Ch. 14 Energy Balance and Body Composition

How many calories are used to digest, absorb, and transport food?

10% of kilocalories consumed

what is the the percent of essential fat for women?

12%

Healthy weight BMI

18.5-24.9

Overweight BMI

25-29.9

what is the the percent of essential fat for men?

3%

Obese BMI

30-39.9

brown adipose tissue (BAT)

A type of adipose tissue, found primarily in infants, that produces body heat; it gets its name from the large number of mitochondria and capillaries responsible for the brown color

How does direct calorimetry work?

By measuring the amount of heat generated by burning food, this method measures the change in water temperature caused by heat that dissipates from the body of a person in the chamber

night eating syndrome

Combination of sleep disorder, disordered eating, and a mood disorder. This person consumes the majority of daily kilocalories after the evening meal and wakes up during the night to eat, eating very little t/o the day.

binge eating disorder

Eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food during which the person feels a lack of control over eating.

T or F: Basal metabolism is the amount of energy expended by the body during exercise.

False

T or F: Being underweight is always healthier than being overweight.

False

T or F: Body composition is the same thing as body weight.

False

T or F: Disordered eating and eating disorders are the same thing.

False

T or F: Eating an excess 100 kilocalories per day will result in a weight gain of a pound a week.

False

T or F: Storing fat around the hips is as unhealthy as storing it around the waist.

False

Which type of food takes the least energy to digest?

Fats

thermic effect of exercise (TEE)

Increase in muscle contraction that occurs during physical activity, which produces heat and contributes to the total daily energy expenditure

factors that affect your BMR

LBM, age, gender, body size, genes, ethnicity, emotional and physical stress, thyroid hormone levels, nutritional state, and environmental temperature, as well as caffeine and nicotine intake

Which type of food takes the most energy to digest?

Protein

Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)

The average kilocalorie intake that is estimated to maintain energy balance based on a person's gender, age, height, body weight, and level of physical activity.

Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE)

The total kilocalories needed to meet daily energy requirements; based on basal metabolism, physical activity, the thermic effect of food, and adaptive thermogenesis.

How does DEXA work?

This noninvasive method uses two low-energy X-ray beams: one detects all tissues including fat mass and bone mass and the other detects only lean body mass. The computer then calculates the difference between lean body mass and fat mass to determine the percentage of body fat.

T or F: An individual who has a high LBM is more likely to burn calories than an individual who has a high percentage body fat.

True

T or F: Body mass index (BMI) can be used to determine if you are at a healthy weight, overweight, or obese.

True

T or F: Eating disorders can be fatal.

True

T or F: Exercise isn't necessary to lose weight.

True

T or F: Lean body mass accounts for 50 percent of BMR.

True

T or F: Men burn more kilocalories than women.

True

T or F: Skinfold calipers are used to measure body composition.

True

how to accurately measure BMR

While measuring your sympathetic nervous system cannot be stimulated. This is the reason a person's BMR is usually measured in a laboratory setting in the morning while the person lies motionless in a controlled (no shivering or sweating) environment after a 12-hour overnight fast. Neither the digestion of food nor physical activity (which both require energy) is factored into the BMR.

white adipose tissue

White fat, in which excess calories are stored in the body. It is a complex and active endocrine organ that secretes enzymes, hormones, and adipokines.

Being underweight increases the risk of which of the following? a. Premature death b. Cancer c. Heart disease d. Diabetes

a. Premature death

An individual's estimated energy requirement is based on all of the following except: a. body posture. b. age. c. activity level. d. gender.

a. body posture.

Body mass index (BMI) measures __________. a. disease risk b. waist size c. height, weight, and muscle mass d. gender differences in weight and age

a. disease risk

An individual who is regularly in negative energy balance will most likely a. lose weight. b. gain weight. c. maintain current body weight. d. burn more muscle weight than fat weight.

a. lose weight.

A BMI __________ is considered underweight and is associated with a higher risk of anemia, osteoporosis, and heart irregularities. a. under 18.5 b. under 21 c. between 25 to 30 d. over 30

a. under 18.5

disordered eating

abnormal and potentially harmful eating behaviors that do not meet specific criteria for eating disorders

Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)

amount of energy expended by the body to digest, absorb, transport, metabolize, and store energy-yielding nutrients from foods

pica

an abnormal craving or appetite for nonfood substances, such as dirt, paint, or clay that lasts for at least 1 month

bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

what determines BMR

an indirect measurement of the amount of oxygen consumed, is measured when a person is awake and cellular activity is the lowest

Will's breakfast contains 525 kilocalories. How many kilocalories will he expend (TEF) to process this meal? a. 5-10 kilocalories b. 50-100 kilocalories c. 125-140 kilocalories d. 150-175 kilocalories

b. 50-100 kilocalories

A negative energy balance means that you a. eat more than you burn off in total kilocalories. b. eat less than you burn off in total kilocalories. c. are gaining weight. d. are maintaining weight.

b. eat less than you burn off in total kilocalories.

Abdominal fat is associated with ________ risk of heart disease. a. zero b. higher c. lower d. infantile

b. higher

Where are men more likely to accumulate fat?

belly, hips, thighs

visceral fat

body fat associated with the internal organs and stored in the abdominal area

Approximately what percentage of the body is made up of essential fat? a. 9 percent for women, 5 percent for men b. 15 percent for women, 18 percent for men c. 12 percent for women, 3 percent for men d. 18 percent for women, 20 percent for men

c. 12 percent for women, 3 percent for men

The method used to assess the percentage of body fat by using a low-level electrical current; body fat resists or impedes the current, whereas water and muscle mass conduct electricity is called a. hydroelectrical weighing. b. dual-electrical X-ray absorptiometry c. bioelectrical impedance. d. air electrical displacement plethysmography

c. bioelectrical impedance.

Visceral fat is __________. a. adipose tissue removed during liposuction procedures b. brown fat that produces heat c. excess abdominal fat located around the vital organs including the liver, pancreas, and other abdominal organs d. subcutaneous fat, sometimes called "cellulite"

c. excess abdominal fat located around the vital organs including the liver, pancreas, and other abdominal organs

Which of the following can be used to assess body composition regularly at home? a. dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry b. bioelectrical impedance analysis c. skin fold measurements d. hydrostatic weighing

c. skin fold measurements

Examples of NEAT include __________. a. working out with a group instead of solo physical activity b. documenting your weight on a weekly basis c. tapping your toes on the floor during a meeting d. physical activities done in conjunction with an MP3 device that allows you to select your own work out music

c. tapping your toes on the floor during a meeting

essential fat

component of body fat that is necessary for health and normal body functions; includes the fat stored in the bone marrow, heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, intestines, muscles, and the lipid-rich tissues of the central nervous system

What are the other factors that effect TEF?

composition of a meal, alcohol intake, age, and athletic training status

health risks associated with visceral fat

contributes to insulin resistance, high levels of blood triglyceride, low levels of the good HDL cholesterol, and high levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood, which all increase the risk of heart disease and diabetes. Insulin resistance also increases the risk for hypertension.

Which of the following is a clinical eating disorder? a. Orthorexia b. Night eating syndrome c. Pica d. Binge eating disorder

d. Binge eating disorder

What causes those who suffer from anorexia nervosa to control their food intake? a. Intense distaste for healthy foods b. Loss of appetite c. Busy lifestyle d. Intense fear of becoming overweight

d. Intense fear of becoming overweight

Who is more likely to store abdominal fat? a. Johanna, age 22 b. John, age 2 months c. Johanna, age 2 months d. John, age 22

d. John, age 22

The processes by which the body regulates heat production is a. thermic effectiveness. b. basal metabolism. c. total daily energy expenditure. d. adaptive thermogenesis.

d. adaptive thermogenesis.

The method that uses the fact that lean tissue is denser than water to measure body composition is called a. air-displacement plethysmography. b. bioelectrical impedance analysis. c. dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. d. hydrostatic weighing.

d. hydrostatic weighing.

Treatment for eating disorders includes __________. a. none of the listed choices; eating disorders cannot be treated b. aggressive rehydration and refeeding c. medications to provide a "quick fix" jumpstart to the treatment process d. meal plans to help ensure adequacy and normalized eating patterns

d. meal plans to help ensure adequacy and normalized eating patterns

Energy expended from fidgeting is called __________. a. basal metabolic rate b. thermic effect of food (TEF) c. thermic effect of exercise (TEE) d. non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)

d. non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)

A BMI of 30.9-39.9 kg/m2 is considered ________, and 40 kg/m2 or above is considered ________. a. underweight-normal weight. b. overweight-obesity. c. normal weight-overweight. d. obesity-severe obesity.

d. obesity-severe obesity.

Someone who is gaining weight is in a. negative energy balance. b. energy balance. c. need of a bomb calorimeter. d. positive energy balance.

d. positive energy balance.

Anorexia nervosa, binge eating, and bulimia nervosa are examples of __________. a. diet fads that are a thing of the past b. disordered eating c. quick weight loss diets d. psychiatric eating disorders that require the medical intervention of psychiatrist, medical doctors, behavioral therapist, and registered dietitians.

d. psychiatric eating disorders that require the medical intervention of psychiatrist, medical doctors, behavioral therapist, and registered dietitians.

The ________ of the body fat influences the risk of chronic diseases. a. color b. quality c. time of deposition d. quantity

d. quantity

The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is a measure of a. the amount of energy expended during physical activity. b. the amount of energy expended during digestion. c. the amount of energy consumed daily. d. the amount of energy expended to meet basic physiological needs.

d. the amount of energy expended to meet basic physiological needs.

direct calorimetry

direct measurement of the energy expanded by the body obtained by assessing heat loss

anorexia nervosa

eating disorder in which people intentionally starve themselves, causing extreme weight loss

nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)

energy expended for all activities not related to sleeping, eating, or exercise, including fidgeting, performing work-related activities, and playing

central or android obesity

excess storage of visceral fat in the abdominal area, indicated by a waist circumference greater than 40 inches in males and 35 inches in females; central obesity increase the risk of heart disease, diabetes, and hypertension

gynoid obesity

excessive storage of body fat in the thighs and hips of the lower body

subcutaneous fat

fat located under the skin and between the muscles

thermogenesis

generation of heat from the basal metabolism, digestion of food, and all forms of physical activity

severe obese BMI

greater than 40

indirect calorimetry

indirect measurement of energy expenditure obtained by measuring the amount of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide produced

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

measure of basal metabolism taken when the body is at rest in a warm, quiet environment after a 12-hour fast; expressed as kilocalories per kilogram of body weight per hour

Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

measure of the amount of energy expended by the body at rest and after approximately a 3 to 4 hour fasting period; about 6% higher than BMR

Body Mass Index (BMI)

measurement calculated using the metic formula of weigh in kilograms divided by height in meter square; used to determine whether an individual is underweight, at a healthy weight, overweight, or obese

waist circumference

measurement taken at the top of the iliac crest or hip bone; used to determine pattern of obesity

dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)

method that uses two low-energy x-rays to measure body density and bone mass

hydrostatic weighing

method used to assess body volume by underwater weighing

Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)

method used to assess the percentage of body fat by using a low-level electrical current; body fat resists or impedes the current, whereas water and muscle mass conduct electricity

Orthorexia

obsession with healthy eating

air displacement plethysmography

procedure used to estimate body volume based on the amount of air displaced

eating disorders

psychological illnesses that involve specific abnormal eating behaviors and other factors

body composition

ratio of fat to lean tissue (muscle, bone, and organs) in the body; usually expressed as percent body fat

physiological fuel values

real energy value of foods that are digested and absorbed; adjusted from the results of bomb calorimetry because of the inefficiency of the body

energy balance

state at which energy (kilocalorie) intake from food and beverages is equal to energy (kilocalorie) output for basal metabolism, the thermic effect of exercise, and the thermic effect of food

positive energy balance

state in which energy intake is greater than energy expenditure; over time, this results in weight gain

negative energy balance

state in which energy intake is less than energy expenditure; over time, this results in weight loss

basal metabolism

the amount of energy expended by the body to meet its basic physiological needs, including muscle tone and heart and brain function

Where are women more likely to accumulate fat?

the breasts, neck, and upper arms, as well as in the hips and thighs

skinfold caliper

tool used to measure the thickness of subcutaneous fat

lean body mass (LBM)

total body weight minus the fat mass; consistes of water, bones, vital organs, and muscle; metabolically active tissue in the body

which type of fat is more commonly seen with health issues?

visceral fat

How does indirect calorimetry work?

you sample the amount of oxygen consumed and carbon dioxide produced during exercise and for a specific amount of time. Metabolic calculations can then be done to determine energy expenditure.