Ch 17 The Progressive Era (1890-1929)
NACW
1896 National Association of Colored Women
The Jungle
1906 Book written by Upton Sinclair that articulated and illustrated the exploitation of human labor and the dire conditions in which people worked. Particularly shocking to the American people were conditions of the meat packing industry
Meat Inspection Act
1906 Dictated strict cleanliness requirements for meat packers and created the program of federal meat inspection
Pure Food and Drug Act
1906 Halted the sale of contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth in labeling.
Seventeenth Amendment
1913 Amendment Senators are elected by the people Prior to 1913 each state legislature chose its own senator
Clayton Antitrust Act
1914; Sought to curb business practices aimed at stifling competition
19th Amendment
1919: Congress passed the 19th amendment allowing women the right to vote (74 years after Seneca Falls Convention/1848) Success attributed to WW1 contribution by women plus on going suffrage movements.
Initiative
A bill for the ballot initiated by the people (vs lawmakers)
The Payne-Aldrich Tariff
A bill signed by Taft raising certain tariffs on goods entering the United States. The high rates angered Republican reformers, and led to a deep split in the Republican Party
Florence Kelley
Advocate for improving the lives of women and children. Also, an advocate of child protection labor laws. Daughter of an antislavery Republican congressman.
Theodore Roosevelt
"Teddy" Roosevelt, suffered from asthma in childhood, drove himself to overcome his ailment. He was on the Harvard wrestling and boxing team. Politically ambitious at a young age, he became NY City police commissioner, then assistant secretary of the US Navy. In 1898 he advocated for war with Spain. He was a "rough rider" that conquered Cuba. He became governor of NY, then Vice President, then President when McKinley was assassinated in 1901.
Federal Trade Commision (FTC)
"Watchdog" agency was given power to investigate possible violations
Prohibition
Banning alcoholic beverages
Susan B. Anthony
Born to a strict Quaker family, Leading proponent of Suffrage, President of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)
Why did reformers seek to end child labor?
Businesses exploited children by having them work long hours and paying low wages around dangerous conditions
How did Taft's appointee Richard Ballinger anger conservationists?
By putting 1M acres of US land reserves into the public domain and firing Pichot. Pichot accused Ballinger of letting commercial interests exploit the natural resources that rightfully belonged to the public. Taft sided with Ballinger
Summarize Roosevelt's approach to environmental problems?
Conservation, allowing some to be used while still preserving some
What was the three-part strategy of suffrage and why?
Convince state legislature, pursue court cases, and constitutional amendment. By pursuing several strategies, they were more likely to achieve their goal
How did city government change during the Progressive Era?
Council-manager system was introduced, gave mayors more responsibilities
Federal Reserve System
Created the Federal Reserve System with the 1913 Federal Reserve Act which separated the nation into 12 districts and established a regional central bank in each district.
Woodrow Wilson
Democratic elected President, as republican votes were split between Roosevelt and Taft. Established a strong reform agenda as a progressive president.
The Niagara Movement
DoBois and 28 other African Americans wrote a civil rights manifesto
Recall
Enables voters to remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them to face another election prior to the end of their term
Jane Addams
Famous progressive reformer who founded Hull House in Chicago to help immigrants adapt to life in the US
What contributed to Teddy Roosevelt's reputations as the first modern president?
His bold and strong leadership style
Why was the Federal Reserve System important?
It made the money supply responsive to the state of the economy
Muckrakers
Journalists who wrote for popular magazines to expose social and political sins and shortcomings. Roosevelt gave these journalists their nickname when he complained they were not being helpful by raking up all the muck.
What was suffragists three part plan
Lobby legislature Push court cases Pushed constitutional Amendment
Contrast the goals of scientific management with other progressive reforms.
Most progressive reforms were people centered. The goal of scientific management was more production centered and worked to benefit companies and corporations.
Ida Tarbell
Muckraker; "History of Standard Oil"
Lincoln Steffens
Muckraker; Business and Government Corruption
Upton Sinclair
Muckraking journalist that wrote the book "The Jungle" that articulated and illustrated the exploitation of human labor and dire conditions in which people worked. Particularly shocking to the American people were conditions of the meat packing industry
NAWSA
National American Woman Suffrage Association
NAACP
National Association of Colored People
Susette La Flesche
Omaha woman who traveled east to translate into English the sad words of Chief Standing Bear, whose Ponca people had been forcibly removed from their homeland in Nebraska.
What social and economic effect did higher education have on women?
Other options besides marriage
Conservation
Preserve wilderness areas
Carrie Chapman Catt
President of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in 1900 after Susan B. Anthony
Progressivism Four Main Goals
Protecting Social Welfare Promoting Moral Improvement Creating Economic Reform Fostering Efficiency
Temperance
Refraining from alcohol consumption
Gifford Pinchot
Roosevelt appointed - Head of the US Forest Service
What were the differences between Taft and Roosevelt platform?
Roosevelt progressive, Taft less progressive
William Howard Taft
Roosevelt's hand-picked successor. Elected President of the US, served from 1909-1913. Was also the 10th Chief Justice of the United States (1921-1930), the only person to have held both offices. Was defeated for re-election by W.Wilson in 1912 after Roosevelt split the Republican vote by running as a third-party candidate
What was the impact of the direct election of senators?
Senators were no longer appointed by state legislatures. They are not elected by the people they represent
Richard Ballinger
Taft named him Secretary if the interior. A wealthy lawyer from Seattle. Took 1 million acres out of the national land reserved list and returned it to the public domain
Progressivism under Taft
Taft's ambivalent approach to progressive reform led to a split in the Republican Party and the loss of the Presidency to the Democrats.
James S. Hogg
Texas Progressive Governor. Helped drive illegal insurance companies from the state and championed the antitrust legislation. Also went after railroads
Bull Moose Party
The Republican based progressive party lead by Roosevelt.
Sufferage
The right to vote
What similarities did the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act share?
They both created regulations that protected people's health
What contribution did muckrakers make to the reform movement?
They exposed the dangers and corruption of industrial life to the public. They made people more aware of social problems and therefore more likely to think and act to make a change.
Square Deal
This term was used to describe various progressive reforms sponsored by the Roosevelt administration. Trust buster, Railroad regulation, helped with coal strike, regulated food and drugs
What might be one of Wilson's first issues to address as President?
Trust busting and social reform.
Referendum
Voters vote for initiative (vs legislature)
What kind of job opportunities prompted more women to complete high school?
White-collar positions as typists, teachers, and nurses
Why did the prohibition movement appeal to so many women?
Women were often seen as responsible for societal morality. This was an area they believed they could make a difference in.
