CH 21 - Exam Study

A patient with lymphangitis presents with visible red lines on the skin that are tender to the touch. The best explanation for this sign is that

) the vasa vasorum on the surface of infected lymph vessels has become inflamed and congested with blood.

4 functions of the spleen

-Graveyard for RBC -White pulp: bloodborne antigens destroyed, immune function of spleen -Red pulb: surrounds white pulp, composed of splenic sinuses & splenic cords -dispose worn out RBCs

during activation, what cells present antigens to the lymphocytes and what do the lymphocytes (both B & T) produce

-Macrophage or dentritic cell (found on skin) -produces clones of effector & memory cells (like wanted poster) ex. if you get chicken pox, you become immune to it because of this process

name the 2 lymph ducts

-Thoracic duct -right lymphatic duct

name 2 primary lymphoid organs

-bone marrow -thymus

name 3 locations with superficial lymph nodes

-cervical region -axillary region -inguinal region

what do lymph nodes do

-filter germs out of lymph -Collect pathogens and dead cells

name the 5 major lymph trunks

-lumbar trunks -intestinal trunk -bronchomediastinal trunks -subclavian trunks -jugular trunks

name 5 secondary lymphoid organs

-lymph nodes -spleen -tonsils -aggregated lymphoid nodules -appendix

what are antigens

-molecules inducing a response from a lymphocyte (to recognize who to attack (id tag)

what is its main function of the immune system

-recognizes specific foreign molecules -destroys pathogens effectively

what are lacteals, where are they located, & what is the chyle that it receives

-specialized lymphatic capillaries -located in villi of small intestines -receives digested fats (picks up fat)

what is the specific order of the lymphatic vessels in which lymph flows

1. lymph capillaries 2. collecting lymphatic vessels 3. lymph trunks 4. lymph ducts

Identify the letter indicating where lymph collected from the right arm enters the bloodstream.

A

Identify the letter indicating where most nutrient and waste exchange occurs between the tissue and blood.

A

Identify the letter indicating lymph nodes that direct lymph fluid to the jugular trunks.

B

Identify the letter indicating the smallest lymphatic vessel that collects lymph in the peripheral tissue.

B

The immune system cell type that is preferentially destroyed by the Epstein-Barr virus in mononucleosis is the

B lymphocyte.

The Epstein-Barr virus (which causes mononucleosis) preferentially destroys which of these cell types?

B lymphocytes.

Identify the letter indicating a vessel which carries oxygenated blood to peripheral tissues.

C

Identify the letter indicating the large lymph vessel that drains three

C

The HIV that causes AIDS infects immune cells that have the surface protein called________.

CD4

Identify the letter indicating the structure located on the surface of L1 and L2 vertebrae, which is the first to receive lymph from both the lumbar and intestinal trunks.

D

Identify the letter that indicates collagen fibers that anchor lymphatic capillaries to surrounding connective tissue.

D

Identify the letter indicating inguinal lymph nodes that filter lymph from the lower limbs.

E

Identify the letter that indicates the unique arrangement of endothelial cells that make up lymphatic capillaries.

E

If lymphatic vessels are surgically removed, the resulting edema is permanent because these vessels cannot regenerate.

FALSE

Lacteals are the micro-valves present in lymph collecting vessels.

FALSE

Lymph capillaries have minivalves which prevent pathogens from entering the lymphatic circulation.

FALSE

Lymph is propelled through the lymph vessels by the force of the heartbeat.

FALSE

The spleen atrophies during adulthood.

FALSE

The subclavian trunks drain lymph from the brain, head, and neck.

FALSE

The thoracic duct is present in only about 20% of people.

FALSE

A person with many enlarged lymph nodes that do not feel tender or sore is most likely to have

Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Which of the following statements about the right lymph duct is false?

It empties into the thoracic duct.

Tumor-like lesions of the skin and some internal organs caused by a type of herpes virus describes ________.

Kaposi's sarcoma

________ are lymphatic structures that collect fat-laden fluids from the intestinal tract.

Lacteals

Lymphoid tissue associated with the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts.

MALT

One location where lymphoid tissue is found is "in the frequently infected mucous membranes of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts." Specifically, this refers to

MALT.

what blood vessels do the lymph ducts deliver lymph to

R jugular & subclavian veins

By secreting hormones, the thymus causes which cells to become immunocompetent?

T lymphocytes

where do T vs. B lymphocytes go to become mature/immunocompetent

T: goes to thymus (some stay in bone marrow) B: stay at bone marrow

Deep lymphatic collecting vessels of the abdominal cavity travel alongside deep arteries.

TRUE

Epithelial cells within the thymus secrete hormones that are important to lymphocyte development.

TRUE

In order to activate lymphocytes, bacteria must penetrate the epithelium of tonsils.

TRUE

Lymph transports fats absorbed from the small intestine to the vena cava.

TRUE

Lymphangitis is inflammation of a lymphatic vessel.

TRUE

The thymus increases in mass through childhood and then atrophies during adulthood.

TRUE

The thymus is the only lymphatic organ that does not directly fight antigens.

TRUE

Vaccination mimics acquired immunity.

TRUE

what is apoptosis

The process of programmed cell death

Which of these statements regarding lymph capillaries is false?

They have precapillary sphincters that regulate drainage of lymph from tissues.

which lymphatic organ does not fight antigens directly

Thymus

which lymphatic organ atrophies with age

Thymus, functional tissue atrophies with age

what simple lymphatic organ is located in the pharynx

Tonsils

Which of the following might explain why most people are sick more often as children than as adults in their 20s through 50s?

We build up many varieties of memory lymphocytes during childhood, providing immunity to more and more antigens during adulthood.

Is it possible for lymphocytes to gain immunocompetence in the thymus of an 82-year-old person?

Yes, but fewer than in youth.

A lymphoid nodule is

a cluster of densely packed lymphocytes.

Lymph vessels drain lymph from all the lymphoid organs (simply because lymph vessels drain almost all organs of the body). However, lymph vessels enter (empty into) only one type of lymphoid organ. The only organ with such afferent lymph vessels is

a lymph node.

Lymphocyte ________ results in immune cells that have gained the ability to attack specific antigens.

activation

The distal region of the small intestine contains clumps of lymph follicles called

aggregated lymphoid follicles.

where is the aggregated lymphoid nodule vs. appendix located

aggregated lymphoid nodule located in distal part of small intestine (ileum) appendix- tubular offshoot of cecum

A bubo is

an infected lymph node containing a large number of pathogens that are trapped in the node but not destroyed.

B lymphocytes are to ________ as T lymphocytes are to ________.

antibodies; programmed cell death

Any molecule that induces an immune response from a lymphocyte is called a(n)

antigen.

Aggregated lymphoid nodules and the ________ contain dense concentrations oflymphoid tissue and are associated with the distal structures of the digestive tract.

appendix

what cell produces antibodies

b lymphocytes/plasma cells

The ________ prevents premature activation of immature thymic lymphocytes.

blood-thymus barrier

where do lymphocytes originate

bone marrow

The lymph trunk that drains the thoracic organs is called the

bronchomediastinal trunk.

Orders of Lymphatic Vessels

capillaries --> collecting vessels with nodes ---> trunks ---> cisterna ---> ducts which empty into veins

Lymphatic vessels perform all of the following functions except

carrying blood.

The thymus is most active during

childhood.

The lumbar and intestinal trunks unite at the ________ of the thoracic duct.

cisterna chyli

what is the function of lymphatic vessels

collects excess tissue fluid and blood proteins (that might have leaked out) from loose CT

The sinuses within lymph nodes

contain macrophages living along a reticular fiber network.

Blind-end invaginations of tonsil epithelium that trap bacteria and particulate matter.

crypts

Which cell has the responsibility of presenting foreign antigens to lymphocytes?

dendritic cell

Which cell type has the responsibility of presenting foreign antigens to lymphocytes?

dendritic cell

where is MALT (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue) found

digestive, urinary, respiratory and reproductive tracts

The largest kind of lymphatic vessel is a lymphatic

duct.

The largest type of lymphatic vessel is a lymphatic

duct.

Lymphatic vessels in the ________ collect cerebrospinal and interstitial fluid from the sub-arachnoid space.

dura mater

what do effector vs. memory cells do

effector- respond immediately, then die memory cells- they stick around, wait until body encounters antigen again -They wait until they see the bad guy again, then multiplies

Lymph leaves a lymph node via

efferent lymphatic vessels.

In a histological cross section through an artery, a vein, and a lymphatic vessel, one can recognize the lymphatic vessel because it

has the thinnest walls.

Which cell secretes cytokines that will stimulate the proliferation of other types of immune cells?

helper CD4+ T lymphocyte

The immune system cell type that is preferentially destroyed by the AIDS virus is the

helper T lymphocyte.

what systems is the thymus apart of

immature lymphocytes develop into T lymphocytes

Clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following sites except

in bones and bone marrow.

In lymph nodes, follicles are always located

in the cortex.

Lymphatic ducts deliver lymph to the cardiovascular system proximal to the

internal jugular and subclavian veins.

The lymph trunk that contains chyle and is unpaired is the

intestinal.

what is lymph and in what direction does it flow

its called lymph when found on tissue fluid within lymphatic vessels -flows toward the heart (1 direction)

The paired ________ drain lymph from the head and neck.

jugular trunks

Set of lymphatic capillaries that collect fat-laden fluids from the intestinal tract.

lacteals

The tonsil located on the posterior surface of the tongue is the ________ tonsil.

lingual

Which of the following is not classified as a lymphoid organ?

liver

Lymphatic capillaries are located near blood capillaries in the ________ connective tissue.

loose areolar

Lymphocytes attack antigens mostly in lymphoid organs (except the thymus) and in

loose connective tissue.

The paired lymph trunks that carry lymph from the lower limbs are the

lumbar trunks

Structures comprised of endothelial cells separated by flaplike minivalves that are opened as fluid accumulates in peripheral tissue describes

lymph capillaries

purpose of afferent lymphatic vessel

lymph enters here

purpose of efferent lymphatic vessel

lymph exits here

Small, bean-shaped organs abundant in the cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions.

lymph nodes

Which of the following is not a part of MALT?

lymphocytes in the spleen

Masses of lymphoid tissue within a lymph node.

lymphoid follicles

The lymphatic capillaries are

more permeable than blood capillaries.

MALT stands for

mucous associated lymphoid tissue

Given that a germinal center arises from a single activated lymphocyte, how many different kinds of antibodies are secreted by a single germinal center (and by the plasma cells it produces)?

one

The ________ tonsils are the ones most often infected and removed during a tonsillectomy.

palatine

Because the appendix is a narrow tube, it traps microorganisms from the digestive tract, and these microorganisms enter its wall and activate memory lymphocytes for long-term immunity. Another immune organ that traps microorganisms is the

palatine tonsil.

Which of the following cells are the largest producers of antibodies?

plasma cells

The bulges that give lymph vessels a string-of-beads appearance are really

pockets for valves.

Which of the following is not a normal component of lymph?

red blood cells

Lymphoid tissue is basically ________ connective tissue.

reticular

Large lymphatic vessel that if present, is comprised of the right subclavian trunk, right jugular trunk and right bronchomediastinal trunk.

right lymphatic duct

Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb?

right subclavian duct

Lymphatic capillaries are present in

skin.

Recycles red blood cells and initiates immune responses.

spleen

The ________ stores blood platelets.

spleen

The largest lymphoid organ.

spleen

Which of the following lymphoid structures have a hilum?

spleen and lymph nodes

Macrophages that destroy aged and defective blood cells from circulation are present in the ________ of the spleen.

splenic cords

purpose of capsule

surrounds lymph nodes

Edema is

the accumulation of excess tissue fluid in loose connective tissue.

In humans, B lymphocytes originate in

the bone marrow.

In humans, T lymphocytes originate in

the red bone marrow.

Which of the following lymphoid organs does not directly fight antigens?

the thymus

Lymph capillaries differ from blood capillaries in all of the following ways except that

their walls consist of endothelial cells.

Lymphoid tissue contains all of the following elements except

thick collagen fibers.

Begins at the cisterna chyli

thoracic duct

Blockage of the ________ would prevent drainage from both the intestinal and lumbar trunks.

thoracic duct

Duct of the lymphatic system that drains the body's entire lower half.

thoracic duct

drains three-quarters of the body

thoracic duct

Blockage of the ________ duct would prevent drainage only from the ________ and lumbar trunks.

thoracic; intestinal

T cells gain immunocompetence in this lymphoid organ.

thymus

The ________ is the site of T cell maturation.

thymus

The lymph organ that lies in the superior part of the thoracic mediastinum is the

thymus

The lymphoid organ that atrophies with age.

thymus

This organ has a superficial cortex filled with lymphocytes and an inner medulla with few lymphocytes and a sizable number of degenerating epithelial reticular cells.

thymus

Two-lobed lymphoid organ located posterior to the sternum.

thymus

All of the following mechanisms help move lymph through the lymphatic vessels except

tiny lymph hearts.

The main function of the lymphatic system is to return excess ________ back into the blood vascular system.

tissue fluid

Congestion of the tonsils with bacteria results in ________.

tonsillitis

Lymphoid organs located in the mucosal lining of the pharynx.

tonsils

) Crypts of the tonsils

trap bacteria and particulate matter.

The crypts of the tonsils

trap bacteria and particulate matter.

The tonsils located just behind the openings of the pharyngotympanic tubes in the pharynx are the ________ tonsils.

tubal

The muscular ________of the lymphatic vessels contract(s) to help propel the lymph.

tunica media

Lymphoid tissues that enclose the central arteries of the spleen are collectively called________.

white pulp

In the spleen, lymphoid tissue is confined to the

white pulp.