Ch. 17 Expansion of Europe AP Euro Study Guide
Who provided the labor force for Britain's initial colonization of Australia?
Convicts
What did the English Navigation Acts mandate?
Goods imported from Europe had to be carried on British-owned ships or on ships of the exporting country
What was the center of Adam Smith's arguments in The Wealth of Nations?
He criticized guilds and all state-approved monopolies; argued the government had 3 duties (defense, maintaining civil order, sponsoring public works, institutions)
Why did European slave traders in Africa adopt the shore method of trading in the eighteenth century?
It let them move more easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at different markets and then departing quickly for the Americas
How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?
Road and canal building helped transport food to places with food shortages
Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed what?
The Atlantic economy
Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?
The Dutch East India Company failed to diversify to meet changing consumption patterns (and they competed with English East India Company)
Why were the British able to win the American component of the Seven Year's War?
They focused their men and money from Europe to the American theater
How did armies affect population growth in the 16th and 17th centuries?
They went through fields and food supplies (NOT because they died on the field)
What was the status of Jews in European colonies in the eighteenth century?
They were considered "white" Europeans, so they could not be enslaved, but did not enjoy equal status with Christians
What was the role of women in guilds in the eighteenth century?
Work in guilds became more accessible to women
What were the arguments of the advocates for the agricultural innovation?
Agriculturalists needed to enclose and consolidate land in fended-in fields called *enclosure* (which begins commercialization of farming)
Describe Christianity in colonial societies in the Americas
Central and South America- large-scale conversions, but in North America- conversions were less effective (due to scattered nature of settlement); Protestants less active as missionaries
Describe the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era
England converted swampy wilderness into productive, agricultural land
How did the enclosure movement alter land use patterns?
It made harvests more efficient as they better rotated different crops, limiting land exhaustion; it also forced the land-laborers to become rural wage workers as not as many workers were needed in the fields
Describe the open-field system of the Middle Ages
Land was divided into several large fields, cut into narrow strips; the entire village followed the same pattern of plowing, sowing, harvesting; 1 year for each crop; people would glean after the harvest; enough to sustain community, but no surplus
How did European colonists in the Americas form new views of their place in the world?
Seen as royal subjects (???) idk honestly
In the eighteenth century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with whom?
The colonies
What were the conditions like for peasants in Western Europe during the eighteenth century?
The conditions for Western European peasants were better; the peasants were generally free from serfdom and they sometimes owned land that could be passed on to their children
How did the putting out system function and how did its structures change as industry expanded?
The merchant capitalist would lend raw materials to rural workers, who would process it and return the finished product to the merchant; as industry expanded, production was broken into stages
What is meant by the idea of the industrious revolution?
The social and economic changes that took place in Europe in the early 17th and 18th century (households step up pace of work, women and children do wage work, cottage industry spreads, everyone earns wages)
From 1701 to 1763, what was at stake in the warfare between Great Britain and France?
Who would be the leading maritime and colonial power