Ch. 22 APUSH Vocab

Monroe Doctrine

(1823) A political policy of the United States by President James Monroe that states the Western Hemisphere is closed to European interference.

Roosevelt Corollary

(TR) , Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force, first put into effect in Dominican Republic

WIB

(War Industries Board) United States government agency established on July 28, 1917, during World War I, to coordinate the purchase of war supplies. The organization encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency and urged them to eliminate waste by standardizing products. The board set production quotas and allocated raw materials.

CPI

(consumer price index) a measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer

Abrams v US

- upheld Sedition Act

Henry Cabot Lodge

Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations

Open Door

1899--· Spheres of influence limited US access to the Chinese market. Secretary of State John Hay therefore recommended a policy that would allow all nations equal trading rights in China. He sent letters to the European powers asking that they accept this policy

Espionage Act

1917 This law, passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection.

Influenza Pandemic

1918 global outbreak of influenza, a highly contagious viral infection, killing as many as 30 million people worldwide.

Sedition Act

1918 law that made it illegal to criticize the government

Panama Canal

A 10-mile strip of land across Panama for $10 million and an annual rent of $250,000. As one of the great engineering feats of the time, it reduced shipping costs by cutting more than 7,000 miles and helped extend U.S. naval power by allowing the fleets to move between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Schenck vs. US

A 1919 decision upholidng the conviction of a socialist who had urged young men to resist the draft during WW1. Justice holmes declared that gov't can limit speech if the speech provokes a "clear and present danger" of substantive evils.

Zimmermann telegram

A January 1917 telegram sent by German foreign minister Alfred Zimmermann to the German ambassador to Mexico, discussing a secret plan to bait Mexico into attacking the United States. Under the plan, Germany intended to offer Mexico financial incentives to attack the United States, as well as military support to help Mexico retake its former territories of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. British intelligence intercepted the telegram, which was eventually published in the American press, sparking an uproar that shifted American public opinion in favor of entering the war.

Pancho Villa

A Mexican peasant rebel leader who sought to overthrow the Mexican government and stop Venustiano Carranza from taking it over first, gathering an army in Northern Mexico and, in anger at President Wilson's support of Carranza, eventually terrorized Americans in Mexico and burned Columbus, New Mexico.

Prohibition

A law forbidding the sale of alcoholic beverages

Triple Entente

A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

Manchuria

A northern industrial province in China, invaded by the Japanese in 1931. From here the Japanese would launch an invasion of mainland China beginning in 1937.

Bolsheviks

A party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917.

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries politically, socially, and economically.

Militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

Red Scare

A social/political movement designed to prevent a socialist/communist/radical movement in this country by finding "radicals," incarcerating them, deporting them, and subverting their activities

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Alien Act

Act which allowed the President to deport immigrants without a trial.

Food rationing

All sides needed to restrict the amount of food civilians could purchase, since the army needed so much and there were so many farmers fighting that food production dropped off.

Triple Alliance

Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I.

AEF

American Expeditionary Force was the first American ground troops to reach the European front. Commanded by Pershing, they began arriving in France in the summer of 1917.

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria Hungary who was assassinated at Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand; his death was a main cause for World War I

V.I. Lenin

Believed in Marxist Socialism: 1) Believed capitalism must be destroyed. 2) A social revolution was possible in backward Russia. 3) The need for highly trained workers partly controlled by revolutionaries like himself.

Liberty bonds

Bonds sold by the United States government to raise money for WWI

Lusitanian

British passenger liner that was torpedoed and sunk on May 7, 1915 with a loss of 1,198 lives including 128 Americans

Big Stick Diplomacy

Diplomatic policy developed by T.R where the "big stick" symbolizes his power and readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.

Irreconcilables

During World War I, senators William Borah of Idaho and Hiram Johnson of California, led a group of people who were against the United States joining the League of Nations. Also known as "the Battalion of Death". They were extreme isolationists and were totally against the U.S. joining the League of Nations.

FBI

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the primary investigative arm of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ), serving as both a federal criminal investigative body and a domestic intelligence agency.

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean. William Howard Taft's attempt to increase U.S. influence in Latin America using economic might rather than military might.

German U-boats

German submarines in WWI and WII which were most effective during naval blockade against enemy shipping, primary targets were from Canada, British empire and the US to Great Britain

John Dewey

He was a philosopher who believed in "learning by doing" which formed the foundation of progressive education. He believed that the teachers' goal should be "education for life and that the workbench is just as important as the blackboard."

Selective Service Act

Law passed by Congress in 1917 that required all men from ages 21 to 30 to register for the military draft

NAWSA

National American Woman Suffrage Association; founded in 1890 to help women win the right to vote

Article X

Part of the Treaty of Versaille that created the League of Nations

Moral Diplomacy

Policy adopted by President Woodrow Wilson that rejected the approach of "dollar diplomacy". Rather than focusing mainly on economic ties with other nations, Wilson's policy was designed to bring right principles to the world, preserve peace, and extend to other peoples the blessings of democracy.

American Neutrality

President Wilson sought to distance the US from WWI by issuing a proclamation of neutrality, Wilson's policy of neutrality was consistent with America's traditional policy of avoiding European entanglements, Wilson insisted that all belligerents respect American neutral rights on the high seas.

Wartime Economics

Prices keep going up and luxury goods like coffee are no longer affordable. August 1861: Congress passed first federal income tax, 3 percent on all incomes over $800 a year; increased tariff duties, comprehensive tax law brought tax collector into every community; excise fees taxed every occupation, commodity, service, income, inheritance, corporations, consumers

Self-determination

The ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will

Versailles Treaty

The compromise after WW1, settled land and freedom disputes. Germany had to take full blame for the war in order for the treaty to pass, among other things. The US Senate rejected it.

Debs vs. US

Upholds Espionage Act.

Wilson's 14 Points

Woodrow Wilson's plan for post-war peace: no secret treaties; freedom of the seas; removal of economic barriers; reduction of arms; adjust colonial claims

Preparedness campaign

a campaign prior to U.S. entry into World War I (April 1917) to increase U.S. military capabilities and to convince the U.S. citizenry of the need for American involvement in the conflict. Almost immediately after the outbreak of hostilities in Europe, a small number of Americans—former president Theodore Roosevelt being among the most prominent—sought to persuade the Wilson administration and the population at large that the nation must prepare itself for war. The fate of occupied Belgium served as an example of what could happen to an unprepared nation. Roosevelt wrote two books on the subject, America and the World War (1915) and Fear God and Take Your Own Part (1916), that helped popularize the Preparedness Movement. Use propaganda.

Woman's Peace Party

an organization, established by a group of pacifist women in 1915 in response to World War I beginning in Europe, that called for arms limitations and mediation to take the place of combat in Europe

Wartime Labor

gave women, African Americans, and Mexican Americans the opportunity to enter the workforce

Causes of the Great War

imperialism, militarism, nationalism and alliances

Racism in the Military

only 1/5 of blacks see action, treated better by french than by americans

Great Migration and its impact

the movement of 6 million blacks out of the Southern United States to the Northeast, Midwest, and West; more jobs were taken, less resources, less space

Public Health

the practice of protecting and improving the health of people in a community

Women during WWI

worked in clerical jobs at gov't agencies; served as Red Cross nurses in Europe; worked in war industries factories; were less likely to serve in the US armed forces, and then only in non-combatant jobs (not in the actual fighting)