Ch 16 micro

Think through the steps of phagocytosis, and select strategies from the list provided that might enable a microbe to avoid or escape phagocytosis or phagocytic killing. Select each of the items from the list that would enable a microbe to evade phagocytosis or avoid phagocytic killing. - A capsule surrounds the microbe. - Microbe produces leukocidin. - Microbe prevents fusion of phagosome with lysosome to form phagolysosome. - Microbial cell wall contains an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide. - Microbial cell wall contains peptidoglycan. - Microbe speeds up acidification of phagosome. - Microbe escapes from phagosome prior to fusion with lysosome.

- A capsule surrounds the microbe. - Microbe produces leukocidin. - Microbe prevents fusion of phagosome with lysosome to form phagolysosome. - Microbe escapes from phagosome prior to fusion with lysosome.

What might interfere specifically with chemotaxis of a phagocyte? Think about the process of chemotaxis and what might compromise this process. Select each of the items that might specifically interfere with chemotaxis. - Lysosomal defects - Weak or inadequate flagellar movement - Defective microfilament function - Defective antibody production - Absence of cytokine and complement receptors on phagocyte surfaces

- Defective microfilament function - Absence of cytokine and complement receptors on phagocyte surfaces Chemotaxis is brought about by the binding of various chemoattractant substances (microbial components, complement components, cytokines) to receptors on the surface of phagocytes. This triggers cell movement toward higher concentrations of the attractant. The interaction of actin microfilaments and myosin (cytoskeletal elements) within the phagocyte makes this movement possible.

Aspirin alleviates pain, inflammation, and fever by inhibiting prostaglandins. True False

True

Histamine and kinins cause increased blood flow and capillary permeability. True False

True

If a new bacterial pathogen entered a human body through an accidental needle stick, the first cell that would try to kill the pathogen would likely be a phagocyte. a cytotoxic T cell. an antibody-producing cell.

a phagocyte.

Lysozyme and the antibiotic penicillin have similar mechanisms of action in that they both cause damage to the bacterial cell wall. ribosomes. cell membrane. capsule. DNA.

cell wall.

The process by which a phagocyte moves toward a chemical signal at the site of an infection is called adherence. digestion. exocytosis. elimination. chemotaxis.

chemotaxis.

After ingesting a pathogen, lysosomal enzymes produce all of the following EXCEPT complement. HOCl. O2-. OH•. H2O2.

complement.

Several inherited deficiencies in the complement system occur in humans. Which of the following would be the MOST severe? deficiency of C3 deficiency of C5 deficiency of C6 deficiency of C7 deficiency of C8

deficiency of C3

Which of the following is involved in resistance to parasitic helminths? neutrophils lymphocytes monocytes basophils eosinophils

eosinophils

All of the following are effects of histamine EXCEPT swelling. redness. fever. pain. vasodilation.

fever.

Phagocytes utilize all of the following to optimize interaction with microorganisms EXCEPT opsonization. lysozyme. complement. chemotaxis. trapping a bacterium against a rough surface.

lysozyme.

All of the following increase blood vessel permeability EXCEPT kinins. lysozymes. prostaglandins. leukotrienes. histamine.

lysozymes.

Which of the following exhibits the highest phagocytic activity? neutrophils macrophages eosinophils basophils erythrocytes

macrophages

Macrophages arise from which of the following? neutrophils basophils eosinophils lymphocytes monocytes

monocytes

All of the following are iron-binding proteins found in humans EXCEPT ferritin. lactoferrin. transferrin. hemoglobin. siderophorin.

siderophorin.

Impaired phagocytosis can lead to several disorders. This activity asks you to think specifically about the process through which phagocytes kill and digest microbes and to identify steps of the process that might be compromised and interfere with this killing activity. Select each of the items that would be likely to interfere with the killing of microbes once phagocytes have ingested them. Assume that chemotaxis, attachment, and ingestion occurred normally. - Lack of chemotactic receptors on phagocytes - Defective oxidative burst - Defective microtubule function - Myeloperoxidase deficiency - An increase in the number of leukocytes - Ineffective opsonization

- Defective oxidative burst - Defective microtubule function - Myeloperoxidase deficiency

Most phagocytes are types of white blood cells, but not all white blood cells participate in this process. Select the cell types that are actively phagocytic. - Dendritic cell - Eosinophil - Macrophage - T lymphocyte - Erythrocyte - Basophil - B lymphocyte - Neutrophil

- Dendritic cell - Eosinophil - Macrophage - Neutrophil The actively phagocytic cells include neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Although monocytes leave circulation and mature into phagocytic cells, including both macrophages and dendritic cells, the monocytes that are circulating are themselves not activity phagocytic. Now that you have identified the cell types most often associated with phagocytosis, we will explore the process of how phagocytosis occurs.

Steps of Phagocytosis:

1. Chemotaxis of phagocyte to microbe occurs. 2.Phagocyte adheres or attaches to microbe. 3. Pseudopods of the phagocyte engulf and internalize the microbe, forming a phagosome. 4. Lysosome fuses with the phagosome, forming phagolysosome. 5. Digestion of microbe occurs within phagolysosome. 6. Indegistible material is discharged.

Place the following steps of phagocytosis in the order that they occur:1.Endosome fuses with lysozome 2.Dendritic cell engulfs Rhinovirus 3.Epitopes are attached to MHC-II 4.Digestion of the Rhinovirus 5.MHC-II plus the attached epitope move to the outside of the dendritic cell 1,2,4,3,5 2,1,3,4,5 2,4,1,3,5 2,1,4,3,5

2,1,4,3,5

Correctly order the steps involved cellular immunity:1.The Tc recognizes the infected host cell 2.The Tc interacts with epitope presented by MHC-I on the dendritic cell 3.The Tc secretes perforin and granzyme, causing apoptosis 4.The helper T cell activates the Tc cell 2,1,3,4 1,2,4,3 2,4,1,3 4,2,1,3

2,4,1,3

Based on the animation, which of the following is cleaved by C1? A. C2 and C4 B. C5 and C4 C. C5 D. C2 E. C4

A. C2 and C4

What complement result involves the use of phagocytes? A. Chemotaxis and opsonization B. Chemotaxis C. Cytolysis D. Opsonization

A. Chemotaxis and opsonization

How does cytolysis occur via the complement pathway? A. Formation of the MAC in invading cells, killing them B. Stimulation of the inflammatory response C. Triggering the release of histamine D. Disrupting cell wall of pathogens

A. Formation of the MAC in invading cells, killing them

What is the role of helper T cells in the adaptive immune response? A. Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells. B. Helper T cells directly kill infected host cells. C. Helper T cells phagocytize bacteria and viruses. D. Helper T cells produce and secrete antibodies.

A. Helper T cells activate B cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes to kill infected host cells. Helper T cells activate B cells that are displaying antigen, causing clonal expansion. Helper T cells also activate cytotoxic T cells, which will search for and destroy infected host cells.

The student who caught the cold caused by this specific Rhinovirus was exposed to the exact same Rhinovirus 18 months later. What component of the immune system will protect her from getting the same cold again? A. Memory B cells B. Dendritic cells C. Plasma cells D. Antibodies that are "left over" from the last infection

A. Memory B cells Memory cells to that specific virus are stored in the lymph nodes for many years. When the student comes into contact with this specific Rhinovirus, these memory cells quickly divide and differentiate into antibody-producing plasma cells. The antibodies will prevent the virus from reaching an infectious titer (number that causes infection).

If a person lacked the ability to form C5, what direct result of complement could still occur? A. Opsonization B. Chemotaxis C. Cytolysis

A. Opsonization

How is phagocytosis in the immune system different from protozoan phagocytosis? A. Protozoan phagocytosis is used for feeding; phagocytosis by immune cells is used to fight infection. B. Protozoan phagocytosis is used to fight infection; phagocytosis by immune cells is used to feed the cells. C. There is no difference between the two

A. Protozoan phagocytosis is used for feeding; phagocytosis by immune cells is used to fight infection.

How is Streptococcus pneumoniae able to avoid destruction by a phagocyte? A. Their capsules make them "slippery" to phagocytes. B. They prevent the fusion of the lysosome and phagosome. C. They cause the lysosomes to empty their contents into the phagocyte, killing it.

A. Their capsules make them "slippery" to phagocytes.

What is the function of inflammation in response to a burn from a hot iron? A. To repair the damaged tissue B. To destroy the agent causing injury C. To limit the effects of the agent on the rest of the body D. To destroy the agent causing injury, to limit the effects of the agent on the rest of the body, and to repair the damaged tissue

A. To repair the damaged tissue

Pus is comprised of A. dead phagocytes. B. excess fluid from leaky blood vessels. C. collected cells from damaged tissue. D. unused histamines and leukotrienes.

A. dead phagocytes.

Which of the following is an effect of opsonization? A. increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms B. increased margination of phagocytes C. cytolysis D. increased diapedesis of phagocytes E. inflammation

A. increased adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms

Each of the following is an effect of complement activation EXCEPT A. interference with viral replication. B. bacterial cell lysis. C. increased phagocytic activity. D. increased blood vessel permeability. E. opsonization.

A. interference with viral replication.

Activation of C5-C9 results in A. lysis of microbial cells. B. fixation of complement. C. activation of C3. D. phagocytosis. E. inflammation.

A. lysis of microbial cells.

Phagocytosis is defined as A. the ingestion of solid material by a eukaryotic cell. B. the feeding of protozoans. C. cells of the immune system that ingest pathogens. D. the uptake of liquid material by a eukaryotic cell.

A. the ingestion of solid material by a eukaryotic cell.

Diapedesis is A. the migration of phagocytes through blood vessels to the site of tissue damage. B. the attachment of phagocytes to the walls of capillaries. C. the increase in the diameter of blood vessels. D. the production and release of chemicals during inflammation.

A. the migration of phagocytes through blood vessels to the site of tissue damage.

TLRs attach to all of the following EXCEPT PAMPs. AMPs. LPS. flagellin. peptidoglycan.

AMPs.

Which of the complement pathways employs properdin? A. Classical pathway B. Alternative pathway C. Lectin pathway D. Alternative and lectin pathways all employ properdin. E. Classical, alternative, and lectin pathways all employ properdin. F. The classical and alternative pathways both require properdin.

B. Alternative pathway

A response that is uniquely directed against pathogenic Bordetella pertussis would involve what component? A. Inflammation B. Antibodies C. Skin barrier D. The complement system

B. Antibodies

A person who has AIDS contracts rare and often life-threatening infections because their helper T cell count is so low. Which of the following components of the immune response still respond to antigen despite the low helper T cell count? A. Clonal expansion and antibody production B. Clonal selection of B cells C. Activation of cytotoxic T cells D. Apoptosis of infected host cells

B. Clonal selection of B cells B cells can still bind to antigen, which is the process of clonal selection. However, without a helper T cell, clonal expansion and antibody production will not occur.

Which of the following phagocytic processes occurs last in the sequence? A. Chemotaxis of the phagocyte to the site of infection B. Exocytosis C. Adherence D. Formation of the phagolysosome

B. Exocytosis

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Beta interferon attacks invading viruses. B. Gamma interferon causes bactericidal activity by macrophages. C. All three types of interferons have the same effect on the body. D. Alpha interferon promotes phagocytosis. E. Alpha interferon acts against specific viruses.

B. Gamma interferon causes bactericidal activity by macrophages.

Which of the following statements about innate immunity is true? A. The innate immune response does not have a mechanism for detecting invading microorganisms. It is activated only in response to tissue damage or a signal from an infected cell. B. Innate immunity is present at birth. C. Innate immunity involves specific recognition of microorganisms via a memory response. D. It involves the activity of B and T cells.

B. Innate immunity is present at birth.

What is a phagolysosome? A. A vesicle containing only an engulfed invading microorganism. B. The structure that results from the fusion of a phagosome and a lysosome. C. A vesicle containing only digestive enzymes and other antimicrobial compounds. D. A protein that covers the surface of an invading microbe, making it easier for the phagocyte to ingest.

B. The structure that results from the fusion of a phagosome and a lysosome.

Which of the following are functions of lectins? A. They attach to carbohydrates on some bacterial and viral surfaces. B. They act as opsonins for phagocytosis, they attach to carbohydrates on some bacterial and viral surfaces, and they activate C2 and C4. C. They produce factor P (properdin). D. They produce antibodies. E. They can activate C2 and C4. F. They act as opsonins for phagocytosis.

B. They act as opsonins for phagocytosis, they attach to carbohydrates on some bacterial and viral surfaces, and they activate C2 and C4.

What direct effect do histamines and leukotrienes have on capillaries? A. They prevent phagocytes from sticking to the walls of capillaries. B. They allow capillary walls to open and become leaky. C. They decrease the diameter of capillaries.

B. They allow capillary walls to open and become leaky.

Which of the following statements about fixed macrophages is FALSE? A. They gather at sites of infection. B. They develop from neutrophils. C. They are mature monocytes. D. They are cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system. E. They are found in certain tissues and organs.

B. They develop from neutrophils.

Activation of C3a results in A. opsonization. B. acute inflammation. C. increased blood vessel permeability. D. cell lysis. E. attraction of phagocytes.

B. acute inflammation.

A chill is a sign that A. blood vessels are dilating. B. body temperature is rising. C. the metabolic rate is decreasing. D. body temperature is not changing. E. body temperature is falling.

B. body temperature is rising.

In macrophages and dendritic cells (so-called antigen-presenting cells) some small parts of the phagocytosed particle are presented to other cells of the immune system. If you were to draw an arrow leading to "antigen presentation" as described above, from which word would it extend? A. adherence B. digestion C. exocytosis D. ingestion

B. digestion

The swelling associated with inflammation decreases when the fluid A. is excreted in urine. B. goes into lymph capillaries. C. is transported into macrophages. D. is lost as perspiration. E. returns to the blood.

B. goes into lymph capillaries.

Which of the following is an event that ultimately results in activation of complement C3 by splitting it into C3a and C3b? A. linkage of C2b with C4a B. interaction of mannose-binding lectin with mannose molecules on a bacterium C. binding of factors B, D, and P to antibodies on bacteria D. binding of C2 to antigen-antibody complexes

B. interaction of mannose-binding lectin with mannose molecules on a bacterium

Innate immunity A. is slower than adaptive immunity in responding to pathogens. B. is nonspecific and present at birth. C. provides increased susceptibility to disease. D. involves a memory component. E. involves T cells and B cells.

B. is nonspecific and present at birth.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is an intracellular pathogen of humans. After being ingested by a macrophage, it prevents formation of the ___________ by preventing fusion of the phagosome with the ___________________. A. opsonins, lysosome B. phagolysosome, lysosome C. lysosome, opsonins D. lysosome, phagolysosome

B. phagolysosome, lysosome

Neutrophils with defective lysosomes are unable to A. engulf microorganisms and other foreign material. B. produce toxic oxygen products. C. undergo chemotaxis. D. migrate. E. attach to microorganisms and other foreign material.

B. produce toxic oxygen products.

Which pair of molecules do NOT directly interact with one another? BCR and epitope CD4 and MHC-II BCR and TCR CD8 and MHC-I

BCR and TCR Both of these molecules interact with epitopes. BCRs interact with epitopes on the whole pathogen. TRCs interact with processed epitopes when presented on MHC-II.

Which of the following is NOT a step that ultimately leads to antibody production? A. Differentiation of plasma cells B. Activation of helper T cells by dendritic cells C. Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells D. Immature B cells conducting surveillance for foreign epitopes

C. Activation of cytotoxic T cells by helper T cells The activation of cytotoxic T cells leads down the path of cell-mediated immunity.

Which of the following statements about the classical pathway of complement activation is FALSE? A. The C1 protein complex is initiated by antigen-antibody complexes. B. C3b causes opsonization. C. C3 is not involved in the classical pathway. D. C1 is the first protein activated in the classical pathway. E. Cleaved fragments of some of the proteins act to increase inflammation.

C. C3 is not involved in the classical pathway.

If a person could not form C2, which result of complement would be affected? A. Opsonization B. Cytolysis C. Cytolysis, chemotaxis, inflammation, and opsonization D. Chemotaxis and inflammation

C. Cytolysis, chemotaxis, inflammation, and opsonization

Which cells directly attack abnormal cells in the body? A. B cells B. Helper T cells C. Cytotoxic T cells D. Phagocytes

C. Cytotoxic T cells

All of the following protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection EXCEPT A. the "ciliary escalator." B. saliva. C. HCl. D. tears. E. multiple layers of cells.

C. HCl.

Which of the following defense systems would be involved in eliminating virally-infected cells? A. Complement system B. Humoral immunity C. T lymphocytes D. Phagocytosis

C. T lymphocytes

Which of the complement pathways was discovered first? A. The lectin pathway B. The alternative pathway C. The classical pathway

C. The classical pathway

Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Factors B, D, and P cause cytolysis. B. Complement activity is antigen-specific. C. There are at least thirty complement proteins. D. All of the complement proteins are constantly active in serum. E. Complement increases after immunization.

C. There are at least thirty complement proteins.

First line defenses have what aspect in common with each other? A. They recognize specific pathogens. B. They involve the production of antibodies. C. They are physical barriers against invading pathogens. D. They involve unique cells that attack invading pathogens.

C. They are physical barriers against invading pathogens.

Which of the following are best described as short chains of amino acids that are very stable and can have a variety of different antimicrobial activities, such as forming pores in bacterial plasma membranes and inhibiting cell wall synthesis? A. siderophores B. mannose-binding lectin C. antimicrobial peptides D. antiviral proteins

C. antimicrobial peptides

You note that the body temperature of one of your patients is starting to increase. As a result, you can infer that all of the following may be occurring in this patient EXCEPT __________. A. shivering B. increased metabolic rate C. dilation of blood vessels E. constriction of blood vessels

C. dilation of blood vessels

Mucous membranes are a part of A. humoral immunity. B. the complement system. C. innate defense. D. cell-mediated immunity. E. adaptive defense.

C. innate defense.

The lectin pathway for complement action is initiated by A. mannose on host membranes. B. lectins of the microbe. C. mannose on the surface of microbes. D. gram-positive cell walls. E. gram-negative cell walls.

C. mannose on the surface of microbes.

Which non-specific defense mechanism is mismatched with its associated body structure or body fluid? A. lysozyme tears and saliva B. keratin and tightly packed cells skin C. mucociliary escalator intestines D. very acidic pH stomach E. cerumen and sebum ear

C. mucociliary escalator intestines

A child falls and suffers a deep cut on her leg. The cut went through her skin and she is bleeding. Which of the following defense mechanisms will participate in eliminating contaminating microbes? A. normal skin flora B. mucociliary escalator C. phagocytosis in the inflammatory response D. lysozyme E. acidic skin secretions

C. phagocytosis in the inflammatory response

All of the following are effects of histamine EXCEPT A. destruction of an injurious agent. B. removal of an injurious agent. C. production of antibodies. D. repair of damaged tissue. E. isolation of an injurious agent.

C. production of antibodies.

Antibodies from cellular immune responses are used in A. the lectin pathway. B. the alternative pathway. C. the classical pathway. D. both the classical and alternative pathways.

C. the classical pathway.

All of the following are part of the mechanism of action of alpha and beta interferons EXCEPT A. they bind to the surface of uninfected cells. B. they disrupt stages of viral multiplication. C. they are effective for long periods. D. they initiate manufacture of antiviral proteins. E. they initiate transcription.

C. they are effective for long periods.

The complement protein cascade is the same for the classical pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin pathway beginning with the activation of C1. C2. C3. C5. C6.

C3.

Based on the animation, which of the complement proteins can directly bind to the surface of a bacterial cell? C5b C3b C2b C2a C4a

C3b

Which complement protein is used as an opsonin? C3a C3b C2a C7 C5b C4a

C3b

Which microorganism requires the low pH inside a phagolysosome in order to reproduce? Coxiella burnetii Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pyogenes Haemophilus influenzae

Coxiella burnetii

Which of the following statements is true? A. Innate defenses are enough to keep a person healthly. B. Memory B cells are typically established when the B cell binds to an antigen. C. Adaptive defenses include humoral immunity only. D. Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity.

D. Adaptive defenses include both humoral and cellular immunity. Adaptive defenses are operating optimally when both humoral and cellular immunity are working together in response to a pathogen.

What is meant by the clonal expansion of a B cell? A. An activated B cell will engulf and digest anything foreign. B. An activated B cell will kill infected host cells. C. An activated B cell will immediately begin to produce antibodies. D. An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells.

D. An activated B cell divides into cells that give rise to memory B cells and plasma cells. The activated B cell divides until there are many clones. Some differentiate into memory cells, other become plasma cells that produce and secrete antibodies.

Which of the following statements concerning phagocytosis is true? A. Phagocytes ingest microorganisms by using protein transporters that are specific for the bacteria. B. Adherence always requires opsonization. C. Phagocytes cannot ingest microorganisms unless they are coated with antibodies. D. Bacteria are digested when the phagosome fuses with a lysosome.

D. Bacteria are digested when the phagosome fuses with a lysosome.

Based on the animation, which of the following is responsible for cleaving C3? A. C1 B. C4aC2b C. C5bC6C7 D. C2aC4b

D. C2aC4b

Which of the following can release histamines? A. The complement system B. Invading bacterial cells C. Wood from a splinter D. Cells from damaged tissues and the complement pathway E. Cells from damaged tissues

D. Cells from damaged tissues and the complement pathway

Why is vasodilation important to tissue repair? A. It allows more nutrients to be delivered to the site of damage. B. It allows more phagocytes to travel to the site of damage. C. It allows for an increase in oxygen to the site of damage. D. It allows for an increased delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and phagocytes to the site of damage.

D. It allows for an increased delivery of oxygen, nutrients, and phagocytes to the site of damage.

Which statement regarding the lymphatic system is true? A. Lymph nodes are sites of activation of neutrophils, which destroy microbes. B. The pancreas contains lymphocytes and macrophages that monitor the blood for microbes. C. The thymus serves as the site for activation of B cells. D. Lymphatic capillaries possess one-way valves. These valves permit the uptake of fluid from the body but do not allow the fluid to flow back out of the capillaries into the intracellular spaces.

D. Lymphatic capillaries possess one-way valves. These valves permit the uptake of fluid from the body but do not allow the fluid to flow back out of the capillaries into the intracellular spaces.

According to the animation, antibodies interact with which innate defenses? A. Phagocytosis B. Phagocytosis, inflammation, and the complement system C. The complement system D. Phagocytosis and the complement system E. Inflammation F. First-line defenses

D. Phagocytosis and the complement system

Which of the following is NOT a step used by cytotoxic T cells to kill infected host cells? A. Secretion of granzyme B. Secretion of perforin C. Recognition of infected host cell using its TCR D. Recognition of infected host cell using its CD4 glycoprotein

D. Recognition of infected host cell using its CD4 glycoprotein The cytotoxic T cell uses its CD8 glycoprotein to bind to the MHC-I of an infected host cell.

If a person turns their ankle, how would one determine if damage to the tissue in the ankle has occurred? A. The ankle is red. B. The ankle is very warm to the touch. C. The ankle swells. D. The ankle is red, swollen, and warm to the touch.

D. The ankle is red, swollen, and warm to the touch.

What is the role of opsonins? A. They aid in the formation of the phagolysosome. B. They attract phagocytes to the location of infection. C. They are present on the surface of phagocytes. D. They create "handles" that make it easier for the pseudopods of phagocytes to attach to the microbe invader.

D. They create "handles" that make it easier for the pseudopods of phagocytes to attach to the microbe invader.

All of the following pertain to fever EXCEPT that it A. stimulates T lymphocyte activity. B. can be initiated by specific types of pathogens. C. is caused by interleukin-1 and TNF-alpha coming into contact with the hypothalamus. D. accelerates microbial growth by increasing iron absorption from the digestive tract. E. intensifies the effect of antiviral interferons.

D. accelerates microbial growth by increasing iron absorption from the digestive tract.

The classical pathway for complement activation is initiated by A. lipid-carbohydrate complexes and C3. B. factors released from phagocytes. C. factors released from damaged tissues. D. antigen-antibody reactions. E. C5-C9.

D. antigen-antibody reactions.

Which of the following is mismatched? A. pus tissue debris and dead phagocytes in a white or yellow fluid B. abcess a cavity created by tissue damage and filled with pus C. diapedesis movement of leukocytes between capillary walls cells out of blood and into tissue D. chemotaxis chemical degradation inside a phagolysosome E. scab dried blood clot over injured tissue

D. chemotaxis chemical degradation inside a phagolysosome

If one is examining a blood smear from a patient with a parasitic worm infection, which of the following leukocytes would be found in increased numbers (as opposed to a blood smear from a normal patient NOT infected with worms)? A. basophils B. lymphocytes C. monocytes D. eosinophils

D. eosinophils

According to the animation, B cells interact directly with A. phagocytes. B. the complement system. C. inflammation. D. helper T cells.

D. helper T cells.

The antimicrobial effects of AMPs include all of the following EXCEPT A. pore formation in bacterial membranes. B. inhibition of cell wall synthesis. C. lysis of bacterial cells. D. inhibition of phagocytosis. E. destruction of nucleic acids.

D. inhibition of phagocytosis.

In which intracellular compartment would you expect most of the digestive enzymes involved in pathogen destruction to be found? A. phagocytosis B. phagosome C. macrophage D. lysosome

D. lysosome

Both the innate and adaptive defenses of the immune system work to prevent A. colonization by pathogens. B. disease. C. penetration by invading pathogens. D. the penetration and colonization by pathogens, and the diseases they cause.

D. the penetration and colonization by pathogens, and the diseases they cause.

All of the following are true regarding NK cells EXCEPT A. they are a type of lymphocyte. B. they are found in tissues of the lymphatic system. C. they release toxic substances that cause cell lysis or apoptosis. D. they destroy infected body cells by phagocytosis. E. they have the ability to kill infected body cells and some tumor cells.

D. they destroy infected body cells by phagocytosis.

In the classical pathway, which of the following directly activates cellular responses? A. C3a and C5a B. C5bC6C7 C. C2aC4b D. C3b E. C3a, C5a, and C5bC6C7 F. C4aC2bC3b

E. C3a, C5a, and C5bC6C7

Where are the complement proteins found in the body? A. The liver B. In every cell C. The spleen D. The thymus E. The blood serum

E. The blood serum

Margination refers to A. dilation of blood vessels. B. the chemotactic response of phagocytes. C. the movement of phagocytes through walls of blood vessels. D. the adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms. E. adherence of phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels.

E. adherence of phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels.

All of the following are components of the inflammatory process EXCEPT A. diapedesis. B. chemotaxis. C. release of histamines and prostaglandins. D. dilation of blood vessels. E. antibody synthesis.

E. antibody synthesis.

Which of the following is found normally in serum? A. TLRs B. interferon C. leukocytosis-promoting factor D. histamine E. complement

E. complement

Each of the following provides protection from phagocytic digestion EXCEPT A. leukocidins. B. M protein. C. capsules. D. biofilms. E. formation of phagolysosomes.

E. formation of phagolysosomes.

The alternative pathway for complement activation is initiated by A. factors released from phagocytes. B. C5-C9. C. factors released from damaged tissues. D. antigen-antibody reactions. E. lipid-carbohydrate complexes and C3.

E. lipid-carbohydrate complexes and C3.

Innate immunity includes all of the following EXCEPT A. phagocytosis. B. production of interferon. C. inflammation. D. activation of complement. E. production of antibody.

E. production of antibody.

A differential cell count is used to determine each of the following EXCEPT A. the total number of white blood cells. B. leukopenia. C. leukocytosis. D. the numbers of each type of white blood cell. E. the number of red blood cells.

E. the number of red blood cells.

Normal microbiota provide protection from infection in each of the following ways EXCEPT A. they compete with pathogens for nutrients. B. they produce antibacterial chemicals. C. they make the chemical environment unsuitable for nonresident bacteria. D. they change the pH of the environment. E. they produce lysozyme.

E. they produce lysozyme.

The function of the "ciliary escalator" is to A. remove microorganisms from the lower respiratory tract. B. remove microorganisms from the upper respiratory tract. C. propel inhaled dust and microorganisms toward the throat. D. remove microorganisms from the gastrointestinal tract. E. trap inhaled dust and microorganisms in mucous and propel it away from the lower respiratory tract.

E. trap inhaled dust and microorganisms in mucous and propel it away from the lower respiratory tract.

All of the following occur during inflammation. What is the first step? A. phagocyte migration B. margination C. diapedesis D. repair E. vasodilation

E. vasodilation

What does the plasma membrane of a phagocyte attach to on a microorganism? Phagosomes Pseudopods Lysosomes Glycoproteins

Glycoproteins

Enhances phagocytosis: -Complement peptides deposited on microbe surface -Antibody molecules attaching to microbe surface

Interferes with phagocytosis: -Microbial capsules -Deposition of host-derived fibrin on microbe surface -M protein of Streptococcus pyogenes

An inflammatory response would result from which of the following? A headache Jellyfish sting Vomiting

Jellyfish sting

________________ is/are always present in an individual's blood. However, in the absence of infection, it is in an inactive form. Histamine Prostaglandins Kinins Cytokines

Kinins

What cellular macromolecules make up the complement pathway? Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic acids

Proteins

Which of the following microorganisms use M protein to avoid destruction of a phagocyte? Streptococcus pneumoniae Coxiella burnetii Streptococcus pyogenes Haemophilus influenzae

Streptococcus pyogenes