CH 16

Which of the following statements are true? a. Generally speaking, psychotherapy is effective. b. Less than 25% of people who enter psychotherapy treatment improve. c. Psychotherapy is more effective with women and children than with men. d. Outcome research is designed specifically to find the best treatment for Axis II disorders.

a. Generally speaking, psychotherapy is effective

Which of the following is a characteristic of Asian Americans? a. They tend to talk about stress in psychical terms. b. They do not experience discrimination like other ethnic minorities. c. They are individualistic people. d. All of the above are correct.

a. They tend to talk about stress in psychical terms.

Alison is in therapy with a Gestalt therapist. As part of therapy, she is asked to imagine that her mother is in the room, and she is instructed to communicate to her how she feels, while gazing at a seat in the room. This is also known as the a. empty-chair technique. b. enacted interaction method. c. analogue interaction. d. accurate empathy.

a. empty-chair technique.

In Gestalt therapy, a "here and now" focus refers to a focus on a. events in the session. b. the therapeutic alliance. c. the client's current life. d. reactance.

a. events in the session.

Which of the following therapies emphasize the notion that each of us are ultimately alone in the world and that we must create our own existence? a. existential b. client-centered c. Gestalt d. psychoanalytic

a. existential

Outcome research on experiential approaches has indicated that a. experiential therapies are more likely to relieve symptoms of less severe problems. b. experiential therapies are more likely to relieve symptoms of more severe problems. c. these therapies are largely ineffective in relieving symptoms of anxiety or depression. d. exposure is a very effective approach for treating anxiety disorders.

a. experiential therapies are more likely to relieve symptoms of less severe problems.

Bandura suggests that to the extent that they are effective, all therapeutic procedures are effective by a. giving the person a sense of self-efficacy. b. promoting a strong therapeutic alliance. c. teaching the person coping skills. d. making the person feel understood.

a. giving the person a sense of self-efficacy.

By current standards, in order to receive grant funding for treatment outcome research in psychotherapy, a researcher must a. have a therapy manual. b. have access to licensed therapists. c. be affiliated with a medical school. d. be familiar with psychopharmacological agents.

a. have a therapy manual.

Incorporating spirituality, values, emotion and acceptance into CBT a. is a hallmark of the third wave of cognitive behavioral therapy. b. is known as emotion-focused therapy. c. have been found to be ineffective in reducing depression symptoms. d. characterizes the first wave of cognitive behavioral therapy.

a. is a hallmark of the third wave of cognitive behavioral therapy.

. Investigators hypothesize that CBT may help to prevent future episodes of depression because a. it teaches clients coping skills they can use even after therapy ends. b. it teaches clients how to think about negative childhood experiences in a more positive way. c. it helps clients come to terms with their own imperfections. d. it promotes healthy relationships among friends and co-workers.

a. it teaches clients coping skills they can use even after therapy ends.

A major problem of outcome research in psychoanalytic therapy is a. methodological flaws. b. the large number of studies makes it difficult to determine for whom therapy is best suited. c. the low education level of most of the study participants. d. All of the above are problems in outcome research on psychoanalytic therapy.

a. methodological flaws.

Research shows that people who enter psychotherapy show improvement a. most of the time. b. about half the time. c. most of the time if their problems are minor. d. equal to the support of good friends.

a. most of the time.

The major goal of psychoanalytic approaches to therapy involves a. removal of repressions. b. the interplay of behavioral events and internal attributions. c. identifying associations between unconscious motivations and superego functioning. d. determining accurately the operative defense mechanisms.

a. removal of repressions.

Community psychology, unlike other forms of therapy, focuses on a. seeking those who most need therapy. b. those who seek therapy. c. political activism as a means of accomplishing community change. d. YAVIS clients.

a. seeking those who most need therapy.

Sara is in psychoanalytic therapy. She will do best in treatment if a. she is well educated. b. she has schizophrenia. c. she is middle-aged. d. All of the above factors will be associated with better outcome.

a. she is well educated.

Couples therapists often use videotapes to a. show couples how they interact. b. give couples homework assignments. c. study complex couple interactions. d. remind couples of good times together.

a. show couples how they interact.

When considering the outcome of therapy trials, who is in the best position to determine effectiveness? a. the client b. the therapist c. the grant-funding agency d. the research assistants

a. the client

A problem with the use of treatment manuals is a. the client may feel that his or her particular concerns are not being addressed. b. they do not provide good internal validity. c. they are often convoluted and difficult to follow. d. they are only useful for psychodynamic research.

a. the client may feel that his or her particular concerns are not being addressed.

The primary focus of technical eclecticism is a. to establish interventions that work from other therapy orientations, but conceptualize it from a singular paradigm. b. an effort to determine interventions that all schools of therapy share. c. an effort to ultimately blend theories into one coherent paradigm. d. an effort to bind all treatments to a single therapy school.

a. to establish interventions that work from other therapy orientations, but conceptualize it from a singular paradigm.

The approach to therapy espoused by Lazarus encourages a. using multiple techniques to solve a client's problems. b. focusing largely on cognitions and behavior. c. selecting items from a menu of distressing behaviors to focus treatment upon. d. determining unconscious factors and establishing biological links.

a. using multiple techniques to solve a client's problems.

A recent development in behavioral couples therapy has been a. acknowledging divorce. b. a growing appreciation of the role of acceptance. c. a resurgence of traditional breadwinner/homemaker models. d. revisiting past conflicts in vivo with the therapist.

b. a growing appreciation of the role of acceptance.

A recent modification to behavioral marital therapy involves a. reinforcing the partner for negative behaviors, as in paradoxical interventions. b. accepting, and even embracing, certain negative behaviors. c. providing compliments. d. ignoring problem behaviors and focusing upon positive behaviors.

b. accepting, and even embracing, certain negative behaviors.

Lucy is currently a patient and a subject in a psychotherapy outcome study being run by a Rogerian therapist. Lucy is most likely to a. complete self-report questionnaires about herself, have her family interviewed, and have a medical exam. b. be self-actualized. c. have her functioning rated by her family and friends only. d. suffer from severe psychopathology.

b. be self-actualized.

Dr. Swanson reviews the literature on psychotherapy to find what aspects of therapy are found in all major theories of psychotherapy. He is researching a. eclecticism. b. common factors c. integrationism. d. multimodal psychotherapy.

b. common factors

Theoretically, the use of manuals a. does little to account for differences in therapists. b. controls for different levels of therapist skill. c. is only appropriate during a randomized clinical trial. d. None of the above are correct.

b. controls for different levels of therapist skill.

Therapists who can ______________ will be able to promote stronger therapeutic relationships. a. clearly articulate their theoretical orientation to their clients b. convey empathy and positive regard c. set strict guidelines d. All of the above are correct.

b. convey empathy and positive regard

Client-centered therapy suggests a. problems arise from inner disturbance associated with ego-conflicts. b. disorders are a result of failing to attend to one's own experiences.. c. psychological problems arise from interpersonal difficulties exclusively. d. cognitive errors create neurotic disturbance.

b. disorders are a result of failing to attend to one's own experiences..

When a researcher determines that the outcome of a randomized controlled treatment study on schizophrenia is associated with reduction in negative symptoms, he or she is referring to the________ of the treatment. a. effectiveness b. efficacy c. positive effects d. grant-funded nature

b. efficacy

If two different people were in therapy, one seeing a traditional psychoanalyst and one seeing a more contemporary psychodynamic therapist, you would a. be able to decipher who saw which kind of therapist from their descriptions of the clinicians. b. have difficulty deciphering who saw which kind of therapist from their descriptions of the clinicians. c. see a greater focus on childhood from the contemporary psychodynamic therapist. d. find the traditional psychoanalyst to be more emotionally invested than the contemporary psychodynamic therapist.

b. have difficulty deciphering who saw which kind of therapist from their descriptions of the clinicians.

Therapy conducted using a manual has ______ internal validity and_____ external validity. a. high; high b. high; low c. low; high d. low; low

b. high; low

The text urges white therapists working with Latino clients to be especially sensitive to which of the following cultural issues? a. personal and family losses. b. importance of religion. c. anger at majority culture. d. respect for authority

b. importance of religion.

Community psychology primarily concerns itself with a. developing clinics that provide individual therapy. b. larger scale efforts at intervention and wellness. c. programs based in community hospitals. d. All of the above are part of community psychology.

b. larger scale efforts at intervention and wellness.

Manuals in psychotherapy outcome research provide greater internal validity meaning that a. the within-study results are more reliable. b. researchers can more confidently attribute results to the specific treatment offered. c. researchers can confidently generalize results to psychotherapy practiced outside of the controlled study. d. researchers can specify the exact mechanism of change.

b. researchers can more confidently attribute results to the specific treatment offered.

Motivational Interviewing was originally developed for a. schizophrenia. b. substance abuse. c. couples therapy. d. depression.

b. substance abuse

Empirical work evaluating the outcome of cognitive therapy a. universally supports cognitive therapy as superior to medication. b. suggests that CBT is as effective as medication in treating severe depression. c. by and large shows medication to be a more effective treatment than cognitive therapy. d. rarely compares the therapy to a medication group.

b. suggests that CBT is as effective as medication in treating severe depression.

When Jacobson and colleagues offered only the behavioral activation portion of cognitive therapy, a. they achieved much worse results than cognitive therapy alone. b. they achieved similar results to cognitive therapy alone. c. clients reported feeling greater self-efficacy. d. a stronger therapeutic relationship was established.

b. they achieved similar results to cognitive therapy alone.

Psychoanalysis primarily focuses on a. presenting symptoms. b. unconscious conflicts from earlier in life. c. cognitive biases associated with neuroticism. d. None of the above are correct.

b. unconscious conflicts from earlier in life

Cultural competence refers to whether therapists a. are effective within their own culture. b. understand the culture of their clients. c. are certified in the study of cultures. d. come from a similar culture to their clients.

b. understand the culture of their clients.

A therapist who practices technical eclecticism a. fails to identify incompatibilities in techniques. b. uses whatever technique works. c. integrates various theories in therapy. d. attempts theoretical integration prematurely.

b. uses whatever technique works.

Changes in patients' cognitions a. are seen in patients treated with cognitive therapy. b. are seen in patients treated with medication treatment. c. Both a and b are correct. d. Neither a nor b is correct.

c. Both a and b are correct.

In which of the following ways are gestalt therapy and client-centered therapy similar? a. Both emphasize inner conflict as the root cause of psychological disturbance. b. Each encourage structured behavioral exercises to alleviate inner distress. c. Both focus on an innate goodness in the client. d. None of the above are correct.

c. Both focus on an innate goodness in the client.

Which of the following has made it difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of community psychology? a. The goals of community psychology remain unclear. b. Few people in a community seek psychotherapy. c. Difficulty in establishing experimental controls. d. Social forces that led to this approach have changed.

c. Difficulty in establishing experimental controls.

Beck's cognitive therapy and Ellis' rational emotive behavior therapy differ in that a. Beck favors using adjectives like irrational or nutty. b. Ellis' methods are ground more in scientific methods. c. Ellis' approach is more didactic; he often uses mini-lectures. d. Beck believes that forceful interventions are needed to disrupt well-learned thought patterns.

c. Ellis' approach is more didactic; he often uses mini-lectures.

Henry is a recovering alcoholic and has been sober for the past four months. After hearing about the death of his close friend, Henry finished a bottle of red wine. According to Marlatt, Henry's "slip" will not result in him returning to alcoholism if a. Henry makes a pact with his therapist never to drink again. b. Henry blames his own weaknesses for the relapse. c. Henry considers the death of his friend as an external factor that drove his relapse. d. his therapist reprimands him.

c. Henry considers the death of his friend as an external factor that drove his relapse.

The advent of managed care has changed what aspect of practice for psychologists? a. theoretical orientation b. focus on underlying causes c. accountability d. efficacy

c. accountability

Tom feels that he meets criteria for social phobia. He learned of these symptoms from ads for a free trial of therapy. He decides he would like to participate in the study. Tom might be excluded from participating in the study if he a. is depressed because of his social phobia . b. smokes cigarettes. c. also has post-traumatic stress disorder. d. has a relative with social phobia.

c. also has post-traumatic stress disorder.

Wachtel aimed to integrate a. behavior therapy and cognitive therapy. b psychoanalysis and interpersonal therapy. c. behavior therapy and psychoanalysis. d. interpersonal therapy and cognitive therapy.

c. behavior therapy and psychoanalysis.

Which is a likely cause for the decline in community psychology emphasis? a. high cost of community care b. growth of urban centers c. changing social values d. poor research results

c. changing social values

Gestalt therapy is widely recognized for its a. extensive theoretical basis. b. reliance on validated principles. c. creative therapy techniques. d. research on therapy outcome.

c. creative therapy techniques.

Timbo is in therapy for depression. Timbo's therapist is trying to get him to recognize that some of his emotions are adaptive, while other emotions are maladaptive. Timbo is most likely being treated by a therapist who practices a. client-centered therapy. b. Gestalt therapy. c. emotion-focused therapy. d. brief psychodynamic therapy

c. emotion-focused therapy.

According to rational-emotive behavior therapists, a. irrational beliefs are any ideas that are not objective. b. irrational beliefs must be constructed on empirical grounds. c. emotional distress comes from demanding perfection from oneself and relationships. d. None of the above are correct.

c. emotional distress comes from demanding perfection from oneself and relationships.

The third wave of cognitive behavioral therapy can be characterized by a. a strict behavioral approach. b. a strict cognitive approach. c. incorporating focus on spirituality and acceptance. d. incorporating operant conditioning techniques.

c. incorporating focus on spirituality and acceptance.

The work of Paul Wachtel is an example of a. eclecticism. b. common factorism. c. integrationism. d. multimodal psychotherapy.

c. integrationism.

Most treatments on the APA task force list of empirically supported treatments are a. rational-emotive. b. cognitive-behavioral. c. interpersonal. d. psychodynamic.

c. interpersonal.

A behavioral treatment for school phobia is to reinforce school attendance by throwing a party every day the child attends school. Later the parties are dropped while making sure that classroom activities are reinforcing. Switching to classroom activities is a behavioral technique for a. behavioral activation. b. easing termination. c. maintaining gains. d. documenting success.

c. maintaining gains.

Recently, researchers have called for more research on empirically-supported _____________ rather than empirically-supported treatments. a. behavioral therapies b. principles of action c. principles of change d. medication regimes

c. principles of change

Saul, in treatment for anger, has found that anger control methods have helped him function at work and in relationships better. However, he has also found that identifying the early childhood origins of his anger have helped him feel less anger overall, and the need to control it has diminished. He has accomplished this with the same therapist. This is an illustration of a. cognitive therapy. b. brief psychodynamic therapy. c. psychotherapy integration. d. family therapy.

c. psychotherapy integration.

Tina is being treated for a spider phobia. Her therapist instructs her to become more anxious about spiders, and she actually becomes less anxious. Tina's response is an example of a. paradoxical intervention. b. self-efficacy. c. reactance. d. ego control.

c. reactance.

Tim is a Native American child in therapy for ADHD. He frequently avoids eye contact with his therapist. This is likely a sign of a. low self-esteem. b. shame about therapy. c. respect. d. guilt.

c. respect.

Therapy manuals are used to ensure that therapists use a. procedures tailored to the individual. b. optimal procedures in therapy. c. the same procedures in research. d. procedures validated by research.

c. the same procedures in research

Yoshi is receiving therapy for social phobia. As part of therapy, he is instructed to imitate a series of target behaviors demonstrated by his therapist. Yoshi will be best able to model these behaviors if a. the therapist is of the opposite sex. b. his symptoms are mild. c. the therapist has cultural competence d. All of above are correct.

c. the therapist has cultural competence

A no-treatment control group allows researchers to test which of the following? a. whether random assignment is effective. b. whether the data is valid. c. whether the passage of time helps a person recover as much as the active treatment does. d. whether the data is reliable.

c. whether the passage of time helps a person recover as much as the active treatment does.

According to Duran (2004), culturally sensitive interventions may need to be modified to change a. the role of the therapist. b. the types of intervention strategies used. c. the content of the intervention and how to present aspects of the content. d. All of the above are correct.

d. All of the above are correct.

Cognitive therapy, according to Beck, suggests a. that people make assumptions about their lives that lead to distress. b. that schemas control unstated verbalizations leading to distress. c. that cognitive biases maintain negative beliefs about oneself and the world. d. All of the above are correct.

d. All of the above are correct.

Operant techniques have been effective in treating symptoms of a. depression. b. substance abuse. c. childhood behavior problems. d. All of the above are correct.

d. All of the above are correct.

Unlike other cultural groups, Asian Americans may a. feel more shame regarding the necessity of therapy. b. feel that some areas are 'off-limits' in therapy. c. identify a need for greater formalities in treatment. d. All of the above are correct.

d. All of the above are correct.

The purpose of treatment manuals is to a. clearly define the independent variable. b. allow for greater external validity. c. limit the amount that therapists vary in how they deliver the treatment. d. Both a and c are correct.

d. Both a and c are correct.

A strong therapeutic alliance a. is what produces the majority of change in therapy. b. results when patients' symptoms improve. c. is rare. d. None of the above are correct.

d. None of the above are correct.

Whose theoretical position is illustrated by the following? Marta struggled with her college classes. She sought therapy where she learned better study skills. As a result, her grades improved. As they did so, she began to realize her anger at her parents who had never praised her childhood accomplishments. a. Lazarus b. Perls c. Bandura d. Wachtel

d. Wachtel

Owen cannot get to sleep at night. He discusses it with his therapist who tells him that he must try to keep himself awake all night. This is an example of a. Gestalt therapy. b. motivational interviewing. c. stepped care. d. a paradoxical intervention.

d. a paradoxical intervention.

Empirically supported treatments for specific minority groups a. have not been effective. b. are overwhelmingly psychodynamic. c. rarely include a control group. d. are few and far between.

d. are few and far between.

Sandra is a graduate student in clinical psychology. As part of her training, she is encouraged to develop good listening skills and unconditional positive regard, exhibit empathy and genuineness, and hold clients in a positive light. These are all central features of which therapeutic paradigm? a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. behavioral d. client-centered

d. client-centered

Which of the following factors may be more important in contributing to good outcomes in therapy than ethnic matching? a. agreement on theoretical orientation between therapist and client b. same age bracket for therapist and client c. same gender for therapist and client d. cultural competence

d. cultural competence

75. The idea that people's repressed problems are both expressed in and maintained by current behavior is an example of a. contemporary psychodynamic theory. b. traditional psychoanalytic theory. c. psychodrama. d. cyclical psychodynamics.

d. cyclical psychodynamics.

In which area have operant methods been especially effective? a. self-help programs. b. for low-income people. c. depression. d. for children.

d. for children.

Family therapy a. emphasizes that usually one family member causes the majority of the problems. b. has not been shown to be effective in treating the symptoms of bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. c. is based on the notion that improving parental monitoring and discipline will help the family unit. d. is based on the idea that the problems of the family influence each member and that the problems of each member influence the family.

d. is based on the idea that the problems of the family influence each member and that the problems of each member influence the family.

Emotion-focused therapy focuses on a. the client's emotional reaction to discussing his or her childhood. b. what is happening at that exact moment. c. the most important event in the client's life. d. maladaptive emotions.

d. maladaptive emotions.

What is the name of the recent cognitive behavioral technique in which people are encouraged to be highly aware of their emotions without acting impulsively on them? a. unconditional regard b. response inhibition c. schemas d. mindfulness

d. mindfulness

As part of therapy, Edith begins to experience control over purging by only purging following lunch, rather than at random. Her ______________ was/were increased in therapy. a. symptoms b. reactance c. assertion d. self-efficacy

d. self-efficacy

One problem with studying outcomes of brief psychodynamic treatments is a. evaluating transference effects. b. comparing them to lengthier approaches. c. the lack of agreed treatment manuals. d. which approaches to include.

d. which approaches to include.