Ch. 14

Relate each of the following terms or phrases to either the sympathetic (S) or parasympathetic (P) division of the autonomic nervous system: ___(1) short preganglionic, long postganglionic fibers ___(2) intramural ganglia ___(3) craniosacral part ___(4) adrenergic fibers ___(5) cervical ganglia ___(6)otic and ciliary ganglia ___(7) generally short-duration action ___(8) increases heart rate and blood pressure ___(9) increases gastric motility and secretion of lacrimal, salivary, and digestive juices ___(10) innervates blood vessels ___(11) most active when you are relaxing in a hammock ___(12) active when you are running the Boston Marathon

(1) S (2) P (3) P (4) S (5) S (6) P (7) P (8) S (9) P (10) S (11) P (12) S

Which ANS fibers release acetylcholine? Which release norepinephrine?

All preganglionic fibers of the ANS secrete ACh. In addition, all postganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system secrete ACh, as do some postganglionic sympathetic fibers (those serving sweat glands). Only postganglionic sympathetic fibers secrete norepinephrine

In general terms, where are the cell bodies of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons that innervate the head? Where are the cell bodies of postganglionic parasympathetic neurons innervated by the vagus nerve?

Cell bodies of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons that innervate the head are in the brain stem. Cell bodies of postganglionic parasympathetic neurons innervated by the vagus nerve are in ganglia found mostly in the walls of visceral organs

All of the following characterize the ANS except:

D) Innervation of skeletal muscles

The cell bodies of autonomic postganglionic neurons are found in ANS ganglia. The cell bodies of another class of neuron are also found in ganglia (but not ANS ganglia). What are these other ganglia called? Determine the structural and functional classification of the neurons found in these other ganglia (Table 11.2 pgs. 398-399)

Dorsal root ganglia also contain neuron cell bodies. These cell bodies belong to neurons that are structurally classified as unipolar (pseudounipolar) and functionally classified as sensory neurons (first-order sensory neurons in this case)

In the diagram of a preganglionic and postganglionic parasympathetic neuron below, draw a circle to indicate the location of a ganglion. What is the name of this type of ganglion?

Ganglia of parasympatthetic neurons are terminal ganglia. If you said "intramural ganglion" you are partly right-most but not all terminal ganglia are intramural ganglia (depending on whether they are in the wall of the target organ)

State whether each of the following is a characteristic of the sympathetic or parasympathetic nervous system: short preganglionic fibers; origin from thoracolumbar region of spinal cord; terminal ganglia; collateral ganglia; innervates adrenal medulla

Terminal ganglia are found in parasympathetic nervous system. Rest are in parasympathetic nervous system

Where are the cell bodies of visceral sensory neurons?

The cell bodies of visceral sensory neurons are in the dorsal root ganglia and in the sensory ganglia of cranial nerves

Name the 3 types of effectors of the autonomic nervous system

The effectors of the autonomic nervous system are cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

Which part of the brain is the main integration center of the ANS? Which part exerts the most direct influence over autonomic functions?

The main integration center of the ANS is the hypothalamus, although the most direct influence is through the brain stem reticular formation and the reflex centers in the PONS and medulla oblongata

Name the division of the ANS that does each of the following: increases digestive activity; increases blood pressure; dilates bronchioles; decreases heart rate; stimulates the adrenal medulla to release its hormones; causes ejaculation

The parasympathetic nervous system increases digestive activity and decreases heart rate. The sympathetic nervous system increases blood pressures, dilates bronchioles, stimulates the adrenal medulla to release its hormones, and causes ejaculation

Which relays instructions from the CNS to muscles more quickly, the somatic nervous system or the ANS? Explain why

The somatic motor system relays instructions to muscles more quickly because it involves only one motor neuron, whereas the ANS uses a two-neuron chain. Moreover, axons of somatic motor neurons are typically heavily myelinated, whereas preganglionic autonomic axons are lightly myelinated and postganglionic axons are nonmyelinated

Which branch of the ANS would predominate if you were lying on the beach enjoying the sun and sound of the waves? Which branch would predominate if you were on a surfboard and a shark appeared within a few feet of you?

While you relax in the sun on the beach, the parasympathetic branch of the ANS would probably predominates. When you perceive danger (as in a shark), the sympathetic branch of the ANS predominates

Would you find nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscle? Smooth muscle? Eccrine sweat glands? The adreanal medulla? CNS neurons?

You would find nicotinic receptors on skeletal muscle and the horomone-producing cells of the adrenal medulla, but not on smooth muscle or glands. Virutally all types of receptors (including nicotinic receptors) are also found in CNS (Table 11.4 pgs. 421-422)