ch 19
During the early stages of the "Radical Revolution," the National Convention a. was controlled by the Mountain, which defeated the less radical Girondins. b. successfully resisted the Parisians' radical attempts to control the Convention. c. favored ending the disastrous European war. d. failed to create any kind of large standing army. e. requested that Napoleon become dictator.
a
The Estates-General consisted of representatives of the three orders: the Second Estate (nobles), the Third Estate (people), and the First Estate, representing the a. clergy. b. pope. c. nobility. d. army. e. intendants
a
The French economy of the eighteenth century was a. growing due to an expansion of foreign trade and industrial production. b. stagnant due to foreign competition in industry and trade. c. declining rapidly due to overuse of arable land. d. based largely on the silk industry. e. was entirely based upon agricultural production.
a
The Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror a. was headed by Maximilien Robespierre. b. implemented a successful series of economic and price controls through France. c. attempted to restore the church's influence over politics. d. concentrated exclusively upon military matters. e. b and c
aa
Just prior to the Revolution in France, the number of the poor in France a. actually declined. b. went up significantly. c. increased very slowly. d. remained fairly constant. e. a and d
b
Compared to the American Revolution, the French Revolution was a. less violent. b. less radical. c. more influential in Europe as a model of rebellion. d. quickly over. e. was entirely a movement of the masses, led by faceless individuals
c
In regard to religion, the National Convention a. took measures to strengthen the Roman Catholic Church. b. issued an edict allowing for total religious freedom. c. took measures to dechristianize the republic. d. made the republic completely atheistic. e. expelled the Jews from France
c
A successful slave rebellion against French rule occurred in a. the Vendee. b. Batavia. c. Jamaica. d. Haiti. e. the Cameroons.
d
In 1789, the Bastille was a. a royal castle. b. an arsenal and prison. c. the place where most state executions took place. d. a monastery. e. Paris' public market area.
b
The Constitution of the United States of 1789 a. was a revision of the Articles of Confederation. b. was seen by European liberals as a utopian document that would never last. c. created a republic in which the branches of government provided checks on one another. d. had no real impact on the French Revolution. e. failed, and was soon replaced by the Articles of Confederation.
c
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen a. was drawn up by the monarchy to limit freedoms. b. was rejected by those influenced by the Enlightenment. c. owed much to the ideas of the American Declaration of Independence. d. allowed for aristocratic privileges to endure in France. e. was an anti-Lockean document.
c
The French Republic's army in the 1790s a. received little backing from the home front. b. was small, but effective in battle. c. fueled modern nationalism and was raised through total mobilization of the population. d. was totally defeated by foreign aristocratic forces. e. got weaker and smaller as the decade went by.
c
The cahiers de doléances called for a. abolishing the fiscal privileges of the church and nobility. b. the abolition of the Estates-General. c. the royal execution of all rebels in France. d. universal voting privileges for all French people. e. the beheading of Louis XVI.
a
The chief reason for Napoleon's fast rise to power was/were his a. series of stunning victories over the enemies of France. b. social programs that appealed to the masses. c. promises to make France great again. d. work with an inner clique of revolutionaries dedicated to the general. e. secret support of disaffected members of the Bourbon family.
a
The colonists won their war for independence due to a. generous military and financial aid from various European states, especially France. b. the collapse of the English colonial system. c. apathy of the English military. d. flaws in the English mercantile system. e. b and c
a
The most immediate cause of the French Revolution was a. the government's failure to resolve its debts and other economic problems. b. the blocking of attempted reforms by the French Parlements. c. the radical calls of the philosophes for reform. d. Louis XVI's rejection of the cahiers de doléances. e. violent uprisings by the common people who were demanding political and economic equality
a
Which of the following statements best applies to Napoleon? a. He was both a child of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution. b. He had a sense of moral responsibility to the people of France. c. He advocated an invasion of Britain in the 1790s. d. He was born the son of a Parisian merchant. e. He was a successful military general but had to talent for civil administration and reform.
a
A key conduit of "enlightened" American political and moral ideas back to Europe was formed by a. returning British prisoners of war. b. the hundreds of literate and influential French army and navy officers who had fought on the American side during the Revolutionary War. c. European nobles returning from expeditions to the new American frontier. d. missionary priests returning from evangelical campaigns deep in the U.S. back country. e. official proclamations sent to the governments of Europe by George Washington.
b
All of the following are true about Napoleon and his career before 1799 except a. he was initially disliked by his fellow soldiers. b. he made rapid progress and achieved the status of a general even before the Revolution. c. he read a great deal of military history. d. he saved the National Convention from the Parisian mob in 1795. e. he married the widow of a guillotined general.
b
By the eighteenth century, the French bourgeoisie and nobility were a. growing further apart in social status. b. increasingly less distinguishable from each other. c. rapidly losing social status to the third estate. d. openly hostile and frequently involved in street battles. e. almost completely dominated by the clergy of the First Estate
b
In September of 1792, the National Convention a. established a constitutional monarchy. b. abolished the monarchy and established a republic. c. voted to preserve the life of Louis XVI. d. was dismantled by Louis XVI. e. was immediately replaced by the Directory
b
Napoleon's Continental System tried to defeat the British by a. a massive invasion of Britain. b. preventing British trade. c. causing political unrest in Britain. d. attacking the British colonies in North America. e. isolating India from Britain
b
The Concordat a. allowed for reforms in the French military. b. reestablished the Catholic Church but gave the pope only limited authority in France. c. was part of Napoleon's Civil Code. d. reformed the French civil service. e. established an absolute separation of church and state in France.
b
The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen a. became law by popular vote of the National Assembly. b. was ignored entirely by the males in the National Assembly. c. caused massive riots in its defense by ordinary men and women, especially in cities. d. was fully accepted by the crown and its ministers and then became enforceable law. e. was harshly criticized by Mary Wollstonecraft as not being sufficiently revolutionary
b
The French revolutionary slogan neatly evoking the ideals of the rebellion was a. "Down with the aristocracy!" b. "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity!" c. "Death to the king and queen!" d. "Kill all priests and burn all churches!" e. "The bourgeoisie will triumph!"
b
The German philosopher who initially welcomed the French Revolution, turned against it, becoming instead an advocate of a German national spirit was a. Goethe. b. Fichte. c. Hegel. d. Kant. e. Schiller.
b
The chief accomplishment of the National Convention was a. creation of the revolutionary calendar. b. preservation of the revolution from being destroyed by foreign enemies. c. creation of the Directory. d. the establishment of the National French School System. e. defeat of the counter-revolutionaries led by the Bourbon family in southern France
b
Vital fiscal reform of the French state just prior to the French Revolution was impeded by a. nobles of the sword who wished to study carefully royal proposals to tax them. b. nobles of the robe in the thirteen regional French Parlements who regularly refused to approve or new royal tax proposals. c. peasants who hired lawyers to defend their traditional exemptions. d. the clergy unwilling to part with the riches of the church. e. opposition from Louis XVI and his ministers.
b
Which of the following is not true of the French revolutionary republican calendar? a. Each month consisted of three ten-day weeks. b. Most Christian holidays were kept. c. No efforts were made to enforce it. d. It was meant to signal a new beginning for the nation. e. It was part of the government's dechristianization program.
b
All of the following were accomplished by the National/Constituent Assembly except the a. Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. b. Civil Constitution of the Clergy. c. legal defense of seigneurial rights throughout the country. d. reform of French voting procedures. e. abolishment of divine right monarchy
c
French society on the eve of their revolution a. was dominated by the military. b. saw a sharp decline in sexual morality. c. was still largely dominated by the nobility and clergy. d. was rapidly changing, with the middle class becoming vastly more influential. e. was in a state of almost complete anarchy.
c
In the summer of 1789, when the "revolution of the lawyers" appeared doomed by imminent royal use of armed force, the Revolution as a whole was saved by a. the betrayal of the monarchy by high clergymen. b. the defection of key nobles of the sword to the rebels. c. the intervention of armed commoners, especially in urban uprisings. d. the outside influence of mercenary troops paid by the rebels. e. the intervention of Britain, whose constitutional monarch seemed threatened by upheaval in France.
c
Not among the factors in the defeat of Napoleon was a. the failure of the Continental System. b. the defeat of the French navy at the Battle of Trafalgar. c. mass reactions to his brutal suppression of local customs in the conquered countries. d. the spread of nationalism in the conquered countries. e. that most independent European states were united against him by 1814
c
The French economic crisis in the late 1780s were caused by all the following except a. a series of bad harvests. b. a manufacturing depression which led to considerable unemployment. c. an increase in government debt as a consequence of increased welfare payments to the poor. d. increasing government expenditures do to costly wars. e. increasing government debt caused by royal extravagance.
c
Which of the following statements best applies to Napoleon's domestic policies? a. Much autonomy was given to the provincial departments as the previous system of prefects was overhauled. b. His "new aristocracy" was actually little different from the old, as it was based on privilege and wealth. c. His Civil Code reaffirmed the ideals of the Revolution while creating a uniform legal system. d. As a devout Catholic, he reestablished Catholicism as the official state religion. e. He abolished most of the civilian bureaucracy, preferring to govern by military rule
c
_ 27. In regard to the Catholic Church, the National Assembly a. left the institution alone. b. increased its power slightly in France. c. passed legislation that secularized church offices and clergymen. d. abolished the faith in France. e. recognized the Catholic Church as France's only legal religion.
c
As one measure of the French crown's terrible financial predicament, by 1788 the interest payments on the state debt alone amounted to a. one-fifth of total government spending. b. one-quarter of total government spending. c. one-third of total government spending. d. one-half of all government spending. e. two-thirds of all government spending
d
During the Reign of Terror, the majority of the victims were a. nobles. b. clergy. c. middle class. d. peasant and laboring classes. e. the bourgeoisie.
d
The American Revolution affected Europeans by a. proving that military force was the final diplomatic authority. b. ending colonial expansion around the world. c. proving that the new United States was the most powerful nation. d. proving that the ideas of the Enlightenment could be realized politically. e. proving that the patriotic shedding of vast amounts of blood could bring revolutionary change
d
The government of the Directory in the period of the Thermidorean Reaction a. primarily relied on the support of the royalists. b. was unicameral and directly elected by active citizens. c. was characterized by honest leadership and wise economic plans. d. increasingly had to rely on military support for its survival. e. abolished the radical reforms of the Public Safety, including the Revolutionary Calendar
d
What type of government was established in France by 1791? a. dictatorship b. republic c. democracy d. constitutional monarchy e. socialist
d
A prominent writer who denounced Napoleon's despotic rule was a. Voltaire. b. Mary Wollstonecraft. c. Rousseau. d. Marshal Nye. e. Germaine de Stael
e
In 1789, the Estates-General was a. Louis XVI's parliamentary body often consulted by the king. b. in unanimous agreement that only radical changes could solve France's problems. c. dominated by the first estate composed mostly of urban lawyers. d. unanimously in agreement about the necessity of immediately creation a "National Assembly." e. divided over the issue of voting by "orders" or by "head."
e
The controversy over voting by order versus voting by head in the Estates-General saw a. the nobles of the robe advocate voting by head. b. the "lovers of liberty" effectively block voting by head. c. Abbé Sieyès's call for the expulsion of the Third Estate from the Estates-General. d. the Third Estate joining the Second Estate in abolished the First Estate of the clergy. e. the Third Estate respond by forming a "National Assembly."
e
The defeat of General Cornwallis and his army at Yorktown in 1781, leading to British abandonment of the Revolutionary War, was achieved by a. American colonial army and naval forces alone. b. a combined American and French army. c. a combined force of American, French, Spanish, and Dutch forces. d. the Virginia Minutemen. e. a combined American and French army supported by a heavily armed French fleet.
e
The third estate was composed of all of the following except a. shopkeepers. b. peasants. c. the unemployed. d. skilled craftsmen. e. the clergy.
e
What group emerged as the most important radical element in French politics, at the beginning of the French Revolution? a. Bonapartists b. Papists c. Communards d. Loyalists e. Jacobins
e
When the American Revolution began, a. almost all of the colonists were united in favor of independence. b. almost all of the colonists were united against independence, but were soon convinced by the propaganda of a small elite group. c. the colonists feared the kind of blood-bath that had engulfed France during the French Revolution. d. the Loyalists argued in favor of separation from Great Britain. e. the colonials were deeply divided among themselves about revolting against Britain
e
When war broke out in the spring of 1792, a. French armies easily defeated the Austrians and the Prussians. b. France permanently conquered Belgium. c. a group of National Guardsmen arrived in Paris from Bordeaux, singing a rousing war song known as the Bordelaise. d. Napoleon conquered Italy. e. French armies failed, and Paris was potentially threatened by the Austrians and Prussians
e