CH 13 PSY
Milgram's experiments (obedience)
50 year old man, the learner, is strapped into a chair. the experimenter makes it look as if a sock generator is being connected to his body through several electrodes. The chart shows the percentage of "teachers" who stopped shocking the learner. -almost 2/3 delivered the full 450 volts DISOBEDIENCE IS MORE COMMON WHEN THEY SEE OTHERS DISOBEY
Self-perception theory (Bem)
Behaviors influence attitudes, stating that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their behaviors "I am spending all of my time thinking about how much I hate my job. I must really not like it"
prejudice
an unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a particular group
discrimination
an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group
Frustration aggression hypothesis
frustration always leads to aggression
False Consensus Effect
observers' overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way they do -assuming the group all feels the same way
Positive illusions
positive views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality -individuals with high self-esteem often possess it many of us think of ourselves above average
Tajfel (1978) research
social identities are a crucial part of our self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about ourselves SHOWED HOW EASY IT IS TO LEAD PEOPLE TO THINK IN TERMS OF "US" AND "THEM"
Bystander effect
tendency of an individual who observes an emergency to help less when other people are present than when the observer is alone
Self-fulfilling prophesy
The notion that one's expectations (and those of others) can cause one to act in ways to serve to make the expectations come true -"beautiful is good"
fundamental attribution error
Observers' overestimation of the importance of internal traits and underestimation of the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of an actor's behavior - example, seeing news coverage of the prisoner abuse in Iraq, an observer might have concluded, "Those guards are cruel people."
social loafing
each person's tendency to exert less efford in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort
Hormones (biological factor that play role in aggression)
hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is testosterone
social contagion
imitative behavior involving the spread of actions, emotions, and ideas -babies cry when other babies are crying
social facilitation
improvement in an individuals performance because of the presence of others -doing a better job in a class presentation than your practice runs the presence of others arouses us
Cognitive Dissonance Theory
individual's psychological discomfort (dissonance) caused by two inconsistent thoughts - we feel uneasy when we notice an inconsistency between what we believe and what we do (hypocrite) -we are motivated toward consistency -"I hate my job. I need to develop a better attitude toward or else quit
Neurotransmitter (biological factor in aggression)
lower levels of serotonin linked to aggressive behavior low serotonin levels = agressive
Asch's experiment (conformity)
pressure to conform is strong people tend to coincide more closely with a group standard
deindividuation (group influence)
reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group kkk (conceal their identity)
Self-serving bias
the tendency to take credit for our success and to deny responsibility for our failures
ways to improve intergroup relations
think they are of equal status feel that an authority figure sanctions their positive relationships believe that friendship might emerge from the interaction
Bandura's observational learning
watching others engage in aggressive actions can evoke aggression bobo doll study -violence on tv