Ch. 2 Old Worlds, New Worlds

With whom did the Portuguese establish partnerships in Africa?

High-ranking Africans on the coast.

What did Europeans introduce to the New World?

Horses; hogs; bananas

One of Martin Luther's most revolutionary doctrines was "justification by_______ alone," or the belief that salvation was available simply through God's grace.

faith

The expedition of Hernan de Soto was notable for its

brutal treatment of natives.

The Spanish empire in the New World was governed primarily by

bureaucrats.

The mines in the Spanish New World were worked

by black slaves, white workers, and Indians.

Changes to the European banking and financial system helped create a pool of _______, which in turn catalyzed trading ventures and overseas expansions.

capital

New ships called _______ allowed the Portuguese to sail down Africa's western coast with greater speed.

caravels

On his second voyage, Columbus was less concerned with trade and more interested in

colonizing the islands.

After creating the Church of England, King Henry VIII made the shrewd political decision to

name himself the head of the church.

The term historians use to describe the reciprocal transfer of plants, animals, and humans between the Old and New Worlds is the

"Colombian Exchange."

What was civilization like for early modern Europe?

-For most people, life was brutal, dangerous, and short. -Nobles and aristocrats enjoyed incomes hundreds of times larger than those of commoners. -The authority of local lords over their lands was nearly absolute.

What precent did early English conquests in Europe set?

A willingness to treat natives cruelly.

What was the first continent to experience Europe's expansionist activities?

Africa

Who controlled sub-Saharan African trade routes in the 15th century?

African kingdoms.

The ___________ and the growth of the ottoman empire reduced Portuguese access to traditional sources of slave labor for their sugar plantations.

Black Death

Christopher Columbus believed that the fastest route to _______ was to the west.

China

Where did European investors establish new sugar plantations in the 12th century?

Eastern Mediterranean Islands.

True of False: By the time the Spanish conquistadors arrived, the Aztecs had firm control over all of the city-state in central Mexico.

False

True or False: In the 14th and 15th centuries, Europe had low levels of infant mortality.

False

The nation where some of the worst violence associated with the religious wars of the 16th century took place in _______, where the persecution of the Huguenots occurred.

France

The artist ___________, who was appointed governor of the second Roanoke colony, hoped his leadership would allow settlers and Indians to coexist peacefully.

John White

What does not represent a cultural advantage of the Spanish over the Aztecs?

Knowledge of diseases.

Summarize Calvin's and Luther's views on the role of Christians in society.

Luther believed that Christians should accept the existing social order, whereas Calvin taught that they should reshape society.

Unlike the benevolent and merciful God of the reformer ___________, the God of the theologian John Calvin was omnipotent and controlling.

Martin Luther

What were some positive results of the bubonic plague?

More available land; increased wages; lower prices.

What was not a major reason for early Spanish explorers interest in the lands and peoples of the New World?

Opportunities to develop trade relations with the natives.

The dominant Islamic empire during the 14th and 15th centuries was the _______ empire.

Ottoman

What was slavery like in medieval Europe?

Owning slaves was a status symbol; slaves often came from Slavic lands, hence the word slave; slaves were typically female.

What was an important African commodity?

Pepper.

Prince Henry "the Navigator" of ___________ was the driving force of his kingdom's overseas ventures in the 15th century.

Portugal

What characteristics did the Aztec and Spanish civilizations share?

Powerful noble and priestly classes; large cities; a largely rural and agriculture population; merchants; skilled craftsmen and guilds; expansionist aims.

Why did royal geographers in Portugal reject Columbus's plan for a westward voyage?

They knew that the Earth was round but believed (correctly) that it was much larger than Columbus estimated.

One of the advantages that allowed the Spanish to intimidate and eventually defeat the Aztecs was

advanced metal weaponry.

The cruelties of the Spanish fueled the belief that American Indians would welcome the English as

liberators.

In his plea to the queen to settle America, the English clergyman Richard Kakluyt made all of the following arguments except

that it was important to counter the growing French threat.

Francisco Vazquez de Coronado's expedition to what is now the southwestern U.S., undertaken for the purpose of locating vast stores of wealth, resulted in the European discovery of

the Grand Canyon.

Which era marked the shift from slave to serf labor in Europe?

the Middle Ages

Juan Ponce de Leon landed in what is now the state of _______ on the North American continent.

Florida

In 1519 the Spanish conquistador __________ made the first European contact with the Aztecs, who ruled a vast empire in what is now Mexico.

Hernan Cortes

The wealthiest and most advanced country in the world in the mid-15th century was

China.

True of False: Although the Protestant Reformation created great upheavals in Europe, it had little effect in the New World.

False.

True or False: Folling the conquest of the New World, people from Spain immigrated in large numbers.

False.

True or False: The fear of a native revolt in the colony of Roanoke led English settlers to appease the natives.

False.

True or False: The native inhabitants of Virginia were not exposed to European people or commodities until Walter Raleigh's 1584 expedition.

False.

The European trend toward the expansion of royal power began in

France, Spain, and England.

When has slavery been an important element of the world labor market?

From ancient times to the present.

Ferdinand and Isabella agreed to support the voyage of Columbus after they completed the reconquista, which was achieved when they took the kingdom of _______ in 1492.

Granada

Vasco da Gama was the first European explorer to reach _______ by sea.

India

The struggle to subdue and colonize _______ set the stage for later English efforts to conquer parts of the New World.

Ireland

What was the primary reason that 12th century European investors moved their sugar plantations to a new location?

Islamic fighters had taken Jerusalem.

The Christian conflict in Europe known as the Protestant _______ embroiled European kingdoms in disputes that distracted them form schemes of colonization and conquest.

Reformation

What is most accurate about the overall history of slavery?

Slavery has existed throughout human history and has taken various forms.

What did the survivors of the Panfilo de Narvaez expedition experience at the hands of Indians on the Gulf of Mexico?

Slavery.

What killed the most American Indians in the early years of European colonization?

Smallpox

Invented in the Islamic world and refined by the Portuguese, the _______ improved navigation by calculating a ship's position with a high degree of accuracy.

astrolabe

One of the consequences of Hernan de Soto's venture into North America was the

decentralization of native chiefdoms.

By the mid-16th century, the Spanish empire had

defeated the great civilizations of the Americas.

In the eyes of Europeans explorers, inhabitants of the Caribbean, unlike those in Africa were

docile.

One of Martin Luther's more radical beliefs was that

everyone should read the Bible.

During the 13th century one of the ways that the Catholic Church expanded its influence and wealth was through the sale of _______, which promised to shorten the time spent in purgatory after death.

indulgences

In the 95 theses, Martin Luther agreed that the Roman Catholic church's practice of selling _______ was corrupt and irrelevant to eternal salvation.

indulgences

One of the lasting consequences of the Protestant Reformation was that

it led to religious schisms.

Sugar was difficult to produce for all of the following reasons except

it only grew on tropical islands.

Early modern Europe was volatile because of its

rampant crime.

Two members of the 1584 expedition to Virginia produced a text that

served as a key source of information on North America and its people.

Much of Spain's imperial wealth came from _______ mines in Mexico and Peru.

silver

Virgin-soil epidemics, which occurred frequently in the New World, were devastating outbreaks of disease in which

the afflicted people had never before been exposed.

The competition between Protestants and Catholics in the 16th century in the New World led to

the founding of Spanish Florida to counteract the threat of French Protestants.

The Roanoke expected to benefit from the arrival of the English but were disappointed when

the settlers' demand for food and supplies grew increasingly strident.

The English justified their conquest of neighboring lands by arguing that

their civilization and Protestant religion were superior.

While intent of protecting their interests, the Africans were also eager to _______ with the Portuguese.

trade