CH 16

The pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss is

ADH.

Which of the following responses do not occur when blood glucose levels are increasing above the normal range, such as after eating a meal?

There is an increase in the breakdown of fat into fatty acids in adipose tissue.

Cells of the adrenal cortex produce

aldosterone

The outer layer of the adrenal gland is the

cortex

Define hormone receptor. (Module 16.4A)

A hormone receptor is a protein located outside or inside the cell that binds with a specific hormone.

Define synergistic effect. (Module 16.14A)

A synergistic effect is when two hormones have an effect where the net result is greater than the sum of the hormones' individual effects.

A rise in cortisol would cause an increase in each of the following except

ACTH levels.

What condition is characterized by increased body weight due to Na+ and water retention and a low blood K+ concentration? (Module 16.18C)

Aldosteronism

Define endocrine system. (Module 16.3A)

The endocrine system includes organs whose primary role is the production of hormones or paracrines.

Describe the two types of diabetes mellitus. (Module 16.13B)

The two types of diabetes mellitus are type 1, characterized by inadequate insulin production; and type 2, characterized by insulin resistance.

What is the common goal of the nervous and endocrine systems? (Module 16.1A)

To coordinate and regulate the activities of other cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.

Two hormones that have opposing effects are called

antagonists

Name the two lobes of the pituitary gland. (Module 16.6A)

anterior lobe and posterior lobe

Calcitonin:

can be administered clinically to treat several metabolic disorders associated with elevated calcium levels and excessive bone formation.

The endocrine system works most closely with the ________ system to maintain homeostasis.

cardiovascular

Which of the following hormones increases production of red blood cells?

erythropoietin

The ovaries secrete ________ when stimulated by FSH.

estrogen

Excess secretion of growth hormone during early development will cause

gigantism.

When blood glucose levels fall,

glucagon is released

Which of the following hormones may lead to acromegaly if hypersecreted after closure of the epiphyseal plates?

growth hormone

The pituitary hormone that stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating protein synthesis is

growth hormone.

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are considered to be ________ when released into the bloodstream, but ________ when released at synapses.

hormones; neurotransmitters

The exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by all of the following except

increased pumping effectiveness of the heart.

The pancreatic hormone that causes blood sugar to enter its target cells is

insulin

The secretion of which hormone lowers blood glucose concentration? (Module 16.11B)

insulin

When blood glucose levels rise,

insulin is released.

During the resistance phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS),

lipid reserves are mobilized.

The condition known as goiter can result from too

little iodine in the diet.

Which of the following might occur in an overdose of insulin?

low blood glucose

The inner portion of the adrenal gland is the

medulla

Name the hormones secreted by the heart. (Module 16.15A)

natriuretic peptides

The hormone(s) that may be slowly administered by intravenous drip to accelerate labor and delivery is/are

oxytocin.

Decreased blood calcium level would result in increased secretion of which hormone? (Module 16.9C)

parathyroid hormone

The hormone that does the opposite of calcitonin is

parathyroid hormone.

The term used to describe excess production of urine is

polyuria

PRL is to ________ as ACTH is to ________.

prolactin; corticotropin

The hypothalamus controls secretion by the anterior pituitary by

secreting releasing and inhibiting factors into a tiny portal system

Which is a function of melatonin in humans?

sets circadian rhythms

Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at a time.

several

Which type of hormone diffuses across the plasma membrane and binds to receptors in the cytoplasm? (Module 16.4C)

steroid hormones

The ________ gland sits along the superior border of the kidney.

suprarenal

Two hormones that have additive effects are called

synergists.

The testes produce

testosterone

Increased levels of the hormone ________ will lead to increased levels of calcium ions in the blood.

PTH

The two lobes of the pituitary gland together produce how many hormones?

9

The pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by the mammary glands is

PRL

Define diabetes mellitus. (Module 16.13A)

Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels.

The pituitary hormone that promotes egg development in ovaries and sperm development in testes is

FSH

________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues.

Hormones

Define the prefixes hyper- and hypo- in the context of endocrine disorders. (Module 16.18A)

Hyper refers to excessive hormone production. Hypo refers to inadequate hormone production.

Which of the following statements about the endocrine system is false?

It releases hormones, all of which are lipids, directly into the bloodstream.

Proper growth does not require which of the following hormones?

MSH

All of the following are targets for insulin except

blood cells.

The primary function of ADH is to

decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys.

Which of the following is mismatched?

endocrine communication — target cells are directly adjacent to each other

The hypothalamus is an important organ in both the ________ and ________ systems.

endocrine; nervous

The adrenal medulla produces the hormones

epinephrine and norepinephrine