Ch. 13 Moral Development, Values, and Religion

moral performance

(behavior) is determined by motivation and the rewards and incentives to act in a specific moral way

Gilligan said Kohlberg greatest underplayed Care perspective because

- he was male - most of his research was with males rather than females - he used male responses as a model of his theory Gilligan interviews girls 6-18 years found that girls consistently interpret moral dilemmas in terms of human relationships and base these interpretations on listening and watching other people Girls moral orientations are somewhat more likely to focus on care for others than on abstract principals of justice, but they can use both moral orientations when needed

Five questions to understand moral development:

1.) how do individuals reason or think about moral decisions? 2.) how do individuals actually behave in moral circumstances? 3.) how do individuals feel about moral matters? 4.) what characterizes an individuals moral personality? 5.) how is the moral domain different from social conventional and personal domains?

How many US states currently have mandates to include character education in school curriculum?

40

Developmental pathways to delinquency:

Authority conflict - youth on this pathway showed stubbornness prior to age 12, then moved on to defiance and avoidance of authority Covert - pathway included in minor covert acts, such as lying, followed by property damage and moderately serious delinquency, then serious delinquency Overt - pathway included minor aggression followed by fighting and violence

Autonomous morality

Become aware that rules and laws are created by people and in judging an action - they consider the actors intentions as well as the consequences - 10 years and older

From 7-10 years

Children in transition showing some features of the first stage of moral reasoning and some features of the second stage

Why might prosocial behavior increase in adolescence?

Cognitive changes involving advances in abstract, idealistic, and logical reasoning as well as increased empathy and emotional understanding increasingly sympathize with members of abstract groups with whom they have little experience, such as people living in poverty in other countries increase in volunteer opportunities in adolescence also contributes to more frequent prosocial behavior

Another way to morally educate is ______ moral education which is based on the belief that students should learn to value things such as democracy and justice

Cognitive moral education

Immanent justics

Concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately Young child believes violation is connected automatically to its punishment If something unfortunate happened to the someone, person must have transgressed earlier

Refers to age-inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, society's standards, and the personal or property rights of otehrs

Conduct disorder

Which of the following are imporatnat aspects of the parent-child relationships that contribute to a child's moral development?

Conversational dialog; proactive strategies; relational quality; parental discipline

Damon's description of developmental changes in empathy from infancy through adolescence:

Early infancy: characterized by global empathy, young infant's empathetic response does not distinguesh between feelings and needs of self and others 1-2 years: undifferentiated feelings of discomfort at anothers distress grow into more genuine feelings of concern, but infants cannot transiate realization of other unhappy feelings into effective action early childhood: children become aware that every persons perspective is unique and that someone else may have different reaction to a situation. this awareness allows the child to respond more appropriately to another persons distress 10-12 years: children develop an emergent orientation of empathy ofr people who live in unfortunate circumstances - the poor, handicapped, socially outcast. in adolescence, this newfound sensitivity may give a humanitarian flavor to the individuals ideological and political views

True or False: According to Kohlberg, children's advances in cognitive reasoning account for their advancement in moral reasoning

False

True or False: In terms of honesty, what children do in one situation is strongly related to what they do in other situations

False

Heteronomous morality

First stage of moral development in Piaget's theory - children think of justice and rules as unchangeable properties of the world, removed from the control of people - 4-7 years of age

Which of the following are criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

He based his theory on hypothetical moral situations, which not the same as moral behavior; he did not adequately take the influences of culture and family into account

Postconventional reasoning

Highest level in Kohlberg's theory of moral development - individual recognized alternative moral courses, explores options, and then decided on personal moral code

is the concept that if a rule is broken, punishment will be meted out immediately. Young children believe in this type of justice.

Immanent justice

Moral development

Involves changes in thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding standards of right and wrong Has an intrapersonal dimension - regulates a persons activities when she or he is not engaged in social interaction Interpersonal dimension - regulates social interactions and arbitrates conflict

Several ways religion promotes physical health:

Lifestyle issues: religious individuals have lower rates of drug use than their nonreligious counterparts Social networks: well-connected individuals have fewer health problems; religious groups meetings, and activities promote social connectedness for individuals Coping with stress: religion offers a source of comfort and support when individuals are confronted with stressful events; highly religious individuals were less likely than moderately religious, somewhat religious, and nonreligious counterparts to be psychologically distressed

Preconventional reasoning

Lowest level of moral reasoning, said Kohlberg - good and bad are interrupted in terms of external rewards and punishments

Justice perspective

Moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual, individuals independently make moral decisions

Care perspective

Moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasis interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others

Kohlberg's Theory

Piaget's cognitive stages of development serve as the underpinnings for Kohlberg's theory, but Kohlberg suggested that there are six stages of moral development Stages are universal Development from one stage to another is fostered by opportunities to take the perspective of others and to experience conflict between ones current stage of moral thinning and the reasoning of someone at a higher stage Morality becomes more internal or mature Family processes unimportant in children's moral development - parent-child relationships usually provide children with little opportunity to give-and-take or perspective taking - said more opportunities likely to be provided by children's peer relations

How might religion be linked to physical health?

Some cults and religious sects encourage behaviors that are damaging to health, such as ignoring and sound medical advice researchers are fidining that religion is positively linked to health

All of the following statements about religion in middle adulthood are true, EXCEPT:

Spirituality increases more for men than women in second half of life

Level 1: Preconventional Level

Stage 1: Heteronomous Morality Children obey because adults tell them to obey. People base their moral decisions on fear of punishment Stage 2: Individualism, Instrumental Purpose, and Exchange Individuals pursue their own interests but let others do the same. What is right involves equals exchange.

Level 2: Conventional Level

Stage 3: Mutual Interpersonal Expectations, Relationships, and Interpersonal Conformity Individuals value trust, caring, and loyalty to others as a basis of moral judgement Stage 4: Social Systems Morality Moral judgements are based on understanding and the social order, law, justice, and duty

Level 3: Postconventional Level

Stage 5: Social Contract or Utility and Individual Rights Individuals reason that values, rights, and principals undergird or transcend the law Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principals The person has developed judgements that are based on universal human rights. When faced with a dilemma between law and conscience, a personal, individualized conscience is followed

True or False: behavior is situationally dependent

True! individuals do not consistently display moral behavior in different situations

character education

a direct education approach that involves teaching students a basic moral literacy to prevent them from engaging in immoral behavior and doing harm to themselves or others argument is that behvaiors such as lying, stealing, and cheating are wrong, and students should be taught this throughout their education

If a religious change is going to take place it will usually take place during ------

adolescence

Six different types of prosocial behavior (Carlo) in adolescence:

altruism "one of the best things about doing charity is that it looks good" public "helping others while i'm being watched is when I work best" emotional "I usually help others when they are very upset" dire "I tend to help people who are hurt badly" anonymous "I prefer to donate money without anyone knowing" complaint "I never wait to help others when they ask for it" adolescent girls reported more emotional, dire, compliant, and altruistic behavior than did boys, while boys engaged in more public prosocial behavior

Foregiveness

an aspect of prosocial behavior that occurs when the injured person releases the injurer from possible behavioral retaliation

sympathy

an emotional response to another person in which observer feels sad or concerned about the persons well-being

Theorist Damon, emphasizes the role of empathy in moral development with positive and negative. Select all of the following that are negative feelings.

anger; outrage; guilt

Eisbenberg suggestions for parents for children to behave morally:

are warm and supportive, use inductive reasoning, and engage in authoritative parenting are not punitive and does not use love withdrawal as disciplinary strategies provide opportunities for the children to learn about others' pespectives and feelings involve children in family decision making and in the process of thinking about moral decisions model moral behaviors and thinking themselves, and provide opportunities for their children to do so provide information about what behaviors are expected and why foster an internal reather than an external sense of morality

A child who considers a person's intentions, as well as the consequences of a given action, is in Piaget's ____________ morality stage?

autonomous

cognitive moral education

based on belief that students should learn to value such things as democracy and justice as their moral reasoning develops

Values

beliefs and attitudes about the way things should be involve what is important to us we attach value to all sorts of things: politics, religion, money, sex, education, helping others, family, friends, career, recognition, self-respect, and so on we carry values that influence our thoughts, feelings, and actions one way to measure what people value is ask them what their goals are today's college freshman are more strongly motivated to be well-off financially and less motivated to develop a meaningful philosophy of life than were their counterparts of 40 or even 20 years ago - 82% of students viewed becoming very well-off financially as an "essential" or a "very imporatant" objective, compared with only 42% in 1971

In contrast to Kohlbergs Justice perspective, Gilligan developed a ___ perspective in regard to moral reasoning

care

Components of Prosocial Behavior:

caring about the welfare and rights of others feelings concern and empathy for them acting in a way that benefits others

Proponents of ________ believe that certain behaviors are wrong and that every school should have an explicit moral code that teaches students what is right and wrong.

character education

How does superego and guild develop? According to Freud

children fear losing their parents love and being punished for their unacceptable sexual attraction toward the opposite-sex parent to reduce anxiety, avoid punishment and maintain parental affection, children identity with same-sex parent Through this identification, children internalize the parents standards of right and wrong, which reflect societal prohibitions, and hence develop their superego Also, child turns inward the hostility that was previously aimed externally at same-sex parent the inwardly direected hostility is then experienced self-punitively and unconsciously as guilt

Moral __________ includes what individuals are capable of doing, what they know, their skills, their awareness of moral rules and regulations, and their cognitive ability to construct behaviors

competence

hidden curriculum

conveyed by the moral atmosphere this is a part of every school moral atmostphere is created by school and classroom rules, moral orientation of teachers and school administration, and text materials teachers serve as models of ethical or unethical behavior classroom rules and peer relations at school trasmit attitudes about cheating, lying, stealing, and considerations for others and through its rules and regulations, the school admininstration infuses the school with a value system

responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings

empathy

Some theorists emphasize the role of empathy in children's moral development with positive feelings such as ______.

empathy; sympathy; self-esteem

Social cognitive theory of morality

emphasizes a distinction between an individual's moral competence (ability to perform moral behaviors) and moral performance (performing those behaviors in specific situations)

Social Cognitive Theory of Morality

emphasizes a distinction between an indivituals's moreal competence (ability to perform moral behaviors) and moral performance (performing those behaviors in specific situations)

According to developmental researchers, parental obligations in close parent-child relationships include all of the following, EXCEPT:

ensuring healthy emotional expression

Definitions of fairness

equality - everyone is treated the same merit - giving extra rewards for hard work, a talented performance, or other laudatory behavior benegolence - giving special considerations to individuals in a disadvantaged condition

_____ therapy is often effective reducing delinquency

family

social conventional reasoning

focuses on conventional rules that have been establised by social consensus in order to control behavior and maintain the social system

service learning

form of education that promotes social responsibility and service to the community - adolescents engage in activies such as tutoring, helping older adults, working in a hospital, assisting at a child-care center, or cleaning up a vacant lot ot make a play area.

Sigmon Freud Pyschoanalytic Theory

guilt and desire to avoid feeling guilty are the foundation of moral behavior - superego Superego - moral branch of personality - consists of two main components: ego ideal and conscience

values clarification

helping people to clarify what their lives mean and what is worth working for - encourages students to define their own values and understand values of others

Causes of delinquency:

heredity, identity problems, community influences, family experiences Erikson noted that adolescents whose development has restricted them from acceptable social roles or made them feel that they cannot measure up to the demands placed on them may choose a negative identity Adolescents with negative identity may find support for their delinquent image among peers, reinforcing the negative identity delinquency is an attempt to establish an identity, although a negative one

Children at the ____ morality stage of Piaget's moral reasoning view justice and rules as unchangeable and not under the control of people

heteronomous

Piaget's first stage of moral development is called the ____________ morality stage

heteronomous

Individuals have a moral _______ when moral notions and commitment are central to their life

identity

a person with moral _______ does not want to go against his or her moral notions and comitments because it would violate the integrity of the self

identity

Which of the following factors influence moral decisions made by individuals?

imitation; punishment; reinforcement

Compared to middle adulthood, religious interests _____ in late adulthood

increase for both men and women

Research has found which of the following positive outcomes of adolescents taking part in service learning activities:

increased goal setting; higher self-esteem; higher grades in school

meaning-making coping

involves drawing on beliefs, values, and goals to change the meaning of a stressful situation, especilaly in times of high levels of stress such as when a loved one dies

Spirituality

involves experiencing something beyond oneself in a transcendent manner and living in a way that benefits others and society

Carol Gilligan questioned Lawrence Kohlberg's _________ perspective of moral development and argued for a ____________ perspective which views people in terms of their connectedness with others.

justice; care

David Narvaez concluded that

mature, moral individual cares about morality and being a moral person - moral responsibility is central to their identity

the foundations of ____________ character provide a starting point for social relationshps and functioning

moral

James Rest argued

moral character has not been adequately emphasized in moral development moral character involves having strength of your convictions, persisting, and overcoming distractions and obstacles if individual does not have moral character - they may wilt under pressure and fatigue, fail to follow through and become distracted and discouraged, and fail to behave morally moral character presupposes that person has set moral goals and achieving those goals involves the commitment to set in accord with thsoe goals concluded that motivation has not been adequately emphasized in moral development moral motivation involves prioritizing moral values over pesonal values

How religious are Americans?

national poll of more than 35,000 adults found 92% said they belive in God, 75% reported that they pray at least weekly, and 58% said they pray every day, 56% said that religion is very imporatnat, and 39% indicated that they attend religious services at least weekly

According to Kohlberg, the effect of family on moral development is:

not as important as peer realtions

Religion

organized set of beliefs, practices, rituals, and symbols that increases an individual's connection to a sacred or trasncendent other

moral competence

outgrowth of cognitive-sensory processes

Relational Quality

parent-child relationships introduce children to the mutal obligations of close relationships that involve warmth and responsibility parent's oblications include engaging in positive caregiving and guidng children to become competent human beings children's oblications include responding appropriately to parents' initiatives and maintaining a positive relationship with parents

Piaget and Kohlberg

parents do not provide unique or essential inputs to children's moral development parents are responsible for providing role-taking opportunities and cognitive conflict, but peers play the primary role in moral development siblings and peers as well as parents contribute to children's moral maturation

Conversations about moral development should focus on what type of events?

past, immediate, and futures

moral exemplars

people who have lived exemplary lives have moral personality, identity, character, and set virtues that reflect moral excellence and commitment

defined as the ability to discern another's inner psychological state

perspective taking

Conscience

punishes the child for behaviors disapproved by the parents, making the child feel guilty and worhtless

Juvenile delinquency

refers to actions taken by an adolescent in breaking the law or engaging in behavior that is considered illegal broad concept: legal infractions franging from littering to murder official records do not adequately reflect the number of illegal acts juvenile delinquents commit

Conduct disorder

refers to age-inappropriate actions and attitudes that violate family expectations, society's norms, and the personal or property rights of others children with conduct problems show a wide range of rule-violating behaviors, from swearing and temper tantrums to sever vadalism, theft, and assault

Religiousness

refers to degree of affiliation with an organized religion, participation in its prescribed rituals and practices, connection with its beliefs, and involvement in a community of believers

Based on a recent study, which of the following statements apply to developmental changes in religiousness from age 14-20?

religiousness declined from 14-20 years of age; more change occured in attending religious services than in religiousness; attendance of religious services declined between 14-18 years of age

empathy

responding to another person's feelings with an emotion that echoes the other's feelings

Ego Ideal

rewards the child by conveying a sense of pride and personal value when the child acts according to ideal standards approved by the parents

Walter Mischel argues

self-control is strongly influenced by cognitive factors researchers shown that children can instruct themselves to be more patient and show more self-control

An increasing number of studies have shown that ______ can have a strong influence on delinquency

siblings

Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning includes two stages: interpesonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity is one; _____________ _____________ morality is the other

social systems

According to Frankl, the THREE most distinct human qualities are:

spirituality; responsibility; freedom

social domain theory

states that there are different domains of social knowledge and reasoning, including moral, social conventional and personal domains children's and adolescents moral, social conventional, and personal knowledge and reasoning emerge from their attempts to understand and deal with different forms of social experience Smetana & Turiel - social domain theory emphasizes that key aspects of morality involve judgments about welfare, justice, and rights as well as struggles that individuals have with moral issues in their social lives stresses that children are motivated to evaluate and make sense of their social world

perspective taking

the ability to discern another's inner psychological state

moral identity

the aspect of personality that is present when individuals have moral notions and commitments that are central to their lives behaving in such a way that violates this moral commitment places the integrity of self at risk someone with moral idenitity does not want to go againsst his or her moral notions and commitments because it would violate the integrity of the self

The major criticism of Kohlberg's theory has been that:

there is a difference between moral thought and moral behavior

key dimensions of moral development:

thoughts behaviors feelings

Altruism

unselfish interest and voluntary effort in helping another person

Moral competencies

what individuals are capable of doing, what they know, their skills, their awareness of moral rules and regulations, and their cognitive ability to construct behaviors

Global empathy

young infants empathetic response in which clear boundaries between the feelings and needs of the self and those of another have not been established