Ch 17
Auto and allopoidy
2 types of polyploidy
Zygote mortality Hybrid sterility F2 Fitness
3 Postzygotic isolating mechanisms
Habitat Isolation Temporal Isolation Behavioral Mechanical Gamete
5 Prezygotic isolating mechanisms
C
A biological species a. always looks different from other species. b. always has a different chromosome number than that of other species. c. is reproductively isolated from other species. d. never occupies the same niche as other species. e. does not survive long in the wild.
A
A change in expression of the Tbx5 gene can lead to which of the following problems? a. malformation of the legs b. incorrect development of the eye c. lack of development of neck vertebrae in a snake d. development of six legs in a grasshopper e. a shorter dorsal spine in stickleback fish
pax6
A gene called_______ is required for eye formation in all animals
Hybrid inviability
A hybrid zygote may die, because it is not viable
B
Allopatric, but not sympatric, speciation requires a. reproductive isolation. b. geographic isolation. c. spontaneous differences in males and females. d. prior hybridization. e. rapid rate of mutation.
postzygotic isolating mechanisms
Anatomical or physiological difference between two species that prevents successful reproduction after mating has taken place
Prezygotic isolating mechanisms
Anatomical, physiological, or behavioral difference between two species that prevents the possibility of mating
reinforcement
Connection between natural selection and reproductive isolation that occurs when two closely related species come back into contact after a period of isolation.
morphological species concept
Definition of a species that defines species by specific diagnostic traits
phylogenic species
Definition of a species that is determined by analysis of a phylogenetic tree to determine a common ancestor
zygote
Diploid cell formed by the union of two gametes
Sympatric
Does sympatric or allopatric speciation have a physical barrier prevents mating between populations?
Gamete isolation
Even if the gametes of two different species meet, they may not fuse to become a zygote
Mules
Example of post zygotic isolating mechanisms
monophyletic
Group of species including the most recent common ancestor and all its descendants
Polyploidy
Having a chromosome number that is a multiple greater than twice that of the monoploid number.
a doubling of the chromosomes
Hybridization is followed by...
Ecological release
In an ecosystem, the freedom of a species to expand its use of available resources due to an elimination of competition.
E
In the evolution of the modern horse, which of the following was the goal of the evolutionary process? a. large size b. single toe c. change in tooth size d. change in tooth shape e. None of these are correct.
hybridization
Interbreeding between two different species; typically prevented by prezygotic isolation mechanisms.
opportunistic
Is natural selection goal oriented or opportunistic
Macro evolution
Large-scale evolutionary change, such as the formation of new species.
C
Male moths recognize females of their species by sensing chemical signals called pheromones. This is an example of a.gamete isolation. b.habitat isolation. c.behavorial isolation. d.mechanical isolation. e.temporal isolation.
Behavioral Isolation
Many animal species have courtship patterns that allow males and females to recognize one another
biological species
Model by which new species arise when gene flow is disrupted between two populations, genetic changes accumulate, and the populations are subsequently unable to mate and produce viable offspring
Reproductive isolation
Model by which new species arise when gene flow is disrupted between two populations, genetic changes accumulate, and the populations are subsequently unable to mate and produce viable offspring.
Allopatric speciation
Model that proposes that new species arise due to an interruption of gene flow between populations that are separated geographically
Alloploidy
Occurs when two different but related species of plants hybridize
Speciation
Origin of new species due to the evolutionary process of descent with modification
Sympatric speciation
Origin of new species in populations that overlap geographically.
morphology
Physical characteristics that contribute to the appearance of an organism
diagnostic traits
Physical characteristics that contribute to the appearance of an organism.
Adaptive radiation
Rapid evolution of several species from a common ancestor into new ecological or geographical zones
Taxonomist
Scientist that investigates the identification and naming of new organisms.
Temporal Isolation
Several related species can live in the same locale, but if each reproduces at a different time of year, they do not attempt to mate
Convergent evolution
Similarity in structure in distantly related groups generally due to similiar selective pressures in like environments.
cryptic species
Species that are very similar in appearance but are considered separate species based on other characteristics, such as behavior or genetics
Speciation
Splitting one species into 2 or more species
T
T/F ... Hox genes have been found in all animals
F
T/F... Macro evolution occurs in a short span of time
F
T/F... The sequencing of genomes has shown that our DNA base sequence is very different to that of chimpanzees, mice, and indeed all vertebrates
T
T/F... Without variation evolution cannot occur
T
T/F... subtle changes in gene control can have profound effects on body shape
F
T/F... Humans are unable to use sterile plants
T
T/F.... Allopatric speciation can also cause a population to undergo adaptive radiation.
T
T/F.... microevolution and macroevolution are the result of the same processes, differing only in the scale at which they occur
biological species concept
The concept that defines species as groups of populations that have the potential to interbreed and that are reproductively isolated from other groups
B
The creation of new species due to geographic barriers is called a. isolation speciation. b. allopatric speciation. c. allelomorphic speciation. d. sympatric speciation. e. symbiotic speciation
Hybrid Sterility
The hybrid zygote may develop into a sterile adult.
B
The many species of Galápagos finches are each adapted to eating different foods. This is the result of a. gene flow. b. adaptive radiation. c. sympatric speciation. d. genetic drift. e. All of these are correct.
Pitx1
The presence of short spines in bottom-dwelling fish can be traced to a reduction in the development of the pelvic-fin bud in the embryo, and this reduction is due to the altered expression of a gene called...
Gradualistic model
This model proposes that speciation occurs after populations become isolated, with each group continuing slowly on its own evolutionary pathway
punctuated equilibrium model
This model says that the assembly of species in the fossil record can be explained by periods of equilibrium, or stasis, punctuated (interrupted) by periods of rapid, abrupt speciation, or change
analogous
Traits that evolve convergently in two unrelated lineages because of a response to a similar lifestyle or habitat are said to be
Mechanical Isolation
When animal genitalia or plant floral structures are incompatible, reproduction cannot occur
ecological release
When competition is reduced, it results in ...
Habitat isolation
When two species occupy different habitats, even within the same geographic range, they are less likely to meet and attempt to reproduce
B
Which gene is incorrectly matched to its function? a. Hox—body shape b. Pax6—body segmentation c. Tbx5—limb development d. Pitx1—pelvic-fin development e. All of these choices are correctly matched.
A
Which of the following are an example of analogous structures? a. wings of birds and bats b. hooves of horses and deer c. wings of moths and butterflies d. leaves on oak trees and maples e. arms of primates and cats
E
Which of the following events is part of macroevolution? a. speciation b. mutation c .gene flow d .natural selection e. All of these are correct.
E
Which of the following is not part of the gradualistic model of evolution? a. isolation of the population b. a slow change of the population c. the presence of fossils d. an ancestral population that gives rise to two separate populations e. a period of rapid change
E
Which of these is a prezygotic isolating mechanism? a.habitat isolation b.temporal isolation c.hybrid sterility d.zygote mortality e.Both a and b are correct.
E
Which of these is an example of mechanical isolation? a.Sperm cannot reach or fertilize an egg. b.Courtship patterns differ. c.Organisms live in different locales. d.Organisms reproduce at different times of the year. e.Genitalia are unsuitable to each other.
C
Which statement about speciation is not true? a. Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly. b. Developmental genes can account for rapid speciation. c. The fossil record gives no evidence that speciation can occur rapidly. d. Speciation always requires genetic changes, such as mutations, genetic drift, and natural selection.
speciation
a part of macroevolution that involves the formation of new species
Adaptive radiation
a type of speciation that occurs when a single ancestral species rapidly gives rise to a variety of new species as each adapts to a specific environment
Hox genes
control the number and appearance of repeated structures along the main body axes of vertebrates
sympatric
does polyploidy fall under allopatric or sympatric speciation
tbx5
encodes a protein that is a transcription factor that turns on the genes needed to make a limb during development
Postzygotic isolating mechanisms
mechanisms prevent hybrid offspring from developing and reproducing
convergent evolution
occur when a biological trait evolves in two unrelated species as a result of exposure to similar environments
Adaption
occurs only because the members of a population with an advantage are able to have more offspring than other members
Autoploidy
occurs when a diploid plant produces diploid gametes due to nondisjunction during meiosis
Evolutionary species concept
recognizes that every species has its own evolutionary history, at least part of which is in the fossil records
Allopatric speciation
the eventual result of populations that have become separated by a geographic or other type of physical barrier
Macro evolution
the result of the accumulation of microevolutionary change that results in the formation of new species