ch 16 anatomy

Select all the areas of the brain where olfactory information is received.

- Primary olfactory cortex -Amygdala

Check all that are a component of the sense of equilibrium.

-Otoliths are small calcium carbonate crystals that are embedded within a gelatinous layer. -Otoliths and the gelatinous layer form the otolithic membrane. -When the head is held erect, the otolithic membrane appllies pressure directly on the hair cells.

What is the correct order through which sound travels in the inner ear?

5, 3, 4, 1, 7, 6, 2

What may be the cause of hyperopia?

A short eyeball

Which of the following statements is true regarding the visual projection pathway? Check all that apply.

A.) Light striking the medial retina of the right eye is perceived by the left visual cortex B.) Light striking the lateral retina of the left eye is perceived by the ipsilateral visual cortex. C.) The left optic tract consists of nerve fibers from both eyes.

First, match the taste receptor to the proper cranial nerve name, and then choose the appropriate cranial nerve number. Some choices may be used more than once or not at all.

Anterior two-thirds of the tongue -- Facial nerve , VII Posterior one-third of the tongue and the superior pharynx -- Glossopharyngeal nerve , IX Epiglottis -- Vagus nerve , X

Which is a type of tonic receptor that detects both continuous deep pressure and distortion of the skin?

Bulbous corpuscles

Check all of the structures that receive information from the vestibular neurons.

Cerebellum Oculomotor nerve Trochlear nerve Abducens nerve Thalamus Parietal lobe

Which of these is most vulnerable to irreversible damage caused by a very loud noise?

Cochlear hair cells

How can a person perceive over 4,000 different odors?

Detectable odors are actually combinations of a smaller number of primary odors.

Select all that are unencapsulated tactile receptors.

Free nerve endings Root hair plexuses

What neurotransmitter is released from depolarized hair cells to stimulate fibers of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

Glutamate

How does light affect rhodopsin?

It dissociates rhodopsin and changes 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal.

What ion is responsible for depolarization of hair cells of the spiral organ?

K+

Macular degeneration is a degenerative disease of the retina with genetic and environmental causes. Answer these questions about this disease.

Macular degeneration is the leading cause of blindness in developed countries- true The amsler grid is used to test for macular degeneration.- true The majority of macular degeneration cases are found in adolescents.- false There is currently no cure for macular degeration-true

Select all that are auditory ossicles.

Malleus IncusIncus Stapes

Which of the following structures is deepest in the inner ear?

Membranous labyrinth

Which disorder of refraction is corrected with a concave lens?

Myopia

Select all that are functions of accessory eye structures.

Protection from foreign objects Prevent the eye from drying out Provide a protective covering

Select all that are criteria for classifying a receptor.

Receptor distribution/location Origin of the stimulus Modality of the simulus

Walking into a room and recognizing the smell of a favorite dish is an example of a sensation.

Receptor distributiont/location Origin of the stimulus Modality of the simulus

Select all that are true regarding phototransduction.

Rods and cones are involved. Photopigments are altered by light. Light stimulation changes the membrane potential of photoreceptors. Light stimulation alters neurotransmitter release by photoreceptors

Which of the following statements is true regarding olfaction? Check all that apply.

Smell is a chemical sense.Smell is a chemical sense. Odorant molecules dissolve in mucus before stimulating a receptor. Olfactory receptors have hairs on the apical surface that respond to stimuli.

Select all the appropriate classifications for muscle spindles, the receptors for muscle stretch.

Somatic sensory receptors Proprioceptors Mechanoreceptors

What structure is attached to the oval window and transfers vibration of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear?

Stapes

What type of phasic receptors detect light touch, shapes, and textures?

Tactile corpuscles

What is the most numerous type of receptor?

Tactile receptors

Why is visceral pain sometimes localized incorrectly?

Visceral sensory neurons travel along the same pathway as many somatic sensory neurons.

Damage to one eye will result in

a lack of depth perception.

Which of the following is an example of the kind of information obtained from sensory receptors? Check all that apply.

bitter brightness of light how long a note is held left hand or right hand

Perilymph is contained within the

bony and membranous labyrinths.

Free nerve endings are terminal branches of

dendrites.

A receptor is an axon that carries sensory impulses to the spinal cord's dorsal horn of gray matter.

false

Encapsulated tactile receptors are found in the skin and consist of dendrites with no protective coat.

false

High-pitched sounds produce a peak displacement of the basilar membrane near the apex of the cochlea.

false

Light causes Na+ channels in rods to close, causing hyperpolarization and the release of inhibitory neurotransmitter to bipolar cells.

false

Our brain perceives different colors because each cone responds to a different wavelength on the visual spectrum.

false

The ability to not notice the smell of fish from the previous day is due to tonic receptors.

false

The middle ear has four bones.

false

The papillae on the tongue that do not contain any taste buds are the ________ papillae.

filiform

As the number of cycles per second increases, the sound we perceive

gets higher.

When you travel in an elevator, the ___ sense when the elevator is moving.

hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula sacculi

A part of the auditory pathway responsible for auditory reflexes is the

inferior colliculus.

Tactile receptors are a type of

mechanoreceptor.

Free nerve endings are usually found in the

papillary layer of the dermis.

After the thalamus, auditory nerve signals reach the

primary auditory cortex.

Root hair plexuses are usually found in the

reticular layer of the dermis.

If a receptor's receptive field is ___________, it allows for greater specificity of localization.

small

A pressure receptor in the skin could be classified as a(n)

somatic sensory receptor.

Photoreceptors in the retina of the eye detect changes in light intensity and wavelength. In other words, they are detecting

stimuli.

Tactile cells are associated with

tactile discs.

After turning on a bright light in a previously dark room, it is difficult to see for a brief time. This is because

the photoreceptors are photobleached.

Otitis media is an infection of the middle ear.

true

Short wavelengths, from high-pitched sounds, cause displacement of the basilar membrane near the oval window.

true

The sense of taste is heavily influenced by the olfactory sense as well.

true

When a generator (receptor) potential reaches threshold, an action potential will be produced.

true

Three events occur to bring the image into focus on the retina: accommodation, pupil constriction, and convergence. Test your knowledge about these events by answering these questions.

1. Accommodation is a result of parasympathetic stimulation from the optic nerve (I). False 2. In accommodation, the lens becomes more spherical in shape. True 3. When we look at a close-up object, the pupil diameter decreases. True 4. The smaller the pupil diameter, the more light enters the eye and is directed toward the retina. False 5. Both pupils can pick up the light rays when the eyes are looking forward. True 6. Convergence states that eyes are rotated medially as an object moves closer. True 7. In convergence, rotation of the eyes is accomplished by the medial oblique muscles. False

Decide if each of these steps for the visual pathway is true or false.

1. Each visual field is divided into three parts: central, temporal, and nasal. False 2. Light from each part of a visual field projects to the same side of the retina except for the central part which projects to both. False 3. An optic nerve consists of axons extending from the retina to the optic chiasm. True 4. In the optic chiasm, axons from the nasal part of the retina cross while axons from the temporal part do not. True 5. An optic tract consists of axons that have passed through the optic chiasm with or without crossing to the thalamus. True 6. The axons synapse in hypothalamic nuclei. False 7. An optic radiation consists of axons from hypothalamic neurons that project to the visual area of the prefrontal cortex. False 8. The right part of each visual field projects to the left side of the brain, and the left part of each visual field projects to the right side of the brain. True

Match the taste sensation to the chemical trigger. Some choices may be used more than once or not at all.

1. Na+ Salty 2. Acidic compounds Sour 3. Sugars, some other carbohydrates, and some proteins Sweet 4. Alkaloids/base compounds Bitter 5. Amino acid glutamate and related compounds Umami 6. Artificial sweeteners Sweet 7. Beef Umami

What type of receptors detect deep pressure and vibration?

Lamellated corpuscles

Which of the following is a true statement regarding photoreceptors? Check all that apply.

Rods are responsible for night vision. Cones are associated with color vision. Cones function in brighter light.

The sensory receptors of the inner ear for equilibrium are

hair cells.

The papillae that are fewest in number, but contain the most taste buds, are the _________ papillae.

vallate

The brain can determine the static position of the head due to sensors in the

vestibule.

Match each definition to their specific vision disorder.

1. Age-related loss of the lenses' ability to change shape Presbyopia 2. Farsightedness disorder in which the cornea and lens system is optically too weak or the eyeball is too short Hyperopia 3. Nearsightedness disorder in which the cornea and lens are too powerful or the eyeball is too long Myopia

Which nerve fibers cross in the optic chiasma?

Axons of ganglion cells from nasal halves of both retinas

Decide if these retinal events occur in the dark or in the light.

1. Rods continuously release the neurotransmitter glutamate. In the dark 2. Glutamate inhibits the bipolar cells that synapse with the rods. In the dark 3. The bipolar cells do not stimulate the ganglion cells. In the dark 4. Activated rhodopsin inhibits the production of glutamate by rods. In the light 5. The bipolar cells stimulate the ganglion cells. In the light 6. Action potentials are transmitted out of the optic nerve. In the light

Complete these questions to test your understanding of the structure and function of olfactory cells.

1. Structurally, olfactory neurons are unipolar neurons. False 2. Olfactory cilia are also called olfactory hairs. True 3. Olfactory cilia contain axon terminals. False 4. Olfactory dendrites contain olfactory receptors. True 5. Olfactory hairs have olfactory receptors. True 6. Olfactory receptors bind to and actively take in odorants. False 7. Olfactory receptors utilize G-proteins to open ion channels. True

Outer hair cells, near the center of the basilar membrane, will

both magnify vibrations of soft sounds and sharpen pitch perception.