Ch. 13 & 14 pt. 1

block the acquisition of a conditioned emotional response.

A genetic manipulation of the lateral amygdala that inactivates PKM-zeta protein would be expected to

formation of new synaptic contacts.

A key structural change that accompanies long-term potentiation is the

the dendritic spike

An action potential that occurs in a dendritic branch after an action potential in a pyramidal cell is termed

food for a hungry rat.

An example of a natural reinforcer is

will occur more frequently.

An instrumental response that produces a favorable consequence

activation of a strong input to a given synapse to; a weak input is activated

Associative long-term potentiation requires ________ occur about the same time as ________.

the hippocampus converts immediate memories into long-term memories.

Based on the study of Patient H.M., it has been concluded that

stimulus-response learning.

Classical conditioning is considered to be a form of

recognize familiar objects.

Damage to human visual association cortex would be expected to impair the ability to

increased activity of the right hippocampal formation.

During a PET scan, a London cabby is asked to describe the route she would take a fare from the West End theater district to Harrod's department store. Her description would be associated with

The central nucleus of the amygdala integrates the pairing of tone and shock information.

In a conditioned emotional response (CER) study, a tone is paired with a foot shock for a rat. After several trials, the tone alone is a CS that can elicit fear emotional responses. Which of the following is true of the anatomy of this fear response?

is paired repeatedly with a stimulus that evokes a reflexive response.

In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus

shows a species-typical behavior in response to a previously unimportant stimulus.

In classical conditioning, an organism

circuits that detect a stimulus and motor control circuits that produce a response.

Instrumental conditioning involves strengthening connections between

long-term potentiation of postsynaptic neurons.

Intense electrical stimulation of axons within the hippocampal formation results in

could have reinforcing effects.

James Olds and Peter Milner reported that electrical stimulation of rat brain

requires protein synthesis.

Long-lasting, long-term potentiation

NMDA receptors are sparse in area CA3.

Long-term potentiation (LTP) can be produced in areas CA1 and CA3 of the hippocampus. Which of the following is strong evidence that non-NMDA mechanisms can mediate LTP?

AMPA receptors; tip of dendritic spines

Long-term potentiation is associated with the movement of ________ to the _______.

nitric oxide; glutamate

Long-term potentiation may involve the formation of ________ within the postsynaptic dendrite, which then acts on the presynaptic element to increase the release of ________.

short-term memory; a few seconds

Memories for a stimulus or an event can be retained in ________, which lasts for ________.

declarative memory.

Memory for events and facts that we can think and talk about is referred to as

anterograde amnesia; medial temporal lobe

Patient H.M. developed ________ following bilateral damage to his ________.

consolidating information from short-term memory to long-term memory using rehearsal.

Patient H.M. was able to perform all of the following tasks quite well EXCEPT

show impairment of complex relational learning.

People with anterograde amnesia

recall events that occurred prior to the brain injury.

People with retrograde amnesia cannot

glutamate

Receptors for ________ are involved in long-term potentiation.

connections between different regions of sensory association cortex.

Relational learning involves changes in

exhibit a specific behavior in the presence of a specific stimulus.

Stimulus-response learning involves the ability to

voltage; neurotransmitter

The NMDA receptor is unusual in that it is ________-dependent and ________- dependent.

prefrontal cortex

The ________ plays a key role in short-term memory for all sensory systems.

sensory signals -> caudate nucleus/putamen -> globus pallidus -> frontal cortex/primary motor cortex

The flow of information into and from the basal ganglia is:

people were able to recognize most of the slides for a time interval of weeks.

The major finding of the study by Standing (1973), in which subjects were shown 10,000 slides and then tested for recognition at various times thereafter, was that

severe anterograde amnesia.

The most profound symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is

caudate nucleus and the putamen.

The neostriatum is composed of the

persons with semantic dementia show loss of the lateral temporal lobe but not the hippocampal formation.

The notion that episodic memories are distinct from semantic memories is supported by studies in which

entorhinal cortex.

The primary input to the hippocampus is from the

inferior temporal cortex; object recognition

The ventral stream of visual association cortex continues into the ________ and carries information relating to ________.

Hebb rule

The________ states that a weak synapse will be strengthened if its activation occurs at the same time that the postsynaptic neuron fires.

Activation of NMDA receptors produces an accumulation of calcium ions, which is toxic to the neuron.

Which of the following is an explanation of hippocampal damage produced by anoxia?

Drugs of abuse appear to act via the same circuits discovered by Olds and Milner.

Which of the following is an outcome related to the discovery by Olds and Milner of "pleasure centers" in the brain?

As a person becomes proficient in the behavior, the control of the process is transferred to the basal ganglia.

Which of the following is important for the acquisition of complex behaviors that become routine?

LTD is associated with a decrease in the number of AMPA receptors in the postsynaptic neuron.

Which of the following is true of long-term depression (LTD)?

recall of memories for events prior to 1953

Which of the following was a spared memory ability for Patient H.M. after his brain damage?

feeling sad when your mother calls with the bad news.

You are listening to a song on the radio while doing your homework. The phone rings. Your mother has called to tell you that your favorite uncle has died after being hit by a car. Three months later, you again hear the same song and suddenly feel very sad. In this example, the unconditional response is

episodic learning.

Your ability to recall a series of events you have witnessed is referred to as

perceptual learning.

Your ability to recognize a series of photos that you looked at a month ago is an example of

perceptual learning; auditory association cortex

Your ability to recognize a series of tones, such as the opening notes of "The Star Spangled Banner," is an instance of ________ that likely involves the ________.

instrumental conditioning.

Your dog bites your best friend Mark each time Mark tries to pet her. Mark stops petting your dog. This is an example of

Learning to swing a golf club

________ is an example of motor learning.

Consolidation

________ is the process by which immediate memories are transformed into long-term memories.