climate area -Plants - tropical rainforests -Animals - anacondas, toucans, jaguars, monkeys, bats

environmental issues

-Conservation of rainforests - thousands of species of plants and animals, provides oxygen -Soil exhaustion - loss of soil nutrients due to overuse -Overgrazing

Mercosur

-Countries produce food items, consumer goods, and building materials -Large countries make cars, trucks, and airplanes and workers assemble these by hand. Materials need to be imported, which limits profits -Cooperation has led to economic progress. -Trade organization - _______: southern common market expands trade, improves transportation, and reduces tariffs. Full members are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.

buffer state coup

-Countries set up their own governments. -Communication was difficult in South America. -Uruguay formed as a ______ (a small country between 2 larger countries) between Argentina and Brazil. -Brazil stayed under Portuguese influence. -Revolutions did not change life in S.A. Wealthy families ruled and the poor remained poor. Sometimes a _____ (when a group takes over by force) would occur. Ex. Bolivia

mestizos Guyana

-In many other countries, _____ make up most of the population. -In ______, people are of Indian descent. Asian immigrants are in S.A. as well. -Spanish is the main language. Portuguese is spoken in Brazil. English, Dutch, and French are spoken in the three smaller countries in S.A. Guyana, Sur, French Guyana respectively

the Spanish latifundia

-Introduced animals and agriculture (Colombian Exchange) -Also carried new diseases that killed Indians and also killed them by warfare. -They spread across S.A. and ______ (large estates) spread across the Pampas.

minifundia Brazil

-Latifundia were broken up into ______- small farms that are too small to be profitable. Inequality in land ownership is the basis of much poverty and unrest in South America. -Market oriented farming is highly developed in southern Brazil, and northern Argentina. -______ is leading producer of coffee. -Columbia also produces coffee and flowers, Chile's Central Valley produces fruits and vegetables in our winter, and Argentina specializes in wheat and beef

manioc llaneros

-Rainforest people raise bananas and _____- tropical plant with starchy roots -Ranch hands called _____ live like cowboys or Argentinean Gouchos.

coast

-Settlement is along the ____. Many cities are seaports. -Interior is thinly populated.

andes Altiplano tepuis

-The ____ mountain range is the greatest in South America and it is divided into two great ranges -Within it, there is a high plateau region called the _____ contains 2 lakes called Lake Titicaca and Poopo -In contrast, there are the ancient eroded highlands of eastern South America. The Guiana Highlands rise in southern Venezuela. Erosion here has left a chain of high plateaus called _____ edged by high cliffs. Ex. Angel Falls -> waterfall

Chile Southern Chile Patagonia Atacama

-______: Mediterranean Climate -______: marine west coast -______: semiarid and arid -Driest region - ______ Desert in Northern Chile

portuguese settlement brazilwood sugarcane

-_______ started in the 1530's in Brazil and ______ was an important crop. -_______ became the key crop and used African slaves. -Spread cattle ranching inland and expansion led to mineral discoveries, which led to growth of cities like Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo

Brazil and Columbia Chile Brazil Colombia venezuela

-_______: gold and silver -_______: copper -_______: feore and bauxite -_______: emeralds -_______: petroleum

The Amazon The Orinoco The Paraná

-_______: world's largest river in volume and runs through the Amazon Basin -_______: drains Llanos and Guiana Highlands (Columbia and Venezuela) -_______: longest river in the south

Roman Catholic

-religion - Majority are ______ -South Asians and Indonesians have added Hindu temples and Islamic mosques. -Indigenous people follow their religions

landlocked

Border disputes War 1880s left Bolivia and Paraguay _______ - no outlet to the sea

middle

All the countries are considered developing but ____ class is growing. Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Venezuela, and Uruguay have the strongest economies.

quechua

Inca language and Portugal in Uruguay. Mixes Spanish and Portuguese words

favelas

Leading cities are huge in comparison to other cities. Ex. 1/3 of Chile's people live in Santiago. People move from the countryside to the cities looking for jobs. -Few find jobs because of lack of skill or education. People live in slums that have their own names in each country. In Brazil, they are called _____. 25% of Rio de Janeiro live in them

south america

The continent has bone-dry deserts tropical rainforests, snowcapped mountains, high plateaus, and vast fertile grasslands

tar sands (venezuela)

rock or sand layers that contain oil

el nino

when the Pacific Ocean water is warmer and the climate is wetter. Affects the dry pacific coast in south America

la nina

when the pacific waters are colder and the climate is drier

chibcha inca francisco pizarro

First settlers were hunters-gatherers and came to S.A. 12,000 years ago. _______- lived in Columbian Andes, developed gold-working skills _______- founded S.A.'s greatest early civilization. -stretched from- Ecuador to chile -built paved roads and suspension bridges -terraced- fields braced by stone walls -_______: conquistador who conquered the incas

simon bolivar

South America gained independence from Spain from 1810-1830 - _______ was the leader of independence

60˚ latitude

South America has a wide variety of climate regions because it has access to more than __________

democratic

South American governments have become more ______, but majority of people are still poor. There is also tension between countries because of a growing population, the need for resources, and a concern for the environment.

treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Spain controlled lands to the west. Portugal lands to the east by a _______ -Western area was more agricultural -Incas had gold and silver -established a system of landed estates like they had known in Spain and forced the Indians to work the land

terrorism

use of fear and violence as a political force (Colombia - fark)