Ch. 19, 20

Which part of the circulatory system holds the largest amount of blood? A. Pulmonary arteries B. Pulmonary veins C. Systemic arteries D. Systemic veins

D. Systemic veins

As a result of the long refractory period, cardiac muscle cannot exhibit A. Treppe. B. Recruitment. C. Tonus. D. Tetany. E. Fatigue.

D. Tetany

Blood pressure is regulated by the: A. cardiac center B. vasomotor center C. hormones D. all of these are correct

D. all of these are correct

Atherosclerosis is characterized by the presence of: A. foam cells B. angioplasty C. hypercholesterolemia D. atheroma

D. atheroma

For the repolarization phase of an SA nodal cell action potential: A. sodium and potassium channels open. B. calcium channels open and sodium channels close. C. calcium and potassium channels close. D. calcium channels close and potassium channels open. E. sodium and chloride channels open.

D. calcium channels close and potassium channels open

Valves in veins: A. make the use of a skeletal muscle pump unnecessary for venous blood flow. B. are the leading cause of high blood pressure. C. are found only in the largest veins. D. cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction. E. are formed of the tunica media.

D. cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction

The papillary muscles attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves by means of the: A. pectinate muscles. B. trabeculae carneae. C. conus arteriosus. D. chordae tendineae. E. tricuspid valve.

D. chordae tendineae

The largest arteries are classified as: A. distributing arteries B. muscular arteries C. medium sized arteries D. elastic arteries

D. elastic arteries

A portal system: A. includes a functional end artery that makes an arterial anastomosis. B. is a simple circulatory system with an areriovenous anastomosis. C. is one in which blood flows through two capillary beds before being sent back to the heart. D. is one in which circulation to a large organ involves only one artery and one main (portal)

D. is one in which circulation to a large organ involves only one artery and one main (portal)

A positive inotropic agent increase Ca+ concentration which results in formation of additional crossbridges. Positice inotropic agents include norepinephrine that is released from sympathetic axons and epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla. In comparison, a negative inotropic agent decrease contractility by decreasing available Ca2+ and a fewer numbers of crossbridges are formed. A drug that decreased calcium levels in a muscle cell and thereby lowered the number of crossbridges formed during the heart's contractions would be a: A. positive chronotropic agent B. negative chronotropic agent C. positive inotropic agent D. negative inotropic agent

D. negative inotropic agent

Which circuit of the cardiovascular system is responsible for sending blood to the kidneys, stomach, and pelvic regions? A. pulmonary circuit B. Innards circuit C. vagas circuit D. systemic circuit E. vanguard circuit

D. systemic circuit

Because of their role in material exchanges, the _______________ are considered to be the functional units of the cardiovascular system.

capillaries

Formed primarily of tunica intima and strengthened by elastic and collagen fibers, the _________________ in veins prevent blood from pooling.

valves

During exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases. What other blood flow changes occur? A. Blood flow to coronary vessels increases, and flow to abdominal organs decreases. B. Blood flow to skin decreases, and flow to the kidneys increases. C. Blood flow to coronary vessels increases, and flow to skin and brain decreases. D. Blood flow to skin, heart, and kidneys decreases.

A. Blood flow to coronary vessels increases, and flow to abdominal organs decreases

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a capillary? A. Fenestrated capillaries have pores that allow for relatively large materials to slip out of the capillary. B. Sinusoid capillaries are main type of capillary around the brain. C. Capillaries often are arranged in a capillary bed that is supplied by an arteriole. D. The capillary wall consists of an endothelium and basement membrane only - there is no subendothelial layer.

B. Sinusoid capillaries are main type of capillary around the brain.

If a patient has cirrhosis of the liver and is unable to produce sufficient albumin and other plasma proteins, then what variable is changed in capillary exchange, and what is the effect? A. Colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary decreases, and the fluid remains in the interstitial fluid potentially causing edema B. There is no change in the capillary exchange process C. hydrostatic pressure in the blood decreases, and the fluid remains in the blood D. colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary increases, and blood volume increases in the blood vessels

A. Colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary decreases, and the fluid remains in the interstitial fluid potentially causing edema

Which of the cardiovascular system's circuits has deoxygenated blood in its arteries? A. Pulmonary circuit B. Innards circuit C. Antithesis circuit D. Systemic circuit E. Vanguard circuit

A. Pulmonary circuit

SA nodal cells are autorhythmic. A. True B. False

A. True

Systolic pressure is greater than diastolic pressure due to the force generated by ventricular contraction. A. True B. False

A. True

The pericardium helps prevent overfilling of the heart and it lessens the friction of movements during heartbeats. A. True B. False

A. True

Sinusoids are found in: a: bone marrow b: spleen c: small intestine d: kidney e: liver f: muscle g: skin A. a, b, e B. b, c, e, f C. c, d D. f, g E. b, c, d, g

A. a, b, e

If someone suffered from hypertension, such that the blood pressure in their capillaries was elevated, then net filtration pressure would be: A. above normal B. below normal

A. above normal

An autorhythmic heart cell is one in which: A. action potentials fire spontaneously. B. action potentials are stimulated by internal stores of acetylcholine. C. action potentials always occur at exactly the same frequency. D. all filaments contract and relax with a high degree of synchrony. E. action potentials are initiated by the autonomic nervous system.

A. action potentials fire spontaneously

Calcium channels in the nodal cells function to: A. cause depolarization in the initiate the cardiac action potential B. assure excess calcium can leave the cell C. bring the cell quickly to its resting membrane potential D. sustain contraction of the cell

A. cause depolarization in the initiate the cardiac action potential

Venous blood draining from the heart wall enters the right atrium through the: A. coronary sinus B. inferior vena cava C. pulmonary veins D. superior vena cava E. right coronary artery

A. coronary sinus

Vagal tone refers to the: A. decreasing of the heart rate below its inherent rhythm by parasympathetic stimulation. B. decreasing of the heart rate below its inherent rhythm by sympathetic stimulation. C. increasing of the heart rate above its inherent rhythm by sympathetic stimulation. D. increasing of the heart rate above its inherent rhythm by parasympathetic stimulation.

A. decreasing of the heart rate below its inherent rhythm by parasympathetic stimulation

During the plateau phase of a cardiac muscle cell's action potential, the membrane stays: A. depolarized as potassium exits and calcium enters. B. depolarized as potassium enters and calcium exits. C. repolarized as sodium enters and calcium exits. D. hyperpolarized as sodium and calcium exit. E. hyperpolarized as potassium enters and calcium exits.

A. depolarized as potassium exits and calcium enters

One of the postoperative complications from the removal of lymph nodes during a mestectomy would be: A. edema in the upper limb B. regrowth of the lymph nodes C. an overactive immune system D. tender and swollen lymph nodes in other regions of the body

A. edema in the upper limb

The serous fluid within the pericardial cavity works to: A. lubricate membranes of the pericardium. B. slow the heart rate. C. equalize the pressure in the great vessels. D. eliminate blood pressure spikes. E. All of the choices are correct

A. lubricate membranes of the pericardium

Large doses of certain stimulants can lead to dangerous increases in heart rates. Such a stimulant is a: A. positive chronotropic agent. B. negative chronotropic agent. C. positive inotropic agent. D. negative inotropic agent.

A. positive chronotropic agent

Considering the bulk flow that occurs at capillary beds, the lymphatic system is needed to: A. reabsorb excess fluid from the interstitial fluid. B. filter additional fluid to the interstitial fluid. C. connect arterioles to venules and provide a shunt from the true capillaries. D. regulate colloid osmotic pressure so that filtration levels do not decline.

A. reabsorb excess fluid from the interstitial fluid

The metabolic pathways of cardiac muscle make it: A. somewhat susceptible to heart attack, since it relies so exclusively on aerobic metabolism. B. extremely susceptible to heart attack, since it uses such a variety of fuel sources. C. somewhat susceptible to heart attack, since it has so few mitochondria. D. relatively resistant to heart attack, because it uses exclusively anaerobic metabolism. E. relatively resistant to heart attack, because it has a great capacity to accrue oxygen debt.

A. somewhat susceptible to heart attack, since it relies so exclusively on aerobic metabolism

A critical event in development of a cancerous tumor is the formation of blood vessels withing the tumor, a process called: A. tumor angiogenesis B. circulatory shock C. cerebral edema D. angina pectori

A. tumor angiogenesis

The ________ is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells, and it is the thickest layer of the arteries' walls. A. tunica media B. tunica externa C. tunica intima D. tunica interna E. None of the answers is correct.

A. tunica media

Tetanic muscle contractions cannot occur in a normal cardiac muscle cell because: A. Cardiac muscle tissue contracts on its own. B. The refractory period lasts until the muscle cell relaxes. C. The refractory period ends before the muscle cell reaches peak tension. D. There is no neural or hormonal stimulation. E. none of the above

B. The refractory period lasts until the muscle cell relaxes

If someone's blood pressure were listed as 125/75 mmHg, then their pulse pressure would be: A. 125 mmHg. B. 5/3. C. 50 mmHg. D. 40 mmHg. E. 100 mmHg

C. 50 mmHg

Over a period of 6 months, Harold loses 40 pounds. When Harold next visits his doctor, he discovers that his blood pressure levels have fallen too. Which of the following best explains why Harold's blood pressure dropped? A. when fat is lost, the extra length in blood vessels supplying the fat is lost too. Decrease blood vessel length resulted in decreased blood pressure B. most of the fat that Harold lost was around his thoracic organs, which compressed these organs. By losing the weight, he removed this compressive force C. the resistance in the blood vessels increased due to the fat loss, resulting decreased blood pressure D. the fat previously constricted the blood vessels. When Harold lost the fat, the blood vessels were allowed to dilate, and this blood pressure was reduced

A. when fat is lost, the extra length in blood vessels supplying the fat is lost too. Decrease blood vessel length resulted in decreased blood pressure

Which valve prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle when the ventricles relax? A. Left atrioventricular valve B. Aortic semilunar valve C. Right atrioventricular valve D. Pulmonary semilunar valve E. None of these answers is correct

B. Aortic semilunar valve

Arteries carry blood toward the heart, while veins carry blood away from the heart: A. True B. False

B. False

Filtration and reabsorption are processes that involve water (a solvent) but not solutes. A. True B. False

B. False

Which statement accurately compares filtration and reabsorption? A. Filtration is driven by concentration gradients, whereas reabsorption depends on hydrostatic pressure. B. Filtration involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood, whereas reabsorption is bulk flow back into the blood. C. Filtration happens at the venule end of a capillary bed and reabsorption happens in feeder arterioles. D. The direction of filtration can be either into or out of the blood, but reabsorption always involves fluids entering the blood. E. Two of these statements are accurate

B. Filtration involves bulk flow of fluid out of the blood, whereas reabsorption is bulk flow back into the blood

Which analogy fits the human heart? A. It is like a single pump. B. It is like a double pump, each working side by side with the other. C. It is like four pumps, with each working at its own separate time. D. It is like a double pump, each working at its own rate determined by the needs of the body served. E. It is like a single pump whose various chambers all work together at once.

B. It is like a double pump, each working side by side with the other

Which carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart? A. Pulmonary arteries B. Pulmonary veins C. Pulmonary trunk D. Inferior vena cava E. Superior vena cava

B. Pulmonary veins

Metabolically, cardiac muscle relies on: A. aerobic metabolism using glycolysis of glycogen to meet most ATP demands. B. aerobic metabolism using many mitochondria and a rich supply of myoglobin. C. anaerobic metabolism using glycolytic enzymes to quickly generate ATP. D. anaerobic metabolism using myoglobin, creatin kinase, and ketone bodies.

B. aerobic metabolism using many mitochondria and a rich supply of myoglobin

Afterload is the resistance in arteries to the ejection of blood by the ventricles, and it represents the pressure that must exceed before blood is ejected from the chamber. Afterload generally becomes a consideration only in older individuals. Which of the following would cause a decrease in cardiac output? A. an increase in venous return B. an increase in afterload C. addition of positive inotropic agents D. an increase in heart rate

B. an increase in afterload

Cardiac output is the amount of blood that is pumped: A. by a single ventricle in one hour. B. by a single ventricle in one minute. C. by both ventricles in one hour. D. by both ventricles in one minute. E. by the left ventricle into the aorta in one beat.

B. by a single ventricle in one minute

The long plateau phase of the cardiac muscle action potential is due to: A. movement of fewer sodium ion across the cell membrane into the cell B. calcium channels remaining open C. increased membrane permeability to potassium ion D. decrease in the amount of calcium diffusing across the membrane E. increased membrane permeability to sodium ions

B. calcium channels remaining open

Once an SA nodal cell reaches threshold, the depolarization phase occurs during which: A. potassium comes in through fast voltage-gated channels. B. calcium comes in through fast voltage-gated channels. C. potassium moves out through fast voltage-gated channels. D. sodium moves out through slow voltage-gated channels. E. calcium moves out through slow voltage-gated channels.

B. calcium comes in through fast voltage-gated channels

As with action potentials in other types of cells, the repolarization of cardiac muscle cells involves the: A. entrance of calcium through voltage-gated channels. B. exit of potassium through voltage-gated channels. C. entrance of sodium through voltage-gated channels. D. binding of Ach to Ach receptor. E. simultaneous closure of sodium channels and opening of calcium channels.

B. exit of potassium through voltage-gated channels.

The hearts nodal cells have a more negative resting potential than neurons do, because nodal cells lack leak channels for sodium and potassium ions. A. true B. false

B. false

Systolic blood pressure is recorded: A. in arteries and is the minimum pressure that is recorded during ventricular relaxation. B. in arteries and is the maximal pressure that is recorded during ventricular contraction. C. in veins and is the maximal pressure recorded during atrial contraction. D. in veins and is the minimum pressure recorded during atrial relaxation. E. in both arteries and veins and is the maximum pressure recorded during diastole of the heart

B. in arteries and is the maximal pressure that is recorded during ventricular contraction

The layer of the heart wall composed of cardiac muscle tissue is the: A. pericardium. B. myocardium. C. endocardium. D. pericardial cavity. E. pectinate muscle.

B. myocardium

The heart valves: A. stabilize and hold the arteries leaving the heart. B. permit the passage of blood in one direction. C. separate the right and left sides of the heart. D. are only used in the fetal heart. E. direct the conduction impulse through the heart muscle.

B. permit the passage of blood in one direction

The arteries that anastomose and form the two arterial arches in the palm are the _____ and _____ arteries. A. axillary, subclavian B. radial, ulnar C. radial, brachial D. ulnar, brachial E. axillary, brachial

B. radial, ulnar

The goal of the cardiovascular system is ____________. A. systemic circulation B. sufficient perfusion C. cardiac output D. pulmonary circulation

B. sufficient perfusion

Atherosclerosis involves a: A. sustained increase in blood flow that leads to decreases in venous resistance to keep blood pressure constant. B. sustained increase in resistance that leads to increases in arterial pressure to maintain adequate blood flow. C. sustained decrease in resistance that leads to decreases in arterial pressure to maintain adequate blood flow. D. sustained decrease in blood flow that leads to increases in arterial diameter to lower resistance and raise pressure. E. sustained increase in blood pressure that leads to compensatory vasodilation.

B. sustained increase in resistance that leads to increases in arterial pressure to maintain adequate blood flow

The _______ is a type of vessel with the smallest pressure gradient that must be overcome by contraction of skeletal muscles and breathing. A. artery B. vein C. capillary D. sinusoid

B. vein

Which is the most common type of capillary? A. Fenestrated B. Sinusoids C. Continuous D. Venules E. Discontinuous

C. Continuous

What are the cell-to-cell contacts of the cardiac muscle fibers called? A. Z discs B. T-tubules C. Intercalated discs D. Cardiac discs E. Sarcoplasmic reticulum

C. Intercalated discs

Which heart chambers would contain deoxygenated blood? A. Left atrium and right atrium B. Left ventricle and right ventricle C. Right atrium and right ventricle D. Left atrium and left ventricle E. Right atrium and left ventricle

C. Right atrium and right ventricle

What would you expect a cardiologist to recommend if there was substantial occlusion to a patient's left coronary artery but not the right coronary artery? A. Since there are multiple alternate paths for blood delivery, the cardiologist would not intervene. B. Since this is a relatively small, unimportant artery, the cardiologist would not intervene. C. Since this is an important artery, and alternate vascular paths are inadequate, the cardiologist would treat the condition. D. Since occlusions require blood to be pumped at greater pressure, the cardiologist would prescribe drugs to raise blood pressure.

C. Since this is an important artery, and alternate vascular paths are inadequate, the cardiologist would treat the condition

Which statement is accurate about veins? A. veins always carry deoxygenated blood B. veins always carry oxygenated blood C. The largest tunic in a vein is the turnica externa D. veins drain into smaller vessels called venules E. the lumen of a vein tends to be smaller than that of a comparably sized artery

C. The largest tunic in a vein is the turnica externa

The plateau phase of an action potential: A. occurs only in skeletal muscle and makes those fibers' contractions most forceful. B. leads to tetanic contractions in smooth and skeletal muscle. C. allows cardiac muscle cells to contract and then relax without locking up. D. allows cardiac muscle cells to exhibit synchronous fibrilation.

C. allows cardiac muscle cells to contract and then relax without locking up

Norepinephrine is considered a positive chronotropic agent since it causes: A. less calcium to enter heart cells, which leads to lower risk of heart attack. B. more forceful contractions during each heart rate. C. an increase in the firing rate of SA node cells. D. thyroid hormone to have a steadying effect on heart activity. E. heart cell membrane potentials to become more positive during action potentials.

C. an increase in the firing rate of SA node cells

An occlusion of coronary arteries with plaques is often referred to as ____________. A. myocardial infarction B. anastomoses C. atherosclerosis D. angina

C. atherosclerosis

Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur between the __________ and the tissues of the body. A. arteries B. veins C. capillaries D. capillaries and veins E. capillaries and arteries

C. capillaries

At the AV node of the conduction system, the action potential is: A. rapidly advanced due to the cells being large and well connected by gap junctions. B. rapidly advanced due to the cells being small and well insulated by myelin. C. delayed due to the cells being small and having few gap junctions. D. delayed due to the cells being large and having many leakage channels

C. delayed due to the cells being small and having few gap junctions

Oxygen and carbon dioxiode are transported between the blood and interstitial fluid by way of: A. exocytosis and endocytosis by endothelial cells. B. pinocytosis using fluid-filled vesicles. C. diffusion from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration. D. active transport (using ATP) by protein carriers of endothelial cells

C. diffusion from areas of higher concentration to lower concentration

The function of the postcapillary venule is to: A. allow for diffusion of nutrients to the tissues. B. allow for diffusion of metabolic wastes from the tissues. C. drain the capillary bed. D. supply metarteriole with blood. E. allow for diffusion of nutrients and metabolic wastes.

C. drain the capillary bed

Most of the calcium that triggers contraction of cardiac muscle comes: A. into the cell through leakage channels in the sarcolemma. B. into the cell through voltage-gated channels in the sarcolemma. C. from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the cell. D. from the Golgi apparatus of the cell.

C. from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the cell

Sudden deaths of high school athletes have occurred during athletic events. Autopsies revealed that most deaths were due to congenital heart defects and coronary artery anomalies. The enlargement of the heart seen in young athletes is caused by a condition called: A. arthersclerosis B. angina pectoris C. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy D. myocardial infarction

C. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Occlusion of blood vessels tends to lead to: A. increases in perfusion B. increases in capillary exchange C. inadequate blood supply and damage to body tissues D. defibrillation of cardiac muscle cell contraction

C. inadequate blood supply and damage to body tissues

Occlusion of blood vessels tends to lead to: A. increases in perfusion. B. increases in capillary exchange. C. inadequate blood supply and damage to body tissues. D. defibrillation of cardiac muscle cell contraction

C. inadequate blood supply and damage to body tissues

Action potentials are spread rapidly between cardiac muscle cells by: A. sarcomeres B. the fibrous skeleton C. intercalated discs D. chemical neurotransmitters E. visceral pericardium

C. intercalated discs

_________ is scarring of the valve cusps so that they become rigid or partially fused and cannot open completely, resulting in resistance to the flow of blood and decreasing chamber output. A. heart murmur B. angina pectoris C. valvular stenosis D. myocardial infarction E. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

C. valvular stenosis

Angiotensin II causes: A. increased heart rate, vasodilation, and less urine formation. B. decreased heart rate, vasoconstriction, and increased urine formation. C. vasoconstriction, decrease urine formation, and increased thirst. D. decreased thirst, vasodilation, and increased urine formation. E. vasoconstriction, increased urine formation, and decreased thirst

C. vasoconstriction, decrease urine formation, and increased thirst

The pericardial cavity is between the: A. heart muscle and serous pericardium. B. fibrous and serous layers of the pericardium. C. visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium. D. parietal and myocardial layers of the fibrous pericardium

C. visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium

Why is it necessary to stimulate papillary muscles in the ventricle slightly earlier than the rest of the ventricular wall myocardium? A. to assure rapid conduction speed of the action potential B. to assure blood will surge surge toward the semilunar valves C. to assure coordinated contraction of the ventricular myocardium D. to pull on AV valve cusps to prevent backflow E. to pull on semilunar valve to prevent blood backflow to the ventricles

D. to pull on AV valve cusps to prevent backflow

Precapillary sphincters will: A. control blood flow into the true capillaries. B. cause blood to flow directly from the metarteriole into the postcapillary venule. C. open when the tissue needs nutrients. D. close when the tissue's needs have been met. E. All of these answers are correct

E. All of these answers are correct

What is the correct sequence of events in the transmission of an impulse through the heart muscle? A. atria > ventricles > bundle branches > SA node > AV node > purkinjie fibers > AV node B. ventricles > atria > bundle branches > SA node > AV node > pukinjie fibers > AV bundle C. purkinjie fibers > AV bundle > atria > bundle branches > SA node > AV node > ventricles D. atria > ventricles > purkinjie fibers > AV bundle > bundle branches > SA node > AV node E. SA node > atria > AV node > AV bundle > bundle branches > purkinjie fibers > ventricles

E. SA node > atria > AV node > AV bundle > bundle branches > purkinjie fibers > ventricles

If the pacemaker cells in the SA node become more permeable to potassium ions, the: A. heart rate will increase. B. heart rate will decrease. C. cells will depolarize. D. cells will hyperpolarize. E. heart rate will decrease and cells will hyperpolarize.

E. heart rate will decrease and cells will hyperpolarize.

During ventricular systole: A. only the AV valves open. B. only the AV valves close. C. only the semilunar valves close. D. the semilunar valves close and the AV valves open. E. the semilunar valves open and the AV valves close.

E. the semilunar valves open and the AV valves close