Ch. #15

Adaptive immunity has two characteristics not found in innate immunity

1. The ability to target a particular pathogen (like the measles virus) is called (specificity) 2. The ability of the immune system to respond quickly to pathogens previously exposed to is called (memory)

Since the adaptive immune system has memory, if a person has a secondary exposure to a pathogen, the secondary response will be....Check all that apply. Remember secondary exposed means the person was previously exposed to a pathogen and now is exposed a second time to the same pathogen. (3)

1.protection lasts a longer time 2.quicker, the body takes less time to respond to the pathogen 3. stronger, more antibody is made

The helper T cell then uses another receptor, [c], to bind to the MHC II of the dendritic cell

CD4 after Activation of the helper T cell is now complete.

The first vaccine was developed by __________ against the disease _

Edward Jenner .... smallpox

The antigen is bound on the [a] of the dendritic cell (an APC)

MHC II

After the TC cell is activated, it expands, making clones (copies) of itself, but at the same time differentitates to two different types of TC cell. These are

Short lived cells called [a] TC cells that kill abnormal cells like human cells infected will a viral (intracellular) pathogen. (effector) Long lived cells called [b] TC cells that stay in the body and will fight the same pathogen quickly if it infects the body a second time. (memory)

Which deadly disease is the first disease to be eradicated due to worldwide vaccination?

Small pox

The dendritic cell presents the antigen to helper T cells and finds the helper T cell with the [b] that also can bind the antigen.

TCR

Which of the following characteristics are in a good antigen, one recognized easily by lymphocytes? (Hint: 2 items are to be checked)

a complex and varied structure large molecule

complement fixation

activates the complement pathway to stimulate the formation of MAC

The second type of adaptive immunity is humoral immunity confered by the B lymphocytes (B cells). Humoral immunity means ______ are made to fight the pathogen.

antibodies

The first cell to be activated to fight against a pathogen is the TH cell. What will activate it?

antigen presentation by a dendritic cell

Any part of a molecule or structure that is foreign to the human body and intiates an immune response from lymphocytes is called an

antigens

neutralization

binding to pathogen binding sites prevents the microbe from attaching to a cell it can infect; important defense against viruses

agglutination

binding to the antigens of two pathogens results in a clumping of the pathogens, making them useless

the whole cell is needed to fight the pathogen

cell-mediated immunity

confered by T cells

cell-mediated immunity (The adaptive immune system is also broken into two parts)

IgE

defends against parasites like worms

Short lived cells called [a] TC cells that kill abnormal cells like human cells infected will a viral (intracellular) pathogen.

effector

IgA

found in saliva, mucus, tears or other secretions like breastmilk, so offers protection for the newborn

IgD

found mostly as receptors on B cells, and not common in blood

precipitation

free antigen like a toxin is bound similar to agglutination, making it useless

Vaccinating most people in a population against a disease lowers the risk for people with no immunity of obtaining that disease. This concept is called

herd immunity

antibodies are made to fight the pathogen

humoral immunity

confered by B cells

humoral immunity (The adaptive immune system is also broken into two parts)

toxoid vaccine

inactivated exotoxins of the pathogen called toxoids are used to stimulate the immune system

cytotoxic T cell; TC cell

killers of cells infected with intracellular pathogens (viruses); contain CD8 receptors

Which of the following are antigen presenting cells? (Hint: 3 cells are to be checked)

macrophages dendritic cells B cells

The immune system is the body defenses against pathogens. It is comprised of two parts, innate immunity and adaptive/acquired immunity. Which is the best description for adaptive immunity?

mechanisms acquired throughout life, targets a specific pathogen, and has the ability to target that specific pathogen in the future

Long lived cells called [b] TC cells that stay in the body and will fight the same pathogen quickly if it infects the body a second time.

memory

IgG

most prevalent in body fluids, provding long-term immunity, and passed to the fetus during pregnancy

Effector helper T cells role in adaptive immunity is to get other immune cells to go out and fight the pathogen. Which of the following are stimulated by helper T cells?

neutrophils macrophages B cells Natural killer cells cytotoxic T cells

natural active immunity

obtained by natural exposure to a pathogen

artificial passive immunity

obtained by serum, antibodies made by a pool of donors

subcellular (bacteria) or subunit (viruses) vaccine

only the antigen of the pathogen is used to stimulate the immune system so side effects are less likely

natural passive immunity

passage of antibodies from a mother to the fetus during pregnancy or after birth through breastmilk

live attenuated vaccine

pathogens with virulence factors eliminated; able to replicate so longer-term immunity is confered but the pathogen can mutate to a virulent strain

regulatory T cells

prevents the immune cells from overreacting, moderating inflammation

The cytotoxic T cell kills human cells infected with viral pathogens by

secretion of perforins that poke a hole in the cell and granzymes that cause the cell to undergo apoptosis

helper T cell; TH cell

stimulates other immune cells; contain CD4 receptors

artificial active immunity

synonomous with vaccination; person's immune system is stimulated by exposure to an inactive form of the pathogen

opsonization

the coating of the foreign substance so it is recognized and ingested by phagocytes

IgM

the first type of antibody produced by the plasma cells when fighting an infection

inactivated vaccine

whole pathogen is used, but it is not able to replicate; usually does not confer long-term immunity so boosters are required