Ch 2

A critical message of the contingency theory is that ______.

"there is no one best way to organize"

Which three of the following were the Gilbreths' main goals? (Choose three responses.)

-Break up tasks into the individual components necessary to accomplish them -Reorganize each component action so that the action as a whole can be performed more efficiently -Find better ways to perform each component action

Which of the following are principles developed by Frederick W. Taylor to increase efficiency in the workplace? (Check all that apply.)

-Establish an acceptable level of performance for a task and develop a pay system that rewards performance. -Select workers who possess skills and abilities that match the needs of the task and train them on the rules. -Study the way workers perform their tasks and experiment with ways to improve how tasks are performed. -Codify the new methods of performing tasks into written rules and standard operating procedures.

The benefits of scientific management include which of the following management practices? (Choose all that apply.)

-Linking people and tasks by the speed of the production line -Achieving the right mix of worker-task specialization

Which of the following are mathematical techniques often utilized in quantitative management? (Choose all that apply.)

-Modeling -Queuing theory -Nonlinear programming -Linear programming -Chaos theory

Which of the following describes what workers experienced as a result of selective implementation of scientific management? (Choose all that apply.)

-Monotonous and repetitive work -Increased workloads for the same pay -Fewer jobs and more layoffs

What should be the goal of reward systems? (Choose all that apply.)

-To be feasible for the organization to implement -To be fair to the employees

Groups and teams can cooperate with management to raise performance or thwart any attempts to do so. Therefore, as the Hawthorne studies suggested, it is important to understand that the feelings, thoughts, and behaviors of which two groups can affect performance? (Choose all that apply.)

-Work-group members -Management

Weber believed that if organizations implemented all five of the principles of bureaucracy, the organization would: (Choose all that apply.)

-make it easier for managers to organize and control the work of subordinates. -further promote the interests of the organization. -reduce stress throughout the organization. -encourage organizational members to act ethically. -improve managers' feelings of security.

The elements of discipline include: (Choose all that apply.)

-obedience. -energy. -respect for authority.

According to contingency theory, the characteristics of the organizational environment affect: (Choose all that apply.)

-the type of control system chosen. -how managers design the organizational hierarchy. -how managers lead and motivate their employees.

Behavioral management is the study of how managers should personally behave: (Choose all that apply.)

-to encourage employees to perform at high levels. -to motivate employees to be committed to organizational goals.

Which was one of the results of discipline, according to Fayol?

A reliable workforce that would work toward organizational goals

What is the theory of management that examines how to create an organizational structure and control system that results in an organization that is highly efficient and effective?

Administrative

Which tool, created by Fayol, showed everyone's positions and duties within an organization?

An organizational chart

What is the study of how managers should behave for motivating employees, encouraging them to perform at high levels, and committing to achieving organizational goals?

Behavioral management

_______ is a formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness.

Bureaucracy

Which of Fayol's principles considers where authority should reside?

Centralization

What theory has the premise that there is no best way to organize and that the organizational structures and control systems that managers choose will be based on factors occurring in the the external environmental?

Contingency

During which stage does an organization transform inputs into outputs of finished goods and services?

Conversion

production refers to small workshops run by skilled workers who produce hand-manufactured products.

Craft

Which of the following are resources available in the organizational environment? (Choose all that apply.)

Customers who buy goods and services Raw materials Skilled people

Authority gives managers the power to make decisions regarding resources, both human and inanimate; however, it does not always hold managers accountable for themselves.

False

Theory Y managers believe that workers are lazy, dislike work and will try to do as little as possible.

False

True or false: A system that takes in resources from its external environment and converts them into goods and services that are then sent back to that environment for purchase by customers is a closed system.

False

True or false: Chiselers were individuals who performed above the group norm.

False

True or false: Chiselers, but not ratebusters, affected the work group as a whole, as determined in Mayo's and Roethlisberger's wiring room experiments.

False

True or false: Fayol believed that it was not important for organizations to encourage long-term employment.

False

True or false: Having a bureaucratic structure in an organization always leads to slow and inefficient decision-making and an inability to change.

False

True or false: Individuals who performed below the group norm were typically called ratebusters.

False

True or false: One of the major implications of the Hawthorne studies was that the behavior of managers and workers in the work setting is less important than the technical aspects of the task in explaining the level of performance.

False

True or false: Scientific management is a contemporary extension of management science theory.

False

True or false: Standard operating procedures are generalized guidelines about how to perform a certain aspect of a task.

False

True or false: The Gilbreths' goal was to make employees work harder for longer hours so that gains across tasks would add up to enormous savings of time and effort.

False

Which management theorist suggests drawing up agreements between organizations and employees to ensure that employees are treated fairly and are being rewarded for good performance?

Fayol

Whose theory purported that managers have the right to give orders and the power to exhort subordinates for obedience?

Fayol's 14 principles of management

Which theorist believed that whoever had the knowledge, whether it be the manager or the workers, should also have the authority in any given situation?

Follett

Which theorist proposed that employees with knowledge and expertise, not managers' formal authority deriving from their position in the hierarchy, should decide who will lead at any particular moment?

Follett

The finding that a manager's behavior or leadership approach can affect workers' level of performance is known as the ______ effect.

Hawthorne

What study suggests that workers' attitudes toward their managers affect the level of workers' performance?

Hawthorne effect

What is the movement that suggested training managers in behavioral leadership in order to encourage employee cooperation and increase their productivity?

Human relations

In a bureaucratic system, when specifying the best ways to accomplish organizational tasks or increase performance, behavioral guidelines must be set. Which of the following are not important to include when defining these guidelines? (Choose all that apply.)

Industry ratios Benchmarks

_______ authority derives from personal expertise, technical knowledge, moral worth, and the ability to lead and to generate commitment from subordinates.

Informal

What is it called when employees feel free to work independently and exercise their creativity?

Initiative

During which stage does an organization acquire resources?

Input

What does Theory Y contend about the role of the work environment?

It determines whether employees consider work to be a source of satisfaction or punishment.

What did Weber's fourth principle say about role of authority with regard to the hierarchical reporting structure?

It said that authority would be most effective when the reporting hierarchy was properly arranged.

Which theory is a contemporary approach to management that focuses on the use of rigorous quantitative techniques to help managers make maximum use of organizational resources to produce goods and services?

Management science

The idea that whoever has the knowledge, whether it be the manager or the workers, should also have the authority in that situation is characteristic of which management theorist?

Mary Parker Follett

Who developed the principles of bureaucracy, a formal system of organization that was designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness?

Max Weber

In establishing the two contrasting assumptions, Theory X and Theory Y, who was the theorist who created an approach to understanding managers' attitudes within organizations as well as their behaviors?

McGregor

Theories X and Y, the contrasting assumptions about how managers' behaviors and attitude dominate within an organization, was developed by ______.

McGregor

What type of management gives managers a set of techniques so they can analyze an organization's production system and increase efficiency?

Operations

Which branch of management science theory gives mangers a set of techniques to analyze any aspect of an organization's production system to increase efficiency?

Operations management

Which of Fayol's principles meant the methodical arrangement of positions to provide employees with career opportunities that satisfy their needs?

Order

What organizational structure promotes collaboration among employees and loosely defined roles with responsibilities?

Organic

Which type of structure reacts more quickly to a changing environment?

Organic

What are the two factors that are examined in the administrative management theory when trying to create an organization that is highly efficient and effective?

Organizational structure and control systems

Which principle of bureaucracy states that managers' formal authority stem from their positions within an organization?

Principle 1

Which branch of management science theory uses mathematical techniques such as linear and nonlinear programming, modeling, and chaos theory to help managers make decisions?

Quantitative management

Which of the following are considered branches of management science theory? (Choose all that apply.)

Quantitative management Operations management Total quality management Management information systems

______ focuses on matching people and tasks to maximize efficiency.

Scientific management

Who partnered with Burns to identify the two ways managers can organize and control an organization's activities: (1) through a mechanistic structure or (2) through an organic structure?

Stalker

Management science theory is really an extension of whose theory of management that relied on measuring worker tasks to improve efficiency?

Taylor

What is tenure?

The length of employment

According to _______, it is the manager's responsibility to create a work setting that encourages employee commitment to organizational goals and gives employees opportunities to innovate and show initiative.

Theory Y

Which theory is a set of positive assumptions about workers that leads to the conclusion that a manager's task is to create an environment that encourages commitment to organizational goals and provides opportunities for workers to be imaginative and to exercise initiative and self-direction?

Theory Y

Which theory suggests that it is the manager's task to create a work setting that encourages commitment to organizational goals and provides opportunities for workers to exercise self-direction?

Theory Y

True or false: During the Hawthorne studies, the relay assembly test experiments were designed to investigate how aspects of the work environment, such as hours of work and the number and length of rest periods, affect performance.

True

True or false: Much of Follett's writing about management and the way management should behave toward workers was a response to her concern that Taylor was ignoring the human side of the organization.

True

True or false: Resources in the organizational environment include raw materials, skilled people, and the support of groups, including customers who buy these goods and services and provide the organization with financial resources.

True

True or false: The Hawthorne studies suggested it is important to understand that the feelings, thoughts, and behaviors of both the work-group members and management affect performance.

True

According to which management theorist did the Fourth Principle of Bureaucracy reason that authority is most effective when there is a hierarchical arrangement of jobs so that the reporting structure is clear for both managers and their employees?

Weber

What did Max Weber have in mind when he wrote Principle 3?

When employees know exactly what is expected of them, companies can hold them entirely responsible for their actions.

Mary Parker Follett would argue which of the following? (Choose all that apply.)

Workers should be involved in the work development process. Workers should be involved in job analysis.

Theory suggests that managers should closely supervise employees to maintain control over the worker's behaviors and minimize the worker's control over the pace of work.

X

The Hawthorne effect suggests that managers' behavior toward their employees ______.

affects the level of a worker's performance

Weber believed that the implementation of ______ of his five principles of bureaucracy would (a) make it easier for managers to organize and control the work of subordinates, (b) improve managers' feelings of security, (c) reduce stress, (d) encourage organizational members to act ethically, and (e) further promote the interests of the organization.

all

During the conversion stage, the organization's workforce uses ______ to transfer inputs into outputs. (Choose all that apply.)

appropriate techniques appropriate tools appropriate machinery

According to Fayol, _____ should not be concentrated at the top of the chain of command.

authority

According to the text, ______ is defined as the power to hold people accountable for their actions and to make decisions concerning the use of organizational resources. This gives managers the right to direct and control their subordinates' behavior to achieve organizational goals.

authority

Managers have the formal ______ to direct and control their subordinates' behavior to achieve organizational goals.

authority

The power to hold people accountable for their actions and to make decisions concerning the use of organizational resources is called ______.

authority

Weber's third principle of bureaucracy states that managers and workers understand what is expected of them and what to expect from each other when their tasks and are clearly specified.

authority

Fayol's principle of ______ gives managers the informal power to use their personal expertise, technical knowledge, and moral worth in order to lead their subordinates to commit to the organization.

authority and responsibility

The first principle of Max Weber's ______ theory explains how a manager's formal authority derives from the position he or she holds in an organization.

bureaucracy

The term "______" was originally defined by Weber as a formal system of organization and administration designed to ensure efficiency and effectiveness.

bureaucracy

Weber's third principle of ______ helps clarify for managers and workers what is expected of them and what to expect from each other by clearly specifying the tasks and authority associated with various positions in the organization.

bureaucracy

While this type of a structure is meant to increase efficiency, a(n) ______ can result in slow and inefficient decision-making, inability to change, and a lack of flexibility when poorly managed.

bureaucracy

A high concentration of authority figures within the managerial hierarchy is called .

centralization

According to Roethlisberger and Mayo, when employees performed below what is expected according to the group norm, they were referred to as .

chiselers

In Mayo's and Roethlisberger's bank wiring room experiments, they determined that both ratebusters and affect the performance of the work group as a whole.

chiselers

A system that is self-contained and, thus, not affected by changes occurring in its external environment is known as a system.

closed

Theory X suggests that managers should _______.

closely supervise employees to maintain control

The idea that organizational structures and control systems are chosen based on characteristics of the external environment is a characteristic of _______ theory.

contingency

According to organizational environment theory, input, ______, and output are the three stages in an open system.

conversion

In the open systems view, an organization transforms its inputs into outputs of finished goods and services during the ______ stage, the second stage in the process.

conversion

A system of small workshops run by skilled workers who produced hand-manufactured products was called ______.

crafts production

Ellie Rollin's manager has been in a horrendous mood since the third quarter report came out. No matter what she does, the feedback from her manager is discouraging. According to the Hawthorne effect, Ellie's work performance is likely to ______.

decrease

Unity of ______ results in an effective organization where activities are focused and individuals and groups have a unified plan for using organizational resources.

direction

Fayol believed that ______ was a necessary force that allowed managers to build workforces that were reliable, hardworking, and respectful towards other within the organization.

discipline

According to the assumptions of Theory X, managers believe that workers: (Choose all that apply.)

do not like work. do not have ambition. want to do as little as possible.

Based on his experiments and observations, Frederick W. Taylor developed four principles to increase ______ in the workplace.

efficiency

In order to achieve enormous savings of time and effort, the Gilbreths' goal was to maximize ______ in how individual tasks were being performed across tasks.

efficiency

The tendency of a closed system to lose its ability to control itself and thus to dissolve and disintegrate is referred to as ______.

entropy

When a closed system can no longer sustain itself, its tendency to dissolve and disintegrate is called .

entropy

According to Fayol's 14 principles of management, remuneration of personnel states that rewards to employees should be ______.

equitable

Fayols' principle of ______ states that all organizational members are entitled to justice, impartiality, and fairness.

equity

An important factor in an organization's ______ environment that affects an organization's ability to obtain resources is the degree to which the environment is changing.

external

The organizational environment refers to how managers control their organization's relationship with its ______ environment.

external

When scientific management techniques were used, workers learned that increased job performance often meant ______.

fewer jobs and more layoffs

Which of Weber's principles addresses managers' responsibilities for creating a well-defined system of rules, standard operating procedures, and norms for effectively controlling behavior in an organization?

fifth

Weber's ______ principle of bureaucracy is especially useful in organizations dealing with sensitive issues with possible major repercussions because the organizational hierarchy allows managers to be able to hold subordinates accountable for their actions.

fourth

The ______ approach is a management approach that advocates the idea that a manager's attitude toward employees can affect productivity; the self-fulfilling prophecy is an example.

human relations

The ______ movement advocates that supervisors should receive behavioral training in order to manage subordinates in a way that elicits their cooperation.

human relations

The ________ movement advocates for managers to be trained to supervise their staff in a way that will engender their cooperation and increase their productivity.

human relations

Max Weber (1864-1920) wrote at the turn of the 20th century, when Germany was undergoing its _______ revolution.

industrial

Fayol's principle of ______ suggests that superior managers are those who are able to strike a balance between keeping order in their departments and encouraging skilled employees to work independently.

initiative

Innovation and creativity could not occur within organizations if employees didn't take by trying something new.

initiative

The three stages in an open system are ______, ______, and ______. (Choose all that apply.)

input output conversion

During the first stage, referred to as the stage, an organization acquires resources.

inputs

Fayol suggested that workers be given more ______ in order to counteract the boredom that many workers feel arising from too much specialization.

job duties

Adam Smith found that having employees focus on one task instead of many was more successful than having them learn a number of different tasks. In other words, he believed that ______ would lead to more successful organizational performance.

job specialization

Workers resisted scientific management by withholding job knowledge from their managers to protect their ______ and pay.

jobs

Mary Parker Follett proposed that authority should go with ______, not necessarily with the managers because of their position.

knowledge

Frederick W. Taylor believed that if the amount of time and effort each worker exerts to produce a good or service can be reduced by increasing specialization in the division of , the production process will become more efficient.

labor

Fayol was known for his many contributions to management theory, but one of his claims to fame was to be the first to ______.

limit the length of the chain of command

One focus of the ______ theory is that managers must use rigorous quantitative techniques in order to make maximum use of organizational resources to produce goods and services.

management science

The branches of ______ theory include quantitative management, operations management, and management information systems.

management science

Under the assumptions of Theory Y, it is the role of the ______ to create a work setting that encourages commitment to organizational goals and provides opportunities for workers to be imaginative and to exercise initiative and self-direction.

manager

Fredrick W. Taylor, who is best known for defining the techniques of scientific management, was a ____ manager.

manufacturing

A relatively closed organizational structure in which authority is centralized, tasks and rules are clearly specified, and employees are closely supervised is a(n) ______ structure.

mechanistic

Tracy's company put into place a new ______ organizational structure to make management more centralized, rules more daunting, and supervision much more confining. As a result, Tracy feels a lack of freedom and creativity, but her manager explained that the new structure was intended to establish stability.

mechanistic

When they were unable to inspire workers to accept the new scientific management techniques for performing tasks, managers increased the ______ of tasks, such as using an assembly line, to combat the loss in productivity.

mechanization

One way managers increased worker performance was through the ________, such as introducing the assembly line. This helped overcome loss in productivity when they were unable to inspire workers to accept the new scientific management techniques for performing tasks.

mechanization of tasks

The first issue that management theorists wanted to know about was why the new machine shops and factory systems were ______ and produced greater quantities of goods and services than older, crafts-style production operations.

more efficient

The degree of change in the external environment is important, especially in media-related fields; for example, the creation of a new product may mean the ______ of an older, competing product.

obsolescence

Adam Smith found that factory workers in a pin making factory who specialized in ______ tasks were more efficient and performed better than those who performed all of the tasks required.

only one or a few

A system that takes in resources from its external environment and converts them into goods and services that are then sent back to that environment for purchase by customers is a(n) ______ system.

open

Customers may purchase goods and services from companies that use a(n) __________, when the companies use resources from the external environment and then transform them and bring them to market.

open system

While a(n)______ system may be impacted by floods or drought, a(n)_______ system is not impacted by the external environment.

open; closed

A benefit of a(n) organization is that it can react more quickly to changing environments.

organic

A more open organizational structure in which authority is decentralized to middle and first-line managers and tasks and roles are left ambiguous to encourage employees to cooperate and respond quickly to the unexpected is an ______ structure.

organic

Burns and Stalker identified two types of structures through which managers can organize and control an organization's activities, including: (Choose all that apply.)

organic mechanistic

According to Fayol, the interests of the ______ must take precedence over the interests of the ______.

organization; individual

Fayol suggested companies use charts as a method of providing order and structure in an organization.

organizational

The set of forces and conditions that are external to an organization's boundaries, but that affect a manager's ability to purchase and use resources is referred to as the ______ environment.

organizational

During the stage, an organization releases finished goods and services to the external environment.

output

What is the the last stage of the open-view system, referred to as the _____ stage, in which an organization releases finished goods and services to the external environment?

output

The goal of the Hawthorne studies was to raise ______.

productivity

The goal of the relay assembly test experiments was to increase ______.

productivity

Management science theory is an approach to management that uses rigorous ______ techniques to help managers make maximum use of organizational resources.

quantitative

Employees who violated group performance norms and performed above the norm were referred to as ______.

ratebusters

When people perform above the group norm, they are considered _______.

ratebusters

In the ______ experiments, researchers investigated how aspects of the work environment, such as hours of work and the number and length of rest periods, affect performance.

relay assembly test

According to Max Weber's principles of bureaucracy, an organization can hold all of its employees strictly accountable for their actions when they know their exact ______.

responsibilities

The type of formal, written instructions, or ______, detail actions to be taken when circumstances are different from what they are at present in order to achieve specific goals.

rules

When an employee acts in a specific way in a certain circumstance because of formal, written instructions, his or her behavior results from following ______.

rules

Rank the following theories of management from the oldest to the most recent, with the oldest theory at the top.

science admin behavior management organization

According to F.W. Taylor, ______ management is the systematic study of relationships between people and tasks for the purpose of redesigning the work process to increase efficiency.

scientific

By combining two management practices, achieving the right mix of worker-task specialization and linking people and tasks by the speed of the production line, ______ management resulted in benefits for the organization.

scientific

Frederick W. Taylor is best known for defining the techniques of management.

scientific

Ineffective implementation of the management theory resulted in disadvantages to workers, including Increased workloads for the same pay, increased layoffs, and monotonous and repetitive work.

scientific

The management science theory is a contemporary extension of ______ management.

scientific

When managers study the relationships between people and tasks so that they can redesign the work process to increase efficiency, they are using ______ management.

scientific

An organization that lacks a unity of direction does not have a(n) ______ plan, which, according to Fayol, leads to an organization that is inefficient, ineffective, unfocused, and working at cross-purposes.

single

When individual workers begin to focus on particular tasks, a division of labor takes place called job . (Enter one word.)

specialisation

Fayol was the first to point out the downside of _________.

specialization

Frederick W. Taylor believed that if the amount of time and effort that each worker expends to produce a unit of output can be reduced by increasing ______ and the division of labor, the production process will become more efficient.

specialization

Specific sets of written instructions about how to perform a certain aspect of a task are called ______.

standard operation procedures

The Gilbreths refined Taylor's work in the area of ______.

the analysis of work movement

Weber's fourth principle allows managers to hold subordinates accountable for their actions because ______.

the company is organized as a hierarchy of authority.

Standard operating procedures (SOPs), rules, and norms are important in a bureaucratic system because _____.

they guide performance by specifying the best ways to accomplish tasks

Fayol's principle of equity addresses ______.

treating all members of the organization with respect

Weber's fifth principle of bureaucracy states, "Managers must create a(n) ______ system of rules, standard operating procedures, and norms so that they can effectively control behavior within an organization."

well-defined