Ch. 19 Review

coarctation of the aorta

congenital cardiac condition characterized by a narrowing of the aorta

The pulmonary trunk and aorta are derived from which primitive heart structure? -bulbus cordis -primitive ventricle -sinus venosus -truncus arteriosus

truncus arteriosus

Ventricular relaxation immediately follows ________. -atrial depolarization -ventricular repolarization -ventricular depolarization -atrial repolarization

ventricular depolarization

patent foramen ovale

when the septum primum does not close at birth and the fossa ovalis is unable to fuse

End Systolic Volume (ESV)

Amount of blood remaining in each ventricle at the end of systole (contraction).

Which of the following is a positive inotrope? -Na+ -K+ -Ca2+ -both Na+ and K+

Ca2+

In a healthy young adult, what happens to cardiac output when heart rate increases above 160 bpm? -It increases. -It decreases. -It remains constant. -There is no way to predict.

It decreases

What happens to preload when there is venous constriction in the veins? -It increases. -It decreases. -It remains constant. -There is no way to predict.

It increases

Which of the following is unique to cardiac muscle cells? -Only cardiac muscle contains a sarcoplasmic reticulum. -Only cardiac muscle has gap junctions. -Only cardiac muscle is capable of autorhythmicity -Only cardiac muscle has a high concentration of mitochondria.

Only cardiac muscle is capable of autorhythmicity

End Diastolic Volume (EDV)

Volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole ("preload")

The force the heart must overcome to pump blood is known as ________. -preload -afterload -cardiac output -stroke volume

afterload

Cardiac Output (CO)

amount of blood pumped by each ventricle during one minute; equals HR multiplied by SV

Stroke Volume (SV)

amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per contraction; also, the difference between EDV and ESV

anastomoses

an area where vessels unite to form interconnections that normally allow blood to circulate to a region even if there may be partial blockage in another branch

Most blood enters the ventricle during ________. -atrial systole -atrial diastole -ventricular systole -isovolumic contraction

atrial diastole

In which septum is it normal to find openings in the adult? -interatrial septum -interventricular septum -atrioventricular septum -all of the above

atrioventricular septum

Which primitive area of the heart will give rise to the right ventricle? -bulbus cordis -primitive ventricle -sinus venosus -truncus arteriosus

bulbus cordis

The influx of which ion accounts for the plateau phase? -sodium -potassium -chloride -calcium

calcium

The two tubes that eventually fuse to form the heart are referred to as the ________. -primitive heart tubes -endocardial tubes -cardiogenic region -cardiogenic tubes

cardiogenic tubes

systemic circuit

carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body

pulmonary circuit

carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and returns it to the heart

The first heart sound represents which portion of the cardiac cycle? -atrial systole -ventricular systole -closing of the atrioventricular valves -closing of the semilunar valves

closing of the atrioventricular valves

Tetralogy of Fallot

congenital malformation involving four distinct heart defects

The ________ layer secretes chemicals that help to regulate ionic environments and strength of contraction and serve as powerful vasoconstrictors -pericardial sac -endocardium -myocardium -epicardium

endocardium

Which of the following is not important in preventing backflow of blood? -chordae tendineae -papillary muscles -AV valves -endocardium

endocardium

coronary sinus

enlarged vessel on the posterior aspect of the heart that empties blood into the right atrium

Afterload

force the ventricles must develop to effectively pump blood against the resistance in the vessels

The earliest organ to form and begin function within the developing human is the ________. -brain -stomach -lungs -heart

heart

myocardial infarction

heart attack

The cardiovascular centers are located in which area of the brain? -medulla oblongata -pons -mesencephalon (midbrain) -cerebrum

medulla oblongata

pericardial sac

membrane that separates the heart from other mediastinal structures; consists of two distinct, fused sublayers: the fibrous pericardium and the parietal pericardium

Of the three germ layers that give rise to all adult tissues and organs, which gives rise to the heart? -ectoderm -endoderm -mesoderm -placenta

mesoderm

Myocardium

middle thickest layer of the heart composed of cardiac muscle cells

Which valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle? -mitral -tricuspid -pulmonary -aortic

mitral

Which portion of the ECG corresponds to repolarization of the atria? -P wave -QRS complex -T wave -none of the above: atrial repolarization is masked by ventricular depolarization

none of the above: atrial repolarization is masked by ventricular depolarization

patent ductus arteriosus

passageway between the aorta and the pulmonary artery remains open after birth

cardiac cycle

period of time between the onset of atrial contraction (atrial systole) and ventricular relaxation (ventricular diastole)

Systole

period of time when the heart muscle is contracting

Which chamber initially receives blood from the systemic circuit? -left atrium -left ventricle -right atrium -right ventricle

right atrium

atrial reflex (bainbridge reflex)

autonomic reflex that responds to stretch receptors in the atria that send impulses to the cardioaccelerator area to increase HR when venous flow into the atria increases

Diastole

period of time when the heart muscle is relaxed and the chambers fill with blood

Which component of the heart conduction system would have the slowest rate of firing? -atrioventricular node -atrioventricular bundle -bundle branches -Purkinje fibers

Purkinje fibers

endocardium

innermost layer of the heart wall

pectinate muscles

internal ridges of myocardium in right atrium and both auricles

The myocardium would be the thickest in the ________. -left atrium -left ventricle -right atrium -right ventricle

left ventricle

Which of the following lists the valves in the order through which the blood flows from the vena cava through the heart? -tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid, aortic semilunar -mitral, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid, aortic semilunar -aortic semilunar, pulmonary semilunar, tricuspid, bicuspid -bicuspid, aortic semilunar, tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar

tricuspid, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid, aortic semilunar

isovolumic contraction

initial phase of ventricular contraction in which tension and pressure in the ventricle increase, but no blood is pumped or ejected from the heart

epicardium

innermost layer of the serous pericardium and the outermost layer of the heart wall

The cardiac cycle consists of a distinct relaxation and contraction phase. Which term is typically used to refer ventricular contraction while no blood is being ejected? -systole -diastole -quiescent -isovolumic contraction

isovolumic contraction