Ch 13: Power and Politics

The most important aspect of power is that it is a function of ___________. A. dependence B. exchange C. coalitions D. political behavior E. ingratiation

A. dependence

Leadership focuses on ____________, whereas power focuses on _________. A. goal congruence; dependence B. rewards; style C. compliance; coercion D. punishment; rewards E. downward influence; lateral influence

A. goal congruence; dependence

what are the 2 bases of personal power?

expertise and the respect and admiration of others

how effective is speed in a wheel network?

fast

how effective is speed in an all-channel network?

fast

how effective is accuracy in a chain network?

high

how effective is accuracy in a wheel network?

high

how effective is member satisfaction in an channel network?

high

how effective is the emergence of a leader in a wheel network?

high

consultation (influence tactic)

increasing support by involving the target in deciding how to accomplish your plan

leadership is all about _________________

influence

referent power

influence based on identification with a person who has desirable resources or personal traits

what is an all-channel network?

it permits group members to actively communicate with each other; it is most often characterized by self-managed teams, in which group members are free to contribute and no single person takes a leadership role

what is chain network?

it rigidly follows the formal chain of command; this network approximates the communication channels you might find in a rigid three-level organization

what does power require?

just dependence

how effective is member satisfaction in a wheel network?

low

how effective is accuracy in an all channel network?

moderate

how effective is member satisfaction in a chain network?

moderate

how effective is speed in a chain network?

moderate

how effective is the emergence of a leader in a chain network?

moderate

referent power tends to be a powerful ___________________

motivator

Does power require goal compatibility?

no

how effective is the emergence of a leader in an all-channel network?

none

authority

people are more likely to say yes to requests from power-holders

Reciprocity

people are motivated to give back to other who have done something for them

consistency/commitment

people are motivated to remain consistent with and committed towards decisions or choices they have already done

social proof

people look others for proof, verification, and validation that they have acted in the right way

liking

people who like one another tend to agree with one another

if a person converts their power into action, they are engaging in what?

politics

legitimate power (most common way to access power)

power based on a person's position in the formal hierarchy of an organization

reward power

power based on the ability to distribute rewards that others view as valuable

what does power focus on as opposed to leadership?

power focuses on tactics for securing compliance

the more people rely or depend upon the _______________________________ person, the more powerful that person becomes.

powerful

when people begin to have more alternatives, and options or begin to rely on themselves or different people, the ______________ person loses power.

powerful

Rational Persuasion (Influence Tactic)

presenting logical arguments and factual evidence to demonstrate a request is reasonable

what is the least effective influence tactic?

pressure

what influence tactic is both upwardly and downwardly influencing?

rational persuasion

What is a wheel network?

relies on a central figure to act as the conduit for all group communication; simulates the communication network you might find in a work group directed by a manger

Legitimacy influence tactic

relying on your authority position or saying a request accords with organizational policies or rules

exchange influence tactic

rewarding the target with benefits or favors in exchange for following a request

political skill

the ability to influence others so that one's objectives are attained

power

the capacity, discretion, and means to enforce one's will over others

what does power focus more on?

the downward influence on followers

dependence

the extent to which people depend or rely upon a powerful person

how does the social network analysis work?

this method examines patterns of communication among organizational members to identify how information flows between them

The greater B's dependence on A, the more power A has over B. True or false?

true

organizational politics

use of power to affect decision making in an organization or on self-serving and organizationally unsanctioned behaviors

Ingratiation (Influence Tactic)

using flattery, praise, or friendly behavior prior to making a request

Pressure (Influence Tactic)

using warnings, repeated demands, and threats

reluctant politics

viewing it as a necessary evil

strategic politics

viewing politics as a useful way of getting things done

integrated perception politics

viewing politics as central to reality of decision making

influence tactics

ways in which individuals translate power bases into specific actions

which channel structure facilities the emergence of a leader

wheel

when does dependence increase?

when the resources you control is important, scarce, and nonsubstitutable

can expert power occasionally have detrimental affect on knowledge worker team performance

yes

can external factors like environmental competition and the skill and ability of competitors lead to power loss?

yes

can people have power even if they are not managers?

yes

does leadership require congruence between the goals of the leader and those being led?

yes

coalitions (influence tactic)

enlisting the aid or support of others to persuade the target to agree

Which of the following is an example of personal power? A. Expert B. Legitimate C. Coercive D. Reward E. Political

A. Expert

what are the 9 distinct influence tactics

- legitimacy - rational persuasion - inspirational appeals - consultation - exchange - personal appeals - ingratiation - pressure - coalitions

Which type of power has to do with how much a person connects with, likes, respects, and admires another person? A. Referent power B. Reward power C. Legitimate power D. Formal power E. Coercive power

A. Referent power

Which of the following describes automatic processing? A. A relatively superficial consideration of evidence and information making use of heuristics B. A detailed consideration of evidence and information relying on facts, figures, and logic C. A sender's use of a graphical illustration to demonstrate associations among individuals in a group D. A condition in which information inflow exceeds an individual's processing capacity E. Undue tension and anxiety about communication

A. A relatively superficial consideration of evidence and information making use of heuristics

Which of the following describes coercive power? A. Coercive power depends on fear of the negative results from failing to comply. B. Coercive power is based on the ability to distribute rewards that others view as valuable. C. Coercive power is based on a person's position in the formal hierarchy of an organization. D. Coercive power is based on identification with a person who has desirable resources or personal traits. E. Coercive power is based on expertise, special skills, or knowledge.

A. Coercive power depends on fear of the negative results from failing to comply.

Which of the following is not a way people construe politics, according to research? A. Reluctant B. Impassive C. Strategic D. Reactive E. Integrated

B. Impassive

Which of the following involves activities that are not required as part of an individual's formal role in the organization but that influence, or attempt to influence, the distribution of the advantages and disadvantages within the organization? A. Social network analysis B. Political behavior C. Individual factors D. External locus of control E. Organizational factors

B. Political behavior

Which of the following statements does not identify a corrupting aspect of power? A. Individuals in power positions are more willing to denigrate others. B. The powerful detect anger more slowly because they are more inwardly focused. C. Power leads to overconfident decision-making. D. Power leads people to react to any threats to their competence or power. E. Power leads individuals to place their self-interests ahead of others' needs or goals.

B. The powerful detect anger more slowly because they are more inwardly focused

Which of the following small-group network structures results in the highest member satisfaction? A. Chain B. Sociogram C. All channel D. Wheel E. Informal

C. All channel

Which of the following would not be an appropriate management action to take to help eliminate sexual harassment claims in the workplace? A. Train employees on awareness of sexual harassment issues B. Terminate or discipline sexual harassment offenders C. Covertly investigate severe complaints and collect proof to present to legal and HR D. Prepare a comprehensive and definitive sexual harassment policy E. Reassure employees they will not encounter retaliation if they file a complaint

C. Covertly investigate severe complaints and collect proof to present to legal and HR

Which of the following describes the nonsubstitutability of a resource? A. Several substitutes are available for a resource. B. Others want resources you possess. C. Few viable substitutes are available for a resource. D. The supply is high related to demand. E. The supply is low related to demand.

C. Few viable substitutes are available for a resource.

Which of the following describes the informal communication network in a group or organization? A. Sociogram B. Communication apprehension C. Grapevine D. Controlled processing E. Information overload

C. Grapevine

Which influence tactic involves the use of praise, flattery, or friendly behavior before making a request? A. Personal appeals B. Coalitions C. Ingratiation D. Consultation E. Exchange

C. Ingratiation

Which of the following is the definition of power? A. The ability to be managed, directed, and controlled to perform activities with or without consent B. Coercion, manipulation, persuasion, and falsification for one's own advantage C. The capacity, discretion, and means to enforce one's will over others D. The state of relying on or needing someone or something for aid, support, or the like E. Strength at its best and corruption at its worst

C. The capacity, discretion, and means to enforce one's will over others

Dependence increases when the resource you control is important, scarce, and __________. A. powerful B. legitimate C. nonsubstitutable D. routine E. expensive

C. nonsubstitutable

Although __________ research focuses on the importance of downward influence, _________ research takes all influence factors, including lateral and upward influence, into consideration. A. inspiration; power B. power; coercion C. power; leadership D. leadership; coercion E. leadership; power

C. power; leadership

Which type of power is analogous to formal authority? A. Reward power B. Coercive power C. Personal power D. Legitimate power E. Referent power

D. Legitimate power

Which of the following is the concept central to our understanding of sexual harassment? A. Influence B. Leadership C. Politics D. Power E. Anger

D. Power

Which of the following is the preferred influence tactic for upward influence? A. Pressure B. Ingratiation C. Coalition D. Rational persuasion E. Personal appeal

D. Rational persuasion

Which of the following influence tactics involves increasing the target's support by involving them in deciding how to accomplish your plan? A. Coalitions B. Personal appeals C. Exchange D. Ingratiation E. Consultation

E. Consultation

Which of the following is true about power dynamics in organizations? A. Clear accountability has little effect on reducing corruption. B. Other people are most often responsible for power holders' loss of power. C. Collectivist values make power holders more likely to become corrupted. D. Weak moral identities reduce the corrupting effect of power. E. Followers play a clear role in keeping power holders in power.

E. Followers play a clear role in keeping power holders in power.

Which of the following tools is used to assess the exchange of resources and dependencies within organizations? A. Rational persuasion B. Nonsubstitutability C. Scarcity D. Political skill E. Social network analysis

E. Social network analysis

Politicking occurs in our organizations because most operate within a climate of __________. A. ingratiation B. scarcity C. legitimacy D. nonsubstitutability E. ambiguity

E. ambiguity

Inspirational Appeals (Influence Tactic)

developing emotional commitment by appealing to a target's values, needs, hopes, and aspirations

controlled processing

a detailed consideration of evidence and information relying on facts, figures, and logic

need for cognition

a personality trait of individuals depicting the ongoing desire to think and learn

coercive power

a power base that depends on fear of the negative results from failing to comply

automatic processing

a relatively superficial consideration of evidence and information that takes little time or effort and makes use of heuristics

what is a tool to assess the informal exchange of resources and dependencies within an organization?

a social network analysis

political behavior

activities that are not required as part of a person's formal role in the organization but that influence, or attempt to influence, the distribution of advantages and disadvantages within the organization

which channel structure is most desirable for high member satisfaction?

all-channel

zero-sum approach

an approach to reward allocation that treats the reward "pie" as fixed, so any gain one person or group achieves comes at the expense of another person or group

grapevine

an organization's informal communication network

sexual harassment

any unwanted activity of a sexual nature that affects an individual's employment and creates a hostile work environment

Personal Appeals (Influence Tactic)

asking for compliance based on friendship or loyalty

formal power

based on an individual's position in an organization. It can come from the ability to coerce or reward, or from formal authority

reactive politics

believing that it involves engaging in destructive and manipulative behavior

what channel structure is best for accuracy?

chain

what are the 3 common small-group networks?

chain, wheel, and all channel

personal power

comes from an individual's unique characteristics