CH 18 Cardiovascular System: Blood

True

Compared to young adults, older individuals have relatively less red bone marrow.

when destruction of erythrocytes is more rapid than normal.

Congenital hemolytic anemia is

True

For a relatively small injury, a platelet plug is formed within 1 minute.

1

In the centrifuged sample of blood illustrated, which number indicates the layer containing water, plasma proteins, nutrients, and waste products?

dark red

Oxygen-poor blood is _________ in color.

True

Platelets are formed elements.

1° C higher

The temperature of blood is about _________ than measured body temperature.

neutrophil.

The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection is a(n)

monocyte.

The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n)

vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate.

To compensate for significant blood loss, the autonomic nervous system triggers

several minutes when tissue damage is extensive.

Vascular spasms last

erythrocytes.

When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds the

sympathetic

When over 10% of the body's blood has been lost, a survival response occurs involving activation of the ________ nervous system.

white blood cell differential count.

When trying to diagnose an infection that alters the percentages of leukocyte types found in the blood, it is useful for clinicians to perform a

Neutrophils

Which are the most numerous of the leukocytes?

The intrinsic pathway

Which clotting pathway involves more steps and takes more time (approximately 5 minutes)?

The extrinsic pathway

Which clotting pathway involves the combining of thromboplastin (factor III) with factor VII and calcium?

a, c, d, f

Which events occur during the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes? (Order is not important.)

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

Which leukocytes are derived from the myeloid line?

Leukopoiesis

the production of leukocytes is called___________.

Thrombopoiesis

the production of platelets is called__________.

tissue.

Blood is correctly classified as a(n)

True

During hemopoiesis, the lymphoid line forms lymphocytes only.

myeloid

In hemopoiesis, granulocytes such as neutrophils are formed from the _________ line.

55

Plasma makes up about ______ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood.

Megakaryocytes

Platelets are continually produced in the red bone marrow by cells called _____________.

hemostasis, 9

Platelets play a key role in _________, but if they are not used they are broken down after about ________ days.

lymphocytes

T-lymphocytes are a category of

5 liters

Typically, an adult's body contains _______ of blood.

their values are very similar.

A comparison of the clinical hematocrit and true hematocrit would indicate that

decreases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space.

A malnourished person might have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins. As a result, colloid osmotic pressure

True

A reticulocyte is a cell formed during erythropoiesis that has lost its nucleus and all organelles except some ribosomes.

age, sex , altitude

An individual's hematocrit would vary with

degranulates as they release chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2.

As a platelet plug forms at an injury site, platelets become activated and their cytosol

iron ions, antibodies

Beta-globulins transport ________, whereas gamma-globulins are ________.

basic, proteins

Blood plasma is slightly _______; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of _______ .

pH swings could denature proteins. Alterations in protein antibodies could disrupt body defenses; denaturation of clotting proteins impairs hemostasis. Examples abound.

Describe how a change in the blood's pH might result in adverse changes to the structure and function of important molecules within it. Name a specific functional impairment resulting from damage to a specific functional macromolecule in the blood.

collagen with the assistance of von Willebrand factor.

During platelet plug formation, platelets begin to stick to

True

Erythrocytes exhibit a limited lifespan due to their inability to synthesize the proteins necessary to repair themselves.

proplatelets.

Extensions from megakaryocytes that extend through blood vessel walls in red marrow are sliced off from the cells by the force of blood flow. These extensions are

destruction, plasmin

Fibrinolysis involves ________ of the fibrin framework, and it involves the protein _______.

polar molecule, and therefore it dissolves readily in plasma.

Glucose is a

4

How many globins (protein building blocks) are found in a single hemoglobin molecule?

4

How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin?

decrease.

If a patient becomes dehydrated, the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged sample of his or her blood would likely

the wrong blood type was used.

If agglutination occurs after a blood transfusion, it may indicate

10 weeks.

In fetal development, hemocytoblasts begin to colonize red mone marrow at approximately

decreased in number and less efficient.

In many of the elderly, leukocytes appear to be

erythrocytes.

In the centrifuged sample of blood illustrated, number 2 indicates

Leukocytes and platelets

In the centrifuged sample of blood illustrated, what blood components are contained in the layer labeled number 3?

flat bones of the axial skeleton.

In young children, hemopoiesis occurs in most of their bones, but in adulthood it primarily occurs in

True

Iron, lactic acid, and lipids are all considered to be nutrients in blood plasma.

largest, prominent nuclei

Leukocytes are the _______ of the formed elements, and leukocytes have ______________.

monocytes from monoblasts.

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates the production of

True

Most colony-stimulating factors are growth factors.

False

Natural killer cells derive from T-lymphoblasts and monocytes derive from the granulocyte line.

liver and spleen.

Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the

decrease

One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will

increase the viscosity of the blood.

One of the unhealthy effects of blood doping is to

False

Platelets are roughly the same size as erythrocytes, and like erythrocytes, they eject their nucleus just before entering circulation.

platelet repellant.

Prostacyclin is an eicosanoid that acts as a

True

Simply put, antibodies are molecules on the lookout for antigens.

electrolytes

Sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate are all described as_______in plasma

platelets and leukocytes.

The "buffy coat" in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of

True

The ABO and Rh blood types are inherited independently of each other.

found on the surface of erythrocytes.

The agglutinogens (or antigens) that determine the ABO and Rh blood types are

False

The antigen-antibody reaction is an example of the regulation function of blood.

False

The blood type of a person missing the surface antigen D is Rh-positive.

globin

The carbon dioxide molecules that bind to the hemoglobin molecule are attached to the __________ units.

erythrocytes in the blood.

The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of

False

The extrinsic pathway is a clotting system that is initiated by chemicals that come from outside the body.

vascular spasm.

The first phase in hemostasis is

blood vessel constriction.

The first phase of hemostasis involves

common

The formation of a web-like polymer of fibrin occurs late in the ________ pathway.

37

The globulins make up about ________ percent of all plasma proteins.

Multi-CSF.

The growth factor that increases the formation of erythrocytes, all classes of granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets from myeloid stem cells is

both oxygen and carbon dioxide.

The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to

120

The life span of an erythrocyte is about _________ days.

defend against pathogens.

The main function of leukocytes is to

erythrocytes.

The most numerous of the formed elements are the

Hematocrit

The percentage of volume of red blood cells is called the ________.

hemopoiesis.

The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called

lack a nucleus and organelles.

The reason it is more appropriate to call an erythrocyte a "formed element" rather than a "cell" is that erythrocytes

albumins

The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are the

directly, indirectly

The viscosity of blood is ________ proportional to the number of erythrocytes and _______ proportional to the amount of fluid.

True

Vascular spasm is triggered by blood vessel injury and further triggered by the release of serotonin.

False

When viewing a centrifuged blood sample, the erythrocytes will be on the top.

b, c, e

Which are characteristic of leukocytes?

b, c, f b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes f: Will agglutinate with blood type B

Which are characteristic of type A blood?

b, e

Which are characteristic of type Rh negative blood?

a, b, e a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes

Which are characteristics of type O blood?

Basophils

Which are the least numerous of the leukocytes?

c, a, e, b, d, f c: Myeloid stem cell a: Proerythroblast e: Erythroblast b: Normoblast d: Reticulocyte f: Mature erythrocyte

Which depicts the order of cell formation in erythropoiesis? a: Proerythroblast b: Normoblast c: Myeloid stem cell d: Reticulocyte e: Erythroblast f: Mature erythrocyte

Donor is type AB, recipient is type B

Which is going to result in significant agglutination?

a, b, e

Which leukocytes are granulocytes?

92%

Which most closely approximates the percentage of water in plasma by weight?

Prothrombin is activated to thrombin.

Which of the following is a step within the common pathway of blood clotting?

Transportation

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones?

Protection

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies?

Basophil

Which type of leukocyte releases histamine?