Ch. 17 Cardiac Function and Assessment

Question 1 of 5 Which term refers to the heart's force of contraction? Afterload Contractility Chronotropic function Preload Venous return

contractility

Question 1 of 15 This or That? Heart physiology involves many relationships. Changes in the heart set off different compensatory mechanisms. For each "if" statement, select the appropriate "then." If venous return increases, then preload Increases Decreases

increases CORRECT. Venous return is the amount of blood returning to the heart. The more blood returning to the heart, the more the heart is filled, known as preload.

Question 5 of 5 Heart failure may result from which of the following? Select all that apply. ischemic injury to the heart dysrhythmias chronic hypoxia hypertension increased contractility

ischemic injury to the heart dysrhythmias hypertension chronic hypoxia

Question 2 of 5 Which term indicates the volume of blood entering the heart at the end of diastole? Contractility Afterload Ejection fraction Preload Cardiac output

preload

Question 3 of 5 Which of the following responses are instituted by the body to compensate for low blood pressure? Select all that apply. Increased urine output Activation of the renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system Increased afterload Decreased sodium and water retention Increased blood volume

Activation of the renin-aldosterone-angiotensin system Increased blood volume

Question 2 of 5 Everett has experienced increasing blood pressure over the past 2 years. Which cardiac factor indicates the increased work experienced by Everett's heart? Stroke volume Contractility Afterload Preload Venous return

Afterload

Question 8 of 15 This or That? Heart physiology involves many relationships. Changes in the heart set off different compensatory mechanisms. For each "if" statement, select the appropriate "then." If blood volume decreases, then blood pressure may Increase Decrease

Decrease CORRECT. Blood volume and blood pressure are closely related. If there is not enough fluid in the circulatory system, pressure may fall.

Question 5 of 5 Which of the following may adversely affect heart function? Select all that apply. Increased calcium levels in the heart Decreased preload Decreased afterload Increased contractility Decreased blood volume

Decreased preload Decreased blood volume

Question 2 of 15 This or That? Heart physiology involves many relationships. Changes in the heart set off different compensatory mechanisms. For each "if" statement, select the appropriate "then." If afterload increases, then stroke volume Increases Decreases

Decreases CORRECT. Afterload is the resistance the heart must work against. The greater the resistance, the less blood the heart is able to eject each beat.

Question 12 of 15 This or That? Heart physiology involves many relationships. Changes in the heart set off different compensatory mechanisms. For each "if" statement, select the appropriate "then." If angiotensin II decreases, then vasoconstriction Increases Decreases

Decreases CORRECT. Angiotensin II, part of the RAAS, is a potent vasoconstrictor.

Question 3 of 15 This or That? Heart physiology involves many relationships. Changes in the heart set off different compensatory mechanisms. For each "if" statement, select the appropriate "then." If intracellular calcium in myocardial cells decreases, then contractility Increases Decreases

Decreases CORRECT. Contractility, or force of contraction of the heart, is directly related to the level of intracellular calcium

Question 4 of 15 This or That? Heart physiology involves many relationships. Changes in the heart set off different compensatory mechanisms. For each "if" statement, select the appropriate "then." If stroke volume decreases, then ejection fraction Increases Decreases

Decreases CORRECT. Ejection fraction is defined as stroke volume divided by end-diastolic volume. Ejection fraction can also be looked at as the percentage of the volume filling the heart that is ejected in a heartbeat. If the amount of blood filling the heart remains the same and stroke volume decreases, then ejection fraction decreases.

Question 15 of 15 This or That? Heart physiology involves many relationships. Changes in the heart set off different compensatory mechanisms. For each "if" statement, select the appropriate "then." If blood pressure decreases, then ADH levels Increase Decrease

Increase CORRECT. A compensation that the body makes in response to low blood pressure is to release the hormone ADH, which decreases urine output and increases water retention. Increasing fluid volume in the body helps to maintain blood pressure.

Question 6 of 15 This or That? Heart physiology involves many relationships. Changes in the heart set off different compensatory mechanisms. For each "if" statement, select the appropriate "then." If blood pressure decreases, then compensatory measures cause heart rate to Increase Decrease

Increase CORRECT. The baroreceptors in the aorta and carotids monitor blood pressure. When they detect a fall in blood pressure, they activate the sympathetic nervous system, which in turn stimulates heart rate to compensate for the pressure drop.

Question 4 of 5 Which of the following would cause an increase in aldosterone? Select all that apply. Increased renin Hypertension Increased angiotensin Decreased blood volume Hypotension

Increased angiotensin Decreased blood volume Hypotension Increased renin

Question 3 of 5 A young patient has suffered a significant amount of blood loss in an auto accident. Which of the following would you expect to observe in this patient? Select all that apply. Hypertension Increased heart rate Increased renin secretion Increased urine output Decreased anti-diuretic hormone

Increased heart rate Increased renin secretion

Question 13 of 15 This or That? Heart physiology involves many relationships. Changes in the heart set off different compensatory mechanisms. For each "if" statement, select the appropriate "then." If angiotensin II increases, then aldosterone Increases Decreases

Increases CORRECT. Angiotensin II stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone.

Question 5 of 15 This or That? Heart physiology involves many relationships. Changes in the heart set off different compensatory mechanisms. For each "if" statement, select the appropriate "then." If capillary hydrostatic pressure increases, then the likelihood of edema Increases Decrease

Increases CORRECT. Capillary hydrostatic pressure is the fluid pressure within a capillary. As capillaries are "leaky," higher fluid pressure inside the capillary results in more fluid leaking out of the capillary

Question 10 of 15 This or That? Heart physiology involves many relationships. Changes in the heart set off different compensatory mechanisms. For each "if" statement, select the appropriate "then." If blood volume in the heart increases substantially, then natriuretic peptide Increases Decreases

Increases CORRECT. Natriuretic peptide is released by atrial cells in response to the atria being stretched by too much blood volume. Natriuretic peptide increases urine output to reduce blood volume.

Question 11 of 15 This or That? Heart physiology involves many relationships. Changes in the heart set off different compensatory mechanisms. For each "if" statement, select the appropriate "then." If nitric oxide increases, then vasodilation Increases Decreases

Increases CORRECT. Nitric oxide is a potent vasodilator. Nitroglycerin tablets may be used to dilate coronary arteries when the individual experiences chest pain.

Question 7 of 15 This or That? Heart physiology involves many relationships. Changes in the heart set off different compensatory mechanisms. For each "if" statement, select the appropriate "then." If preload increases within a normal range, then stroke volume Increases Decreases

Increases CORRECT. Preload refers to the volume of blood filling the heart before it contracts. To a certain point, the more the heart is filled with blood the more it is able to eject.

Question 14 of 15 This or That? Heart physiology involves many relationships. Changes in the heart set off different compensatory mechanisms. For each "if" statement, select the appropriate "then." If blood pressure decreases, then RAAS activation Increases Decreases

Increases CORRECT. RAAS stands for renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. This system is activated when the juxtaglomerular (JG) cells of the kidneys detect low blood flow and pressure to the kidneys and release renin. Renin activates angiotensin, a potent vasoconstrictor, which elevates blood pressure. Angiotensin activates aldosterone, stimulating sodium and water reabsorption and thus increasing blood volume and blood pressure.

Question 9 of 15 This or That? Heart physiology involves many relationships. Changes in the heart set off different compensatory mechanisms. For each "if" statement, select the appropriate "then." If kidney perfusion decreases, then renin release Increases Decreases

Increases CORRECT. Renin is released by the juxtaglomerular (JG) cells of the kidney in response to low blood flow and pressure to the kidneys.

Question 1 of 5 A nurse needs to calculate a client's cardiac output. The client's heart rate is 80 beats per minute. Which other measurements does the nurse need to calculate the cardiac output? Afterload, blood pressure, and preload Preload, afterload, and contractility Afterload, preload, and ejection fraction Contractility, preload, and compliance Blood pressure, ejection fraction, compliance

Preload, afterload, and contractility

Question 4 of 5 A patient appears with hypotension. Which of the following may contribute to hypotension? Reduced blood volume Increased cardiac output Increased sodium and water reabsorption Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system Increased contractility

Reduced blood volume