CH 13 Psyche
Yvette knew that Vicky had been feeling very down lately, but she was stunned when Vicky told her that she was planning to kill herself. According to the textbook, which of the following would be the most helpful way for Yvette to respond to Vicky?
"Tell me what's going on and why you feel this way."
How many Americans are treated for schizophrenia in the United States each year?
1 million
Disruption in the normal patterns of sleep is one of the main characteristics of major depressive disorder. Which of the following is NOT typical of the sleep patterns of people with major depressive disorder?
Periods of dreaming REM sleep occur in regular 90-minute cycles rather than the normal, sporadic, and variable periods of REM
DSM-5:
describes the symptoms and diagnostic guidelines for more than 260 specific psychological disorders.
Claire stopped taking her medication a few weeks ago and has recently begun to experience some very odd symptoms. If someone asks her a question, her response makes no sense, as her sentences seem to just be strings of loosely connected ideas. She cannot concentrate on anything, and her thinking seems completely illogical and disorganized. She veers from one unrelated topic or activity to another for no apparent reason. Taken together, Claire's schizophrenic symptoms are called:
disorganized thinking.
In terms of lifetime prevalence, _____ of Americans will be affected by the symptoms of major depressive disorder at some point in their life.
approximately 15 percent
In obsessive-compulsive disorder, obsessions and compulsions frequently:
are linked in some way.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder has been linked to dysfunctions in which of the following brain areas?
areas of the brain involved in the flight-or-flight response, the frontal lobes, and the caudate nucleus
After his partner died, Marcus became deeply sad and inconsolable. A week after the funeral, he tried to go back to work, but he couldn't function at his job. He felt he was completely unable to attend to the routine duties of life, and he felt guilty not being able to prevent his partner's death. According to the textbook, Marcus would likely be diagnosed:
as having no psychological disorder; Marcus's response to his partner's death is normal.
Juanita was very upset and distraught at her father's funeral. As his coffin was being lowered into the grave she suddenly experienced heart palpitations, dizziness, and the feeling that she was going crazy. She started to scream and swear, and strike out at those around her, but was immediately comforted and embraced by her family members. Juanita may have experienced a syndrome called _____ that has been reported in many Latin American cultures.
ataque de nervios
One of the best predictors of whether a person will experience a recurrence of major depressive disorder is having:
been exposed to recent stressful events.
Danny, who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, falsely believes that outside forces in the form of aliens from another universe have power over him and actively influence and manipulate his actions and thoughts. These types of delusions are called "delusions of _____."
being controlled
Which of the following is an example of a dissociative experience that is pathological or abnormal?
being unable to remember your own name or other important details about your life
An individual with schizophrenia may be diagnosed either with or without catatonia. If a person has catatonia, they are likely displaying:
bizarre postures or grimacing.
A person with _____ personality disorder is more likely to be self-destructive and threaten to self-mutilate or die by suicide.
borderline
DSM-5 provides mental health professionals with:
both a common language for labeling mental disorders and comprehensive guidelines for diagnosing them.
In the disorder called "dissociative identity disorder," the "alters," or distinct personalities:
can be of different ages and sexes.
Dr. Zink is a clinical psychologist. Zink explains to his patient, Dave, that the reason Dave is so prone to panic attacks after he walks up three flights of stairs is that Dave is oversensitive to sensations of physical arousal and tends to irrationally distort the meaning of these sensations as calamitous or disastrous. From reading the chapter, you know that Dr. Zink is actually describing the _____ of panic disorder to Dave.
catastrophic cognitions theory
Trevor's heart was pounding after he ran up three flights of stairs. He immediately began to think he might be having a heart attack, which made him even more physically aroused, and this, in turn, made him more panicky. According to the _____ of panic disorder, Trevor may be a victim of his own illogical thinking and may be misinterpreting and exaggerating normal physical sensations.
catastrophic cognitions theory
The development of phobias can be partly explained by:
classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and observational learning.
When a person is driven to perform repetitive behaviors in a particular sequence or pattern, he or she is said to be experiencing a(n):
compulsion.
Research has shown that depressive and bipolar disorders occur more frequently among _____ than among the general population.
creative writers and artists
Hikikomori, a disorder in which people become virtual recluses for years at a time, locking themselves away to play video games or surf the Internet, has been identified as a(n):
culture-bound syndrome.
Terri has suffered for the past three years or more from a milder but chronic form of bipolar disorder in which she experiences moderate but frequent mood swings. Terri probably has _____ disorder.
cyclothymic
Some people suffer from a milder but chronic form of bipolar disorder in which they experience moderate but frequent mood swings for two years or longer. This disorder is called:
cyclothymic disorder.
People who have anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa have _____ brain activity of the neurotransmitter _____.
decreased; serotonin
What describes false or distorted perceptions that seem vividly real?
delusions
Which of the following is a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
delusions
Miguel's wife brought him to the emergency department because Miguel could not remember his name, the names of his family members, where he worked, or any other information he should easily be able to remember. Extensive tests at the hospital indicated that Miguel's memory problems were not due to an injury, an illness, drugs, or any other physical or medical condition. A clinical psychologist suggested that Miguel might be suffering from:
dissociative amnesia.
A disorder called "_____" is characterized by symptoms of extensive amnesia, wandering or traveling, and confusion about one's personal identity.
dissociative fugue
An individual with a dissociative disorder experiences behavior that is controlled by two or more distinct recurring identities. Which dissociative disorder are they likely experiencing?
dissociative identity disorder
Statistically, women are _____ as men to be diagnosed with bipolar disorder.
equally likely
What common symptom of schizophrenia occurs when a person responds with greatly reduced emotional expressiveness, including facial expressions?
flat affect
A small percentage of people with bipolar disorder display rapid cycling, which is characterized by:
four or more manic or depressive episodes every year.
People with _____ are constantly tense and anxious, and their anxiety is pervasive. They feel anxious about a wide range of life circumstances, sometimes with little or no apparent justification.
generalized anxiety disorder
Which of the following is an anxiety disorder that is characterized by constant, excessive, and unjustified anxiety about a wide range of issues and circumstances?
generalized anxiety disorder
Global, persistent, chronic, and excessive apprehension is the main feature of:
generalized anxiety disorder.
Lithium regulates the availability of the excitatory neurotransmitter _____ and helps prevent the excesses that may cause mania and the deficits that may cause depression in bipolar disorder.
glutamate
Not all mental health professionals are convinced dissociative identity disorder is a genuine psychological disorder. Psychologists who do believe it is a genuine psychological disorder argue that the sharp increase in reported cases in recent decades is probably due to:
greater clinical awareness of the disorder and of its symptoms and increased screening for dissociative symptoms
Which of the following is an example of a negative symptom?
greatly reduced motivation
Anita is suffering from major depressive disorder. Compared with people who are not depressed, Anita is more likely to:
have a diminished ability to think, concentrate, and remember.
Agoraphobia is a type of specific phobia characterized by the intense fear of:
having a panic attack in a public setting where escape is impossible and help is unavailable.
Lou Ann has been diagnosed with a psychological disorder called "agoraphobia." Lou Ann is afraid of:
having a panic attack or other embarrassing or incapacitating symptoms in a public place.
Elyn Saks is happily married and has a successful academic career despite having schizophrenia. She reports her schizophrenia is well controlled by:
medication and therapy.
According to the research presented in the Critical Thinking box "Does Smoking Cause Major Depressive Disorder and Other Psychological Disorders?," nicotine is implicated in mental illness because:
nicotine affects many of the same neurotransmitters and brain areas that are involved in mental disorders.
Before leaving her home, Anneke makes sure that every electrical appliance is unplugged and checks that every window and door is securely locked. She checks everything 17 times according to a strict ritual that she has worked out. If she misses one window, door, or appliance, she must begin all over again. If she tries to skip any step of the ritual, she experiences unbearable anxiety. Anneke is probably suffering from:
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
About _____ of people who experience an initial episode of schizophrenia will develop a chronic, ongoing form of the disease that severely impairs their ability to function.
one-half
A(n) _____ is a brief, sudden, uncontrollable episode of acute anxiety and fear that rapidly escalates in intensity and usually includes physical symptoms like a pounding heart, rapid breathing, trembling, and feeling as if you are choking or cannot breathe.
panic attack
Demir's roommate, Ammar, has been acting strangely lately. When Demir asks Ammar how he feels, Ammar says, "Our apartment looks weird these days, and I can't concentrate because I keep hearing this whispering. Sometimes, it seems like the furniture is changing shape and size, and I can't tell if I'm bigger or smaller than it. Yesterday, the whole room looked flat, like it was a picture. Do things look normal to you?" What symptom of schizophrenia is Ammar displaying?
sensory distortions
In most cases, the disorder called "dissociative amnesia" occurs as a response to:
stress, trauma, or an extremely distressing situation.
Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by:
sudden, intense, and short-lived bouts of anxiety.
The Finnish Adoptive Family Study of Schizophrenia has provided strong evidence that:
supports the beneficial effects of a psychologically healthy family environment.
The disorder that usually affects Japanese males and involves extreme social anxiety about offending, insulting, or embarrassing other people is called:
taijin kyofusho.
The National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) investigated:
the prevalence of mental or psychological disorders in American adults.
According to the results of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), approximately _____ percent of people with the symptoms of a mental disorder received no treatment during the past year.
59
The first edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual was published in:
1952
According to the results of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), approximately 1 out of _____ American adults has experienced the symptoms of a psychological disorder during the previous year.
4 (26 percent)
Every year in the United States, approximately _____ people die by suicide.
40,000
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of panic disorder
A panic attack occurs at regular intervals, such as once a week or once a month.
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of panic disorder?
A panic attack occurs at regular intervals, such as once a week or once a month.
Which of the following statements about anxiety is TRUE?
Anxiety can be adaptive, helpful, and beneficial when it alerts people to a realistic threat.
An individual with schizophrenia is hearing voices that seem vividly real. Which one of the following are they experiencing?
An individual with schizophrenia is hearing voices that seem vividly real. Which one of the following are they experiencing?
Which of the following involves the development of a phobia through operant conditioning?
Avoiding the feared object or situation lessens fear and anxiety so the person is more likely to avoid the feared object or situation again in the future.
_____ is an eating disorder characterized by binges of extreme overeating followed by self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives, or other inappropriate methods to purge the excessive food and prevent weight gain.
Bulimia nervosa
_____ is an eating disorder in which a normal-weight person engages in binge eating and then purges the excessive food consumption by self-induced vomiting or by the misuse of laxatives or enemas.
Bulimia nervosa
Which of the following statements about DSM-5 is FALSE?
DSM-5 is of little practical value to clinical psychologists and other mental health workers, because it merely describes the symptoms of mental illnesses and does not explain what causes them.
One finding of the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R) was that the lifetime prevalence of:
any psychological disorder was 46 percent.
The acronym "DSM-5" stands for:
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition.
Why is the dissociative coping explanation of dissociative identity disorder difficult to test?
Dissociative identity disorder is usually diagnosed in adulthood, and it is often impossible to verify whether the reports of childhood trauma are real or imagined.
The textbook discusses five guidelines for helping a person who has suicidal thoughts receive help. If you work with a person and he agrees to put off attempting suicide until tomorrow, which guideline are you working within?
Guideline 4: Ask the person to delay his decision.
_____ personality disorder involves exaggerated, overly dramatic expression of emotions and attention-seeking behavior that often includes sexually seductive or provocative behaviors.
Histrionic
According to the information presented in the Critical Thinking box "Does Smoking Cause Major Depressive Disorder and Other Psychological Disorders?":
People with psychological disorders have higher rates of smoking and smoke more cigarettes per day than people with no psychological disorders.
Although she cannot remember ever being harmed by a cockroach, Kate has an extreme fear of cockroaches. Which of the following ideas might be used to help explain her specific phobia of cockroaches?
Kate is biologically prepared to develop phobias toward creatures that arouse disgust and are associated with disease, filth, and contamination.
Which of the following examples reflects a symptom of an anxiety disorder rather than normal anxiety?
Mavis has been unable to concentrate at work for weeks because she keeps thinking something terrible might happen to her son at school, even though she knows that he's safe.
Which of the following statements about social anxiety disorder is TRUE?
More women than men experience social anxiety disorder.
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
Of the different categories of people portrayed in popular media, people with psychological disorders are portrayed in highly negative, stereotypical ways.
According to the textbook discussion, which of the following statements about the role of genetics in schizophrenia is TRUE?
On average, a person whose identical twin has schizophrenia has the highest risk of developing schizophrenia.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the onset of schizophrenia?
Onset typically occurs during early adulthood.
According to the Critical Thinking box "Does Smoking Cause Major Depressive Disorder and Other Psychological Disorders?," which of the following statements is FALSE?
People diagnosed with schizophrenia or another mental illness are four times less likely to smoke than the general population.
According to the Critical Thinking box "Should Social Media Help to Diagnose Disorders?," which of the following statements about people with depression is TRUE?
People with depression were more likely than others to post black-and-white photos on social media.
According to the information presented in the Critical Thinking box "Does Smoking Cause Major Depressive Disorder and Other Psychological Disorders?"
People with psychological disorders have higher rates of smoking and smoke more cigarettes per day than people with no psychological disorders.
Which of the following is supported by the material in the Critical Thinking box "Does Smoking Cause Major Depressive Disorder and Other Psychological Disorders?"
Several studies focusing on adolescents found that cigarette smoking predicted the onset of depressive symptoms.
According to the textbook discussion, not all the evidence supports the dopamine hypothesis as an explanation for schizophrenia. Which of the following findings seems to contradict the dopamine hypothesis?
Some individuals who have schizophrenia do not experience a reduction of symptoms in response to taking antipsychotic medications.
There is evidence that brain structure abnormalities are found in schizophrenia. Which of the following is NOT one of the conclusions reached about this evidence?
Such findings prove that brain abnormalities are the cause of schizophrenia.
What is a major issue with using social media to diagnose disorders?
There are ethical concerns regarding confidentiality and stigma related to mental illness.
During a manic episode, the person's thoughts often rapidly shift from topic to topic. This characteristic is referred to as:
a flight of ideas.
Taijin kyofusho is:
a form of social anxiety that usually affects young Japanese males.
Portia has been diagnosed as suffering from social anxiety disorder. What is Portia MOST likely to experience due to this disorder?
a paralyzing fear of performing even routine behaviors in public situations
Charlie is suffering from major depressive disorder. Compared with people who are not depressed, Charlie may experience which one of the following symptoms of major depressive disorder?
a preoccupation with death or suicidal thoughts
Antonio always has been terrified of revolving doors after being stuck in one as a child. He refuses to enter buildings through them. Even a picture of a revolving door makes him extremely uncomfortable. Most likely, Antonio is suffering from a psychological disorder called:
a specific phobia.
Statistically, women are _____ to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder
about twice as likely as men
Statistically, women are _____ to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder.
about twice as likely as men
Normal anxiety is to _____ as pathological anxiety is to _____.
adaptive and normal; irrational and uncontrollable
Cora has not been able to stop feeling extremely sad and despondent since her mother died four months ago. For those who don't know her, Cora appears to be acting normally, but she privately still feels very sad about her loss and finds it very difficult to continue her daily routine. Cora's behavior is:
an indication of major depressive disorder.
An eating disorder in which the individual refuses to maintain a minimally normal body weight, is extremely afraid of gaining weight or becoming fat, and has a distorted perception about the size of his or her body is called:
anorexia nervosa.
Iesha, who is 17 years old, started a very restrictive diet five months ago. Even though her weight of 120 pounds was considered normal for her height, the diet has caused her to lose a dangerous amount of weight. She now weighs less than 90 pounds. Even though her weight is dangerously low, she continues to diet because she thinks she looks fat. Iesha suffers from:
anorexia nervosa.
Severely restricted eating and an intense fear of weight gain is to _____ as binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting is to _____.
anorexia nervosa; bulimia nervosa
A person with _____ personality disorder is often referred to as a "psychopath."
antisocial
Howard has had trouble maintaining employment. In the recent past, he has been fired for numerous reasons, often for lying or failing to show up for work. In addition to having trouble staying employed, Howard has also been arrested several times for running various "con" games in which he convinces unsuspecting tourists to give him money. He has been in and out of drug rehab for alcohol misuse several times. Howard's pattern of behaviors seems to fit which of the following disorders?
antisocial personality disorder
Nobuaki is a young Japanese man living in Tokyo. Nobuaki suffers from a syndrome called taijin kyofusho. This means that Nobuaki:
is extremely anxious that he will somehow offend, insult, or embarrass other people.
In contrast to normal anxiety, pathological anxiety:
is irrational, uncontrollable, and disruptive.
Compared with during the spring months, during the winter months the number of suicides in the United States:
is lower
Davit has repeatedly stolen small items that he could have easily paid for or doesn't need. Even though he has only been caught once, he continues to steal. Which of the following psychological disorders is Davit most likely to have?
kleptomania
According to the catastrophic cognitions theory of panic disorder, people with panic disorder are:
likely to misinterpret and exaggerate the meaning of their normal physical sensations and may be the victims of their own illogical thinking.
Over the past three months, Ivana's feelings of despondency have intensified for no apparent reason. Although her friends have tried to be encouraging and supportive, Ivana says that she feels completely detached from people, worthless, and has even thought about killing herself. Ivana's symptoms would suggest that she is probably suffering from:
major depressive disorder.
Severe, debilitating depression is to _____ disorder as chronic, low-grade depression is to _____ disorder.
major depressive; persistent depressive
For the third time this month, Taneka's partner rushed her to the hospital emergency department because Taneka reported feeling like her heart was racing, that she felt weak (almost to the point of fainting), and felt like she could not breathe. After a full examination, the health care provider says that Tankea is physically healthy. However, Taneka lives in fear of another attack. Taneka is most likely suffering from which psychological disorder?
panic disorder
The main symptom of a disorder called "_____" is frequent, unpredictable, and unexpected panic attacks
panic disorder
Marquis is very suspicious of others and generally mistrusts most people. These characteristics are indicative of which personality disorder?
paranoid personality disorder
Some people experience a less severe form of depressive disorder that is characterized by chronic low-grade depression with symptoms persisting for two years or longer. This less intense type of depression is called "_____ disorder."
persistent depressive
By definition, _____ are inflexible, maladaptive patterns of thoughts, emotions, behavior, and interpersonal functioning that are stable over time and across situations and deviate from the expectations of the individual's culture.
personality disorders
A commonly seen _____ symptom that occurs in schizophrenia is _____.
positive; hallucinations
A long-lasting disorder that develops in response to being exposed to a severe and often life-threatening trauma is called "_____ disorder."
posttraumatic stress
Depression that repeatedly occurs with onset of autumn and winter is to _____ as chronic, low-grade depression is to _____.
seasonal affective disorder; persistent depressive disorder
A few years ago, Nisha was in a store when a person walked in and began shooting. After shooting others, the person committed suicide. Even though Nisha was not injured, she has since been unable to return to work. She can't seem to stop thinking about the event, has recurrent nightmares, is unable to sleep, and does not want to leave her home. It is most likely that Nisha is suffering from:
posttraumatic stress disorder.
Hundreds of professionals, mostly _____, participated in the development of DSM-5.
psychiatrists and clinical psychologists
Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia?
reduced emotional expressiveness and speech
According to the biological preparedness idea, people are more likely to develop phobias toward objects or situations that:
reflect an important threat to survival in human evolutionary history.
In dissociative identity disorder, it is generally believed that the "alters":
represent different aspects of the individual's personality that cannot be integrated into the primary personality.
Gabrielle lives in the northwest part of the United States. Every year, she describes feeling very "down" when the daylight hours get shorter in the autumn and winter months. She notes that she experiences intense symptoms of depression during this time. What does Gabrielle likely suffer from?
seasonal affective disorder
