ch. 14 nervous system spinal nerves

lateral cord, posterior cord, medial cord

Label the cords of the brachial plexus

Posterior gray horn, posterior gray commissure, lateral gray horn, anterior gray horn, anterior gray commissure, somatic, visceral, viscera, somatic, sensory nuclei, motor nuclei

Label the features of gray matter

Pia matter, arachnoid matter, dura matter

Label the features of spinal meninges

cervical enlargement, lumbosacral enlargement, conus medularis, cuada equina

Label the features of the spinal cord

dorsal root, dorsal root ganglion, spinal nerve, ventral root, white matter, gray matter

Label the features of the spinal cord (cross section)

Epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium

Label the features of the spinal nerve

Cervical plexus, brachial plexus, lumbar plexus, sacral plexus

Label the nerve plexuses

Musculocutaneous nerve, median nerve, ulnar nerve, radial nerve

Label the nerves of the brachial plexus

Musculocutaneous nerve, median nerve, ulnar nerve, radial nerve, ulnar nerve, median nerve, anterior interosseous nerve, palmar digital nerves

Label the nerves of the brachial plexus

axillary nerve, radial nerve, posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve, dorsal digital nerves

Label the nerves of the brachial plexus

Lesser occipital nerve, surpraclavicular nerve, great auricular nerve, transverse cervical nerve

Label the nerves of the cervical plexus

Phrenic nerve

Label the nerves of the cervical plexus

iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve, genitofemoral nerve, lateral cutaneous nerve of thich, femoral nerve

Label the nerves of the lumbosacral plexus

iliohypogastric nerve, ilioinguinal nerve, genitofemoral nerve, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve, femoral nerve, obturator nerve

Label the nerves of the lumbosacral plexus

saphenous nerve

Label the nerves of the lumbosacral plexus

tibial nerve, superior gluteal nerve, inferior gluteal nerve, sciatic nerve, common fibular nerve

Label the nerves of the lumbosacral plexus (posterior)

pudenal nerve

Label the nerves of the sacral plexus

superior gluteal nerve, inferior gluteal nerve, sciatic nerve, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, pudenal nerve

Label the nerves of the sacral plexus

blood vessel, epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium, schwann cell, fascicle, myelinated axon

Label the peripheral nerve

Superior trunk, middle trunk, inferior trunk

Label the trunks of the brachial plexus

from interoceptors of back, from exteroceptors and proprioceptors of back, from exteroceptors and proprioceptors of body wall and limbs, from interoceptors of body wall and limbs, from interoceptors of visceral organs

Label where the sensory info is coming from

Endoneurium of spinal nerve:

Layer surrounding a single axon

How many pairs of coccygeal nerves?

1

How many pairs of thoracic spinal nerves?

12

Why do we have an 8th pair of cervical nerves if we only have 7 cervical vertebrae?

1st nerve starts at the top of the atlas and all the nerves are in between the vertebrae so the 8th pair is in between C7 and T1.

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

31

How long is the spinal cord and what does it pass through?

45 cm, foramen magnum

How many pairs of lumbar spinal nerves?

5

How many pairs of sacral spinal nerves?

5

How many pairs of cervical spinal nerves?

8

Reflex arc:

Begins at a sensory receptor and ends at a peripheral receptor

To avoid damaging the spinal cord during a spinal tap, the needle should be inserted _____.

Below L1-L2

What vertebrae does the cervical plexus extend from?

C1 - C5

What vertebrae does the brachial plexus extend from?

C5 - T1

postganglionic fibers to smooth muscles/ glands of back, to skeletal muscles of back, to skeletal muscles of limbs, post ganglionic fibers to smooth muscle/glands of limbs, postganglionic fibers to smooth muscles, glands, visceral organs of thoracic cavity, preganglionic fibers to sympathetic ganglia innervating abdominopelvic viscera

Name the areas that are being traveled to by structures in the motor command

Dorsal ramus, ventral ramus, gray ramus, rami communicantes, white ramus, sympathetic nerve, dorsal root ganglion, dorsal root, visceral motor, somatic motor, ventral root, spinal nerve, sympathetic ganglion

Name the structures of the motor commands

What kind of nerve is dorsal root?

sensory

What two types of nuclei are there?

sensory nuclei and motor nuclei

What do the columns of white matter convey? (describe)

sensory tracts - ascending tracts motor tracts - descending tracts

What does gray matter consist of?

somas (cell bodies)

What are the two types of response reflexes?

somatic - control skeletal muscle contractions, include superficial and stretch reflexes visceral (autonomic) relfexes - controls actions of smooth and cardiac muscles and glands

Anterior gray horns of gray matter are made up of what nuclei?

somatic motor

Posterior gray horns of gray matter are made up of what nuclei?

somatic sensory and visceral

What are the two types of reflexes classified by processing site?

spinal reflexes - processing in the spinal cord cranial reflexes - processing in the brain

Pathway of stretch reflex (monosynaptic)

stimulus - stretching of muscle stimulates muscle spindles, activation of sensory neuron, information processing at motor neuron, activation of motor neuron, response - contraction of muscle

what does cerebrospinal fluid do and where is it located?

subarachnoid space - acts as a shock absorber and diffusion medium for dissolved gases, nutrients, chemical messengers, and waste products

What are the nerves of the sacral plexus?

superior and inferior gluteals, sciatic nerve, pudendal nerve, posterior femoral cutaneous nerve

What trunks does the brachial plexus consist of?

superior, middle, inferior

What does the ventral ramus do?

supplies ventrolateral body surface, body wall structures, and limbs

what are denticulate ligaments

supporting fibers extending laterally from the spinal cord surface, binding the spinal pia mater and arachnoid mater to dura mater to prevent side to side movement of spinal cord

WHat kind of nerves does the brachial plexus consist of?

terminal nerves

If the sciatic nerve were compressed, which area of the leg would NOT be affected?

the medial side of the thigh

What is the cauda equina?

the nerve travel down past the spine, looks like a horses maine

Motor nerves (efferent nerves)

transmit impulses away from the spinal cord

sensory nerves (afferent nerves):

transmit impulses toward the spinal cord

What does the ventral root of a spinal nerve contain?

visceral and somatic motor nerve axons

Lateral gray horns of gray matter are made up of what kind of nuclei

visceral motor

what is the epidural space?

what separates the dura matter from the inner walls of the vertebral canal

What is a fascicle

a bundle of axons

What divisions does the brachial plexus consist of?

anterior and posterior

Pathway of a withdrawel (flexor) reflex?

arrival of stimulus/ activation of receptor, activiation of sensory neuron, info processing in CNS, activation of a motor neuron, response by effector

where do ascending tracts and descending tracts relay information to and from?

ascending - from spinal cord to brain descending - from brain to spinal crod

What does gray commissure consist of?

axons crossing from one side to the other

What does the white matter consist of, how are nerves organized, where is it located?

axons, tracts columns, outside the gray matter

Why does the spinal cord get larger at the cervical englargement and lumbosacral enlargement

because of upper and lower limbs

The spinal cord extends from ____ to ______

brain, L1

All the axons within a particular tract...

carry either sensory or motor information, are of approximately the same diameter, carry information to approximately the same location

What are the four nerve plexuses and what two are sometimes combined?

cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral - sometimes lumbosacral plexus

What regions do the spinal cord consist of?

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

What structure of the ear is responsible for hearing?

cochlea

What does white matter consist of?

columns of nerves (fascicles)

What does the sciatic nerve branch to form?

common fibular and tibial nerve

The spinal cord ends at what?

conus medullaris

What are spinal meninges continuous with?

cranial (cerebral) meninges

What branches does the cervical plexus consist of?

cutaneous and muscular branches

What merges to form a spinal nerve?

dorsal root and ventral root

If a mosquito lands upon Tyrone's arm, the electrical message conveying the detection of the mosquito would travel through which structure?

dorsal root ganglion

What three layers are the spinal meninges made of (explain what each layer is)

dura mater - tough, fibrous outermost layer arachnoid mater - middle layer pia matter - innermost layer

When a woman in labor recieves an epidural injection of anesthesia where does it go?

epidural space

What is excreted by the adrenal gland?

epinephrine and nonepinephrine

What does each peripheral spinal nerve consist of?

epineurium perineurium endoneurium

The cutaneous branch of the cervical plexus innervates what?

head, neck, shoulder region

What are the nerves of the lumbar plexus?

iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, genitofemoral, lateral femoral cutaneous, nerves to iliopsoas, femoral nerve, obturator

Reflex:

immediate involuntary response

What direction do sensory impulses travel:

in the spinal nerve through the dorsal root to the spinal cord

What are the two types of development reflexes?

innate - genetically determined acquired - learned

What do the brain and spinal cord do?

integrate and process information

What do the spinal nerves emerge from?

intervertebral foramina

ventral root, dorsal root, pia matter, arachnoid matter, gray matter, spinal nerve, dorsal root ganglion, dura matter

label the spinal cord/spinal meninge

Perineurium of spinal nerve:

layer surrounding a fascicle

The middle nasal conchae is part of which bone?

maxilla

What cords does the brachial plexus consist of?

medial lateral posterior,

What are the two types of reflexes classified by complexity of circuit?

monosynaptic - one synapse polysynaptic - multiple synapses

What kind of nerve is ventral root?

motor

somas are organized into what?

nuclei

The muscular branch of the cervical plexus innervates what?

omohyoid, sternohyoid, geniohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternothyroid, scalenes, and diaphragm

Epineurium of spinal nerve:

outer layer that becomes continuous with dura matter

What does each of the the 31 segments of the spinal cord have (disregarding exception)

pair of dorsal root ganglia, pairs of dorsal roots and pairs of ventral roots

What forms the blood-nerve barrier?

perineurium

What nerve controls the diaphragm?

phrenic nerve of cervical plexus

Gray ramus is also _____ and white ramus is also ______

postganglionic, preganglionic

What do the spinal meninges do?

protect the cord from injury that would be caused by rubbing against a vertebral foramen, isolate the spinal cord from surrounding tissue, absorb shock transmitted up the body when walking, running, or other vigorous motions occur

spinal meninges are specialized membranes that provide what?

protection, physical stability, and shock absorption

What does the dorsal ramus do and where is it found?

provides sensory/motor innervation to the skin and muscles of the back - each spinal nerve

What is the oculomotor nerve responsible for?

pupil restriction

What are the white and gray ramus collectively called?

rami communicaters

DERMATOMES DONT FORGET***

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What are the four branches of the spinal nerves?

Whit ramus, gray ramus, dorsal primary ramus, ventral primary ramus

What are the two exceptions to the rule that each segment of the spinal cord is associated with a pair of dorsal roots?

The first cervical and first coccygeal nerves