Ch. 14 Principles of Disease and Epidemiology
Which of the following is the third stage of a disease? a)Incubation period b)Period of illness c)Period of convalescence d)Prodromal period e)Period of decline
b)Period of illness explanation: The third stage of a disease is the period of illness. During the period of illness, the disease is most severe. The stages before the period of illness are the incubation and the prodromal periods, the stages after the period of illness are the periods of decline and convalescence.
All of the following are communicable diseases EXCEPT a)Influenza b)Noroviral gastroenteritis c)Appendicitis d)HIV infection e)Strep throat
c)Appendicitis
On January 3, Molly spent the evening with a group of friends, one of whom was complaining of a scratchy throat. On January 6, Molly noticed that her throat felt "scratchy" when she swallowed. On January 7, Molly developed a runny nose, watery eyes, swollen cervical lymph nodes, a 102oF fever, a severe sore throat, and a headache which persisted for 3 days. By January 11, she was fully recovered. In the above case description, the period from Jan. 3 through Jan. 5 would best be described as a)the decline phase b)the acute phase c)the incubation period d)the endemic phase e)prodromal period
c)the incubation period
Alfalfa sprouts were responsible for transmitting Salmonella to 32 people in four states. This is an example of __________. a)contact transmission b)indirect contact transmission c)vehicle transmission d)droplet transmission
c)vehicle transmission
Which of the following would be an example of disease transmission via indirect contact? a)Mr. Smith sneezes on an airplane, and the person sitting beside him catches his cold. b)A tick that is infected with Lyme disease bites a hiker, and the hiker gets Lyme disease. c)A restaurant worker has diarrhea caused by Norovirus. He fails to wash his hands adequately before preparing the salad, and his customers get sick. d)A student sneezes on her test booklet. The instructor grades it and catches her cold.
d)A student sneezes on her test booklet. The instructor grades it and catches her cold. explanation: Due to indirect contact via the test booklet, the instructor caught the student's cold.
Which of the following is NOT a predisposing factor of disease? a)Climate b)Gender c)Lifestyle d)All of the listed choices can be predisposing factors of disease. e)Occupation
d)All of the listed choices can be predisposing factors of disease. explanation: All of the listed choices can be predisposing factors of disease. A predisposing factor is one that makes the body more susceptible to disease or alters the course of a disease. Examples include gender, climate, age, fatigue, lifestyle, and occupation.
Which one of these diseases is NOT communicable? a)Influenza b)HIV c)Streptococcal sore throat d)Botulism
d)Botulism explanation: Botulism is NOT communicable—it is a noncommunicable disease. Noncommunicable diseases are caused by microorganisms that normally grow outside the human body and are not transmitted from one host to another. HIV, influenza, and streptococcal sore throat are all communicable diseases, or diseases in which an infected person transmits an infectious agent, either directly or indirectly, to another person who in turn becomes infected.
Both normal and transient flora can become opportunistic pathogens. T F
T
Transient microbiota differ from normal microbiota in that transient microbiota a)are present for a relatively short time. b)are found in a certain location on the host. c)are always acquired by direct contact. d)never cause disease. e)cause diseases.
a)are present for a relatively short time.
Which of the following definitions is INCORRECT? a)incidence: number of new cases of a disease b)epidemic: a disease that is endemic across the world c)pandemic: a disease that affects a large number of people in the world in a short time d)sporadic: a disease that affects a population occasionally e)endemic: a disease that is constantly present in a population
b)epidemic: a disease that is endemic across the world
Health care professionals who fail to use aseptic techniques can cause __________. a)pathogens b)nosocomial infections c)zoonoses d)herd immunity e)predisposing factors
b)nosocomial infections explanation:
In 1918, a particularly virulent strain of influenza spread rapidly around the globe, leaving almost no communities untouched. Which term best describes this situation? a)epizootic b)pandemic c)zoonosis d)endemic e)epidemic
b)pandemic
Koch observed Bacillus anthracis multiplying in the blood of cattle. What is the condition specifically called when pathogens multiply in the blood? a)focal infection b)septicemia c)systemic infection d)local infection e)bacteremia
b)septicemia
Influenza transmitted by an unprotected sneeze is an example of a)direct contact transmission b)vehicle transmission c)droplet transmission d)fomite transmission e)vector transmission
c)droplet transmission
The protection from infection received when individuals susceptible to a particular disease live in a population where many individuals are immune is referred to as __________. a)disease prevention b)latent immunity c)herd immunity d)vaccination
c)herd immunity explanation: This is known as herd immunity. People who are immune to an infectious disease (most likely due to vaccination) will not be carriers, thereby reducing the occurrence of the disease and acting as a barrier to the spread of infectious agents. Thus many non-immune people will also be protected because of the unlikelihood of their coming into contact with an infected person.
Reservoirs of infections are always animate objects. T F
F
Which of these events is an example of contact transmission? a)A person drinking from a cup used by another individual. b)Several people become infected with Listeria after consuming contaminated ice cream. c)Tuberculosis is spread from one person to another after traveling through the air for several meters. d)A person develops plague from a flea bite. e)Vacationers develop shigellosis, caused by the intestinal pathogen Shigella spp. after drinking contaminated water.
a)A person drinking from a cup used by another individual. explanation:
Which of the following diseases does NOT share a commonality with the others? a)All of the listed diseases share a commonality. b)Hantavirus c)Brucella d)Rabies e)Yersinia pestis
a)All of the listed diseases share a commonality. explanation:
Which of these disease stages is most likely to be altered in length if the number of infecting organisms at the start of the infection is very high? a)Incubation period b)Period of decline c)Period of illness d)Prodromal period e)Period of convalescence
a)Incubation period explanation: The incubation period is the interval between the initial infection and the first appearance of signs and symptoms. It is the most likely to be altered in length if the number of infecting organisms at the start of the infection is very high.
An example of descriptive epidemiology is __________. a)John Snow's study of the London cholera outbreak from 1848 to 1849 b)Florence Nightingale's studies of disease transmission in soldiers and civilians during the Crimean War c)a study comparing disease rates in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals d)the first report of a disease occurrence e)a comparison of drug effectiveness in two groups of patients
a)John Snow's study of the London cholera outbreak from 1848 to 1849 explanation:
Which of the following body sites typically does NOT have normal microbiota? a)Kidney b)Vagina c)Nasopharynx d)Skin
a)Kidney explanation: The kidneys typically do NOT have normal microbiota. Human skin, eyes, nose, throat, mouth, large intestines, and the urinary and reproductive systems commonly contain normal microbiota.
Which of the following statements concerning pathology, infection, and disease is true? a)Pathology refers to the study of structural and functional changes that occur in the body as a result of a disease. b)The majority of microorganisms are pathogenic. c)Microorganisms that make up the normal microbiota of an individual never cause disease. d)The term infection is synonymous with the term disease.
a)Pathology refers to the study of structural and functional changes that occur in the body as a result of a disease.
The fungus Coccidioides immitis is found in the soil. Humans contract coccidioidomycosis by inhaling fungal spores. Which of these descriptions applies to the role of soil in transmission of coccidioidomycosis? a)Soil is the reservoir. b)Soil is the vector. c)Soil is the predisposing factor. d)Soil is the carrier.
a)Soil is the reservoir. explanation: The role of soil in transmission of coccidioidomycosis is that the soil is the reservoir of this disease. For a disease to perpetuate itself, there must be a continual source of the disease organisms. This source can be either a living organism or an inanimate object that provides a pathogen with adequate conditions for survival and multiplication and an opportunity for transmission. Such a source is called a reservoir of infection. These reservoirs may be human, animal, or nonliving.
Which of these diseases does not have a human reservoir? a)Tetanus b)Diphtheria c)HIV d)Candida albicans e)Gonorrhea
a)Tetanus explanation: Tetanus does not have a human reservoir. The two major nonliving reservoirs of infectious disease are soil and water. Soil harbors such pathogens as Clostridium tetani, the bacterium that causes tetanus. HIV, gonorrhea, diphtheria, and Candida albicans all have a human reservoir.
Which of the following is NOT considered an EID? a)These are all considered EIDs. b)Avian influenza c)West Nile Encephalitis d)Chikungunya e)Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
a)These are all considered EIDs. explanation: These are all considered EIDs. EIDs or Emerging infectious diseases are ones that are new or changing, showing an increase in incidence in the recent past, or a potential to increase in the near future. An emerging disease can be caused by a virus, a bacterium, a fungus, a protozoan, or a helminth. About 75% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, mainly of viral origin, and are likely to be vector-borne. Avian influenza; West Nile Encephalitis; chikungunya; methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus are all considered EIDs.
Florence Nightingale compared disease rates and other statistics for soldiers versus civilian populations. This is an example of __________. a)analytical epidemiology b)descriptive epidemiology c)case reporting d)controlled experimentation
a)analytical epidemiology explanation: The measles virus does not belong with the other pathogens because it is spread via airborne droplets. Hantavirus, Brucella, and Yersinia pestis cause zoonotic diseases.
John Snow analyzed information about cholera victims, including where the victims lived and where they got water. This is an example of __________. a)descriptive epidemiology b)analytical epidemiology c)controlled experimentation d)case reporting
a)descriptive epidemiology explanation: Descriptive epidemiology describes the occurrence of the disease under study. Relevant information usually includes information about the affected individuals and the place and period in which the disease occurred. Snow's search for the cause of the cholera outbreak in London is an example of descriptive epidemiology. Analytical epidemiology analyzes a particular disease to determine its probable cause. Case reporting is a procedure that requires health care workers to report specified diseases to local, state, and national health officials. In experimental epidemiology, controlled experiments designed to test hypotheses are performed.
If a prodromal period exists for a certain disease, it should occur prior to a)illness. b)incubation. c)decline. d)convalescence.
a)illness.
An infection transmitted by a hypodermic needle is transmitted by __________. a)indirect contact b)common vehicle transmission c)droplet transmission d)a vector e)direct contact
a)indirect contact explanation: Indirect contact transmission occurs when the agent of disease is transmitted from its reservoir to a susceptible host by means of a nonliving object. The general term for any nonliving object involved in the spread of an infection is a fomite. Examples are tissues, handkerchiefs, towels, bedding, diapers, drinking cups, eating utensils, toys, money, and thermometers.
In order to understand the full scope of a disease, we take its occurrence into account. The __________ of a disease is the number of people in a population who develop a disease at a specified time. a)prevalence b)sporadic infection c)endemic infection d)incidence
a)prevalence explanation: The prevalence of a disease is the number of people in a population who develop a disease at a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared. Prevalence takes into account both old and new cases. It's an indicator of how seriously and how long a disease affects a population. The incidence of a disease is the number of people in a population who develop a disease during a particular time period. It's an indicator of the spread of the disease. If a particular disease occurs only occasionally, it is called a sporadic disease. A disease constantly present in a population is called an endemic disease.
An infection that does NOT cause any signs of disease is a(n) __________. a)subclinical infection b)endemic infection c)sporadic infection d)secondary infection
a)subclinical infection explanation: A subclinical infection is one that doesn't cause any noticeable illness. Poliovirus and hepatitis A virus, for example, can be carried by people who never develop the illness. A disease constantly present in a population is called an endemic disease. A secondary infection is one caused by an opportunistic pathogen after the primary infection has weakened the body's defenses. If a particular disease occurs only occasionally, it is called a sporadic disease.
The morbidity rate is best defined as __________. a)the number of individuals, relative to the population, affected by a particular disease in a period of time b)the decrease in death rate following effective vaccination c)the immunization rate for notifiable diseases that can be prevented through vaccination programs d)the percentage of infectious diseases that are nationally notifiable
a)the number of individuals, relative to the population, affected by a particular disease in a period of time .
Ehrlichiosis is transmitted by ticks. This is an example of __________. a)vector transmission b)vehicle transmission c)airborne transmission d)indirect contact transmission
a)vector transmission explanation:
Which of the following events does NOT occur in diseases transmitted by vectors? a)In biological transmission, pathogens multiply in the vector, which can transmit the pathogens by injecting saliva directly into the host. b)In biological transmission, the vector multiplies in the human host. c)In mechanical transmission, insects contact feces containing pathogenic bacteria and transfer it to food. d)In biological transmission, vectors can spread pathogens by vomiting. e)In biological transmission, a vector transmits pathogens by defecating while taking a blood meal.
b)In biological transmission, the vector multiplies in the human host. explanation: The following does NOT occur in diseases transmitted by vectors: In biological transmission, the vector multiplies in the human host. The pathogens reproduce in the vector, and the increase in the number of pathogens increases the possibility that they will be transmitted to another host. The vector would NOT multiply in the human host.
Emergence of infectious diseases can be caused by a variety of factors. Which factor listed below is related to human behavior? a)Earthquakes b)Lack of vaccination c)Floods d)Mutations in microbes
b)Lack of vaccination explanation: EIDs can result from the use of antibiotics and pesticides, climatic changes, travel, the lack of vaccinations, and improved case reporting. Mutations in microbes, earthquakes, and floods are not considered factors related to human behavior.
Which of the following is NOT an example of microbial antagonism (also known as competitive exclusion)? a)Microbes utilizing oxygen necessary for the growth of other microbes b)Microbes producing vitamins and growth factors that can be utilized by the host c)Microbes competing with other microbes for nutrients d)Microbes producing acidic compounds that limit the growth of many bacteria e)Microbes producing compounds inhibitory to other microbes
b)Microbes producing vitamins and growth factors that can be utilized by the host explanation: Microbes producing vitamins and growth factors that can be utilized by the host is NOT an example of microbial antagonism. It is an example of mutualism. The normal microbiota can benefit the host by preventing the overgrowth of harmful microorganisms. This phenomenon is called microbial antagonism, or competitive exclusion. Microbial antagonism involves competition among microbes. One consequence of this competition is that the normal microbiota protect the host against colonization by potentially pathogenic microbes by competing for nutrients, producing substances harmful to the invading microbes, and affecting conditions such as pH and available oxygen.
Which type of nosocomial infection is the most common? a)Bloodstream infections b)Surgical site infections c)Urinary tract infections d)Gastrointestinal infections
b)Surgical site infections explanation: Surgical site infections are tied for the most common type of nosocomial infections with lower respiratory tract infections. A summary of the principal sites of HAIs is presented in Table 14.5.
Which of the following is NOT necessary to satisfy Koch's postulates? a)The organism must be re-isolated from the experimentally infected diseased animal and shown to be identical to the original isolate. b)The organism must cause disease through toxin production. c)The organism must cause the disease when introduced from pure culture into a healthy host. d)The organism must be present in every case of the disease. e)The organism must be grown in pure culture outside the diseased host.
b)The organism must cause disease through toxin production. explanation: The organism must cause disease through toxin production is NOT necessary to satisfy Koch's postulates. Koch's postulates have the following requirements: (1) the same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease; (2) the pathogen must be isolated in pure culture; (3) the pathogen isolated from pure culture must cause the same disease in a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal; and (4) the pathogen must be reisolated from the inoculated laboratory animal.
Which of the following best defines the term pathology? a)Pathogenesis b)The structural and functional changes in an individual that are brought about by disease c)The invasion and colonization of a host by a microorganism d)Etiology
b)The structural and functional changes in an individual that are brought about by disease explanation: Pathology is best described as the structural and functional changes in an individual that are brought about by disease. Etiology is the cause of a disease. Pathogenesis is the manner in which a disease develops. Infection is the invasion and colonization of a host by a microorganism.
All members of the seven families for whom Mary Mallon prepared meals developed typhoid fever. Mary did not get sick. This is an example of __________. a)an opportunistic infection b)a carrier c)sporadic disease d)a nosocomial infection
b)a carrier explanation: Mary Mallon is also known as "Thyphoid Mary," she is an example of a carrier. Carriers are important living reservoirs of infection. Some carriers have inapparent infections for which no signs or symptoms are ever exhibited. Other people, such as those with latent diseases, carry a disease during its symptom-free stages - during the incubation period (before symptoms appear) or during the convalescent period (recovery).
The term "carrier" refers to a)a person that willfully attempts to spread infection around a hospital b)a person who harbors an infectious agent without exhibiting any disease c)an organism infected with a bacteriophage d)a person that is weakened or attenuated
b)a person who harbors an infectious agent without exhibiting any disease
The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream is referred to as __________. a)cytokine storm b)bacteremia c)edema d)bacterial dimorphism e)symbiosis
b)bacteremia explanation: The bloodstream does not harbor any microorganisms, thus the presence of bacteria in the blood is known as bacteremia. Symbiosis is a relationship between two organisms in which at least one organism is dependent on the other.
Which of the following is NOT an example of microbial antagonism? a)bacteria competing for nutrients b)bacteria causing disease e)acid production by bacteria c)bacteria occupying host receptors d)bacteriocin production
b)bacteria causing disease
In a healthy human, resident microorganisms would be found in all of the following areas EXCEPT the __________. a)nasal passages b)bloodstream c)tooth and gum surfaces d)lower urethra e)conjunctiva
b)bloodstream explanation: In a healthy human, resident microorganisms would be found in all of the mentioned areas EXCEPT the bloodstream. Microorganisms can be found in nasal passages, the lower urethra, tooth and gum surfaces, and the conjunctiva. They are not found throughout the entire human body but are localized in certain regions. The bloodstream is one example which does not harbor any resident microorganisms.
Infections in which the pathogen is distributed throughout the body are referred to as generalized infections or __________. a)emerging infections b)systemic infections c)local infections d)zoonoses e)focal infections
b)systemic infections explanation: Infections in which the pathogen is distributed throughout the body are referred to as generalized infections or systemic infections. In a systemic infection, microorganisms or their products are spread throughout the body by the blood or lymph. Measles is an example of a systemic infection. A local infection is one in which the invading microorganisms are limited to a relatively small area of the body. Often, agents of a local infection enter a blood or lymphatic vessel and spread to other specific parts of the body, where they are confined to specific areas of the body. This condition is called a focal infection. Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are ones that are new or changing, showing an increase in incidence in the recent past, or a potential to increase in the near future. Zoonoses are diseases that affect wild and domestic animals and can be transmitted to humans.
Infection with Listeria monocytogenes acquired from contaminated cantaloupe is an example of a)indirect contact transmission b)vehicle transmission c)direct contact transmission d)fomite transmission e)vector transmission
b)vehicle transmission
Which of the following pathogens does NOT belong with the others? a)Brucella b)Hantavirus c)Measles virus d)Yersinia pestis
c)Measles virus explanation:
What is the difference between normal and transient microbiota? a)Normal microbiota are opportunistic pathogens. b)Normal microbiota are on the human body. c)Normal microbiota are permanently present. d)Normal microbiota cause disease.
c)Normal microbiota are permanently present. explantion: Normal microbiota are permanently present. The microorganisms that establish more or less permanent residence (colonize) but that do not produce disease under normal conditions are members of the body's normal microbiota, or less commonly referred to as normal flora. Others, called transient microbiota, may be present for several days, weeks, or months and then disappear.
Germ-free (gnotobiotic) animals often are more susceptible to infections and serious disease than are animals with a typical complement of normal microbiota. Based on this observation, which of the following would be an appropriate conclusion? a)Normal microbiota always result in opportunistic infections. b)Normal microbiota are incapable of causing disease. c)Normal microbiota stimulate the development of the immune system. d)Normal microbiota are parasitic. e)Normal microbiota provide supplemental nutrition to the host.
c)Normal microbiota stimulate the development of the immune system. explanation: An appropriate conclusion would be that normal microbiota stimulate the development of the immune system. Animals with no microbiota whatsoever can be reared in the laboratory. On the one hand, research with germ-free animals has shown that microbes aren't absolutely essential to animal life. On the other hand, this research has shown that germ-free animals have undeveloped immune systems and are unusually susceptible to infection and serious disease. This shows that normal microbiota stimulate the development of the immune system.
On October 29, Barbara participated in a study group for her microbiology class. On November 1, Barbara had a "scratchy throat" when she swallowed. On November 2, Barbara had a headache, runny nose, and watery eyes. She was fully recovered on November 7. During which time was Barbara in the prodromal period? a)November 5 b)November 2 c)November 1 d)October 30
c)November 1 explanation: The prodromal period is characterized by the appearance of the first mild signs and symptoms, which Barbara experienced on November 1.
__________ pathogens are those that do NOT cause disease in their normal habitat but may do so in a different environment. a)Resident b)Transient c)Opportunistic d)Nosocomial
c)Opportunistic explanation: Opportunistic pathogens do not cause disease under normal conditions but cause disease under special conditions. Nosocomial infections are infections patients acquire while receiving treatment for other conditions at a health care facility. Transient microbiota are microbes that are present for various periods and then disappear.
P. aeruginosa and other gram-negative bacteria tend to be difficult to control with antibiotics because of their __________, which carry genes that determine resistance to antibiotics. a)DNA b)F factors c)R factors d)genomes
c)R factors explanation: P. aeruginosa and other gram-negative bacteria tend to be difficult to control with antibiotics because of their R factors, which carry genes that determine resistance to antibiotics. These strains become part of the microbiota of patients and hospital personnel and become progressively more resistant to antibiotic therapy.
Consider the following five infectious diseases: Ebola hemorrhagic fever avian influenza SARS West Nile encephalitis mad cow disease What do these diseases have in common? a)They all exhibit airborne transmission. b)They are all transmitted by arthropod vectors. c)They are all emerging infectious diseases. d)They are all caused by viruses.
c)They are all emerging infectious diseases. explanation:
Women who have a healthy population of Lactobacillus spp. as part of the normal vaginal microbiota are less likely to get yeast infections. Which of the following terms is used to explain this observation? a)Synergism b)Parasitism c)Commensalism d)Competitive exclusion e)Mutualism
d)Competitive exclusion explanation: The normal microbiota can benefit the host by preventing the overgrowth of harmful microorganisms. This phenomenon is called microbial antagonism, or competitive exclusion. Microbial antagonism involves competition among microbes. When this balance between normal microbiota and pathogenic microbes is upset, disease can result. For example, the normal bacterial microbiota of the adult human vagina maintains a local pH of about 4. The presence of normal microbiota inhibits the overgrowth of the yeast Candida albicans, which can grow when the balance between normal microbiota and pathogens.
Which of the following is NOT a notifiable infectious disease? a)Pertussis b)Botulism c)Salmonellosis d)Pneumonia
d)Pneumonia explanation: Pneumonia is NOT a notifiable infectious disease. Pertussis, Salmonellosis, and Botulism are all notifiable diseases (diseases for which physicians are required by law to report cases to the U.S. Public Health Service).
Bubonic plague still exists in the US. It is a disease largely found in squirrels and prairie dogs in the Southwest, and is occasionally transmitted to people by flea bites. The prairie dogs and squirrels are considered the _________ and the flea is the _________ . a)vector...........reservoir b)vector...........host c)host ............. reservoir d)_reservoir........vector
d)_reservoir........vector
Two patients developed endophthalmitis (infection of the internal layers of the eye) within 24 hours of corneal transplant surgery. Streptococcus pneumoniae was isolated from conjunctival swabs of the affected eyes of both patients and from the supply of packing that was used to cover the eyes after surgery. This is an example of __________. a)contact transmission b)airborne transmission c)vehicle transmission d)a nosocomial infection
d)a nosocomial infection explanation: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) or nosocomial infections are infections patients acquire while receiving treatment for other conditions at a health care facility, such as a nursing home, hospital, same-day surgery center, outpatient clinic, or in-home health care environment. Since these two patients developed endophthalmitis caused by Streptococcus pneumonia after surgery, this infection would be considered a nosocomial infection. Contact transmission is the spread of a disease agent by direct contact, indirect contact, or droplet transmission. Transmission by a medium such as water, food, or air is called vehicle transmission. Airborne transmission refers to the spread of agents of infection by droplet nuclei in dust that travel more than 1 meter from the reservoir to the host.
Malaria is an infectious disease caused by infection with a protozoan. In certain tropical regions, malaria is constantly present. We would say that malaria is a(n) __________ disease in these regions. a)epidemic b)pandemic c)sporadic d)endemic
d)endemic explanation: An endemic is a disease that is constantly present in a population, e.g. the common cold.
A disease that is constantly present in a population is called a(n) __________. a)reportable disease b)epidemic disease c)communicable disease d)endemic disease
d)endemic disease explanation: A disease constantly present in a population is called an endemic disease; an example of such a disease is the common cold. A communicable disease is a disease in which an infected person transmits an infectious agent, either directly or indirectly, to another person who in turn becomes infected. If many people in a given area acquire a certain disease in a relatively short period, it is called an epidemic disease. Reportable diseases are diseases considered to be of great public health importance.
The science that deals with when diseases occur and how they are transmitted is called a)public health. b)communicable disease. c)morbidity and mortality. d)epidemiology. e)ecology.
d)epidemiology.
Microorganisms that typically colonize a host without causing disease are referred to as the __________. a)opportunistic pathogens b)pathogens c)transient microbes d)normal microbiota
d)normal microbiota explanation: The microorganisms that establish more or less permanent residence (colonize) but that do not produce disease under normal conditions are members of the body's normal microbiota. Microorganisms are not found throughout the entire human body but are localized in certain regions. Transient microbiota are microbes that are present for various periods and then disappear. Pathogens are disease-causing microorganisms. Opportunistic pathogens don't cause disease in their normal habitat in a healthy person but may do so in a different environment.
During the __________, a person recovers from a disease and the body returns to its pre-disease state. a)period of decline b)period of incubation c)period of illness d)period of convalescence
d)period of convalescence explanation: During the period of convalescence, the person regains strength and the body returns to its pre-diseased state. People can spread infection during convalescence (in addition to incubation and illness). This is true of diseases such as typhoid fever and cholera, in which the convalescing person carries the pathogenic microorganism for months or even years.
Koch's postulates are a set of guidelines to follow if you want to __________. a)determine how a disease is transmitted b)cure a disease c)identify the reservoir for a disease d)prove that a specific infectious disease is caused by a specific microorganism
d)prove that a specific infectious disease is caused by a specific microorganism explanation: Today, we refer to Koch's experimental requirements as Koch's postulates and are used as a set of guidelines if you want to prove that a specific infectious disease is caused by a specific microorganism. Koch's research provides a framework for the study of the etiology of any infectious disease.
Following coronary artery bypass surgery, seven patients develop Rhodococcus bronchialis infections. Cultures of the operating rooms, Nurse A, and Nurse B are taken. R. bronchialis grows from the hand and nasal swabs of Nurse A. The patients' infections are an example of a/an __________. a)epidemic infection b)vector-borne infection c)emerging infectious disease d)endemic infection e)nosocomial infection
e)nosocomial infection explanation:
Which of the following is NOT a reservoir of infection? a)a healthy person b)a hospital c)a sick animal d)a sick person e)None of the answers is correct; all of these can be reservoirs of infection.
e)None of the answers is correct; all of these can be reservoirs of infection.
Which of the following is part of a plan established by the CDC, NIH, and WHO to address and prioritize issues relating to EIDs? a)Detect infectious pathogens, the diseases they cause, and factors that influence their emergence b)Enhance the communication of public health information and the prompt implementation of prevention strategies regarding EIDs c)Expand basic and applied research on ecological and environmental factors that influence EIDs d)Establish plans to monitor and control EIDs worldwide e)These are all part of the plan related to EIDs.
e)These are all part of the plan related to EIDs. explanation: These are all part of the plan related to EIDs. The CDC, NIH, and WHO is planning to improve detection, prompt investigation, and monitoring of emerging infectious pathogens, the diseases they cause, and factors that influence their emergence. Second, they are planning to expand basic and applied research on ecological and environmental factors, microbial changes and adaptations, and host interactions that influence EIDs. Third, these institutions are planning to enhance the communication of public health information and the prompt implementation of prevention strategies regarding EIDs; and last, they are planning to establish plans to monitor and control EIDs worldwide.
Which of the following is a fomite? a)pus b)water c)insects d)droplets from a sneeze e)a hypodermic needle
e)a hypodermic needle
Which body site is typically sterile - containing no normal microbiota in a healthy individual? a)skin b)throat c)urethral meatus d)vagina e)brain/spinal cord
e)brain/spinal cord
An infection transmitted by a handkerchief or tissue is transmitted by __________. a)a vector b)common vehicle transmission c)direct contact d)droplet transmission e)indirect contact
e)indirect contact
A disease in which the causative agent remains inactive for a time before producing symptoms is referred to as a)subacute. b)zoonotic. c)subclinical. d)acute. e)latent.
e)latent.
In the human intestinal tract, E. coli produces vitamins beneficial to the host and can inhibit pathogen growth. In turn, the bacterium is supplied with nutrients and an environment for growth. This symbiotic relationship between E. coli and its host is an example of __________. a)antagonism b)commensalism c)parasitism d)opportunism e)mutualism
e)mutualism explanation: Mutualism is a type of symbiosis that benefits both organisms. For example, the large intestine contains bacteria, such as E. coli, that synthesize vitamin K and some B vitamins. These vitamins are absorbed into the bloodstream and distributed for use by body cells. In exchange, the large intestine provides nutrients used by the bacteria, allowing them to survive.
The occurrence of streptococcal bronchopneumonia in an individual recovering from influenza is an example of a __________. a)latent infection b)sporadic infection c)subacute infection d)chronic infection e)secondary infection
e)secondary infection explanation: A secondary infection is one caused by an opportunistic pathogen after the primary infection has weakened the body's defenses. Secondary infections of the skin and respiratory tract are common and are sometimes more dangerous than the primary infections. Streptococcal bronchopneumonia following influenza is an example of a secondary infection that is more serious than the primary infection.
In a healthy human, normal microbiota would most likely be found in the a)lungs b)blood c)muscle d)bladder e)throat
e)throat
