Ch 22 Inquizative

Which disease is caused by Campylobacter species? The symptoms are prodrome of fever and malaise leading to watery and bloody diarrhea and periumbilical abdominal pain. A complication is Guillain-Barré syndrome, which is a rare disorder in which the body's immune system attacks nerves.

-enterocolitis

There are many different strains of Escherichia coli. Some are part of our normal biota, whereas others are disease-causing pathogens. One such strain, E. coli O157:H7, is commonly associated with hamburger. This particular strain is known to have animal reservoirs and to cause serious illness. It is part of which category of diarrheagenic E. coli?

-enterohemorrhagic

Following ________ infection, a small portion of patients develop an ascending muscle weakness known as ________________________, which is an autoimmune disease.

Campylobacter Guillain-Barré syndrome

Which of the following provide natural defenses against infection of the oral cavity?

Correct Answer(s) -Saliva contains enzymes such as lysozyme. -The mucosa produces immunoglobulin A (IgA). Incorrect Answer(s) -Gingiva is impenetrable to microbes. -The pH of the small intestine is acidic.

Which of the following associations are correct?

Correct Answer(s) -Salivary glands are the infection site for mumps. -Mucous neck cells secrete both mucus and bicarbonate. Incorrect Answer(s) -Chief cells secrete hydrochloric acid. -Parietal cells secrete pepsin.

Which of the following microbes are Gram-positive organisms that cause diarrhea?

Correct: -C. difficile -S. aureus -L. monocytogenes -C. perfringens Incorrect: -E.Coli

Which of the following are true of rotavirus gastroenteritis?

Correct: -Children aged between 6 and 24 months are the most severely affected. -The virus encodes an enterotoxin that causes hyperperistalsis. Incorrect: -The classic scenario for rotavirus outbreaks is on a cruise ship. -It is spread through aerosolization and fomites.

Which of the statements are true of eukaryotic infections of the digestive system?

Correct: -Helminth life cycles have an egg, larval, and adult stage. -Worms that cause intestinal distress with migratory symptoms include Ascaris, Necator, and Strongyloides. -Ascaris lumbricoides is the most common nematode infection in the world. Incorrect: -Worms that cause liver disease include Trichuris and Taenia.

Which statements are true of listeriosis?

Correct: -It is caused by L. monocytogenes. -In newborns, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals, septicemia, pneumonia, and meningitis are complications. -Its causative agent can multiply in cold temperatures. Incorrect: -It is usually spread through ingestion of contaminated water.

Select which are true of norovirus gastroenteritis.

Correct: -It is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. -There is no vaccine available to treat it. -It is often called the "stomach flu" because some of its symptoms are similar to those of influenza. Incorrect: -Symptoms typically last 3-7 days.

Which of the following statements about hepatitis are correct?

Correct: -Symptoms include jaundice, dark urine, and clay-colored stools. -It can occur because of infection, overconsumption of alcohol, or excessive use of over-the-counter medications, such as Tylenol. -Elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) are common laboratory indicators of hepatitis. Incorrect: -It is an inflammation of the kidneys.

Which of the following statements are true of shigellosis?

Correct: -The causative agents have an extremely low infectious dose. -Severe abdominal cramping, high fever, and large-volume watery diarrhea followed by small amounts of bloody, mucoid diarrhea are typical symptoms. -It is also called bacillary dysentery. Incorrect: -One Shigella species is responsible for 99% of shigellosis cases.

Which of the following statements are correct?

Correct: -The normal microbiota of plaque include Streptococcus and Lactobacillus. -Plaque starts as a biofilm formed by the microbiota of the oral cavity. -If not removed, plaque can build up, and the bacteria living there will ferment sugars and secrete acid. Incorrect: -Another word for "dental caries" is gingivitis.

Which of the following classifications of organisms can cause diarrheal disease?

Correct: -viruses -Gram-positive bacteria -Gram-negative bacteria -helminths -protozoans Incorrect: (none)

T/F All parasitic helminths have an intermediate host, in which the adult worms develop and lay eggs.

False (only a few parasitic helminths have intermediate hosts where some part of development is completed)

Identify which microbes infect the stomach and which infect the intestine.

Infects stomach: -Helicobacter pylori Infects intestines: -Vibrio cholerae -Salmonella -Shigella

Match the disease to the causative agent.

L. monocytogenes -listeriosis C. difficile -pseudomembranous colitis Vibrio cholerae -cholera Vibrio parahaemolyticus -vibriosis

Which statement about yersinioses is *not true*? a. Y. pestis and Y. enterocolitica are the two Yersinia species that cause gastrointestinal disease b. Yersinia species can grow at refrigerator temperatures c. Pain from Y. enterocolitica can be confused for appendicitis d. Y. enterocolitica can migrate to the mesentric lymph nodes and cause adenitis

a. Y. pestis and Y. enterocolitica are the two Yersinia species that cause gastrointestinal disease (Y.pestis causes plague. Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis cause gastrointestinal disease)

This parasite infection is caused by a roundworm. Symptoms include eosinophilic pneumonia, lung irritation, bowel obstruction, diarrhea, and vomiting. It is treated with mebendazole or ivermectin. What is the name of this infection?

ascariasis

Which Gram-negative, curved-rod microbe is carried on the legs of copepods and secretes a toxin that causes "rice water" diarrhea when ingested? a. Clostridium perfringens b. Vibrio parahaemolyticus c. Vibrio cholerae d. enterotoxigenic E.Coli

c. Vibrio cholerae

These corkscrew-shaped Gram-negative species are microaerophiles. They are normal intestinal biota of poultry and cattle. Diarrheal diseases associated with them are usually self-limiting, but in immunocompromised patients, there is also a risk of pancreatitis, cholecystitis, and myocarditis. What microbe species is this?

campylobacter

Which statement is false about Cryptosporidium? a. it causes disease in immunocompromised individuals b. The drug nitazoxinide is used to treat infections of this microbe c. Drinking water and recreational water can be sources of infection d. Infection from this microbe causes diarrhea that lasts 1-3 days

d. Infection from this microbe causes diarrhea that lasts 1-3 days

Which infection is caused by a eukaryotic pathogen? a. typhoid fever b. peptic ulcers c. hepatitis d. giardiasis

d. giardiasis

Plaque left on teeth eventually causes tooth decay, or _________. As tartar forms below the gum line, it causes inflammation of the gums, known as _________. This can become a necrotizing infection, commonly known as ____________.

dental caries gingivitis trench mouth

Match the types of diarrhea with their descriptions.

develops when microbes cause mucosal cells to increase ion secretion -secretory follows the intake of nonabsorbable substrates, which increases the osmolarity of the intestinal contents and draws water out of the mucosal cells -osmotic occurs when the mucosal lining of the intestine is inflamed through infection -inflammatory occurs when food moves so quickly through the intestines that there isn't time to remove water and nutrients -motility related

Match the disease to the causative agent.

enterotoxigenic E. coli -traveler's diarrhea Helicobacter pylori -peptic ulcer Y. enterocolitica -yersiniosis Shigella -bacillary dysentery

Which of the following is a nonspecific term for any inflammation along the GI tract?

gastroenteritis

This syndrome occurs when microclots in the kidney cause decreased urine output. It can lead to kidney failure and death.

hemolytic uremic syndrome

Match the disease to its description.

inflammation of the gums -gingivitis infection of oral mucosa caused by the yeast species C. albicans -thrush serious necrotizing infection from neglected gingivitis -trench mouth form as bacteria in plaque release acid that erodes enamel -cavities develops if gingivitis is untreated and causes gums to recede -periodontitis

The swollen parotid gland in this picture is likely due to which disease?

mumps

The image depicts a serious disease that sometimes follows gingivitis. In it, the gums bleed and recede from the teeth. What is this disease called?

periodontal disease

Please match the disease with the description.

This disease is transmitted by eating pork or other meats that have cysts of the parasite embedded in them. -trichinosis Diagnoses are challenging because some similar protozoans are part of the normal intestinal microbiota. -amebic dysentery Caused by S. stercoralis, this disease starts with an itchy, red, serpentine rash where larvae have penetrated the skin. -strongyloidiasis Liver flukes can cause this disease, which can cause chronic infection and liver enlargement. -schistosomiasis

Please match the diseases to their descriptions.

This viral disease is transmitted through the exchange of blood. It does not have a fecal-oral transmission. -hepatitis B Transmitted through aerosolization and fomites, this disease causes swollen parotid glands and pain while chewing and swallowing. -mumps This diarrheal disease is common in children under three years old. There is a vaccine available for it. -acute gastroenteritis caused by rotavirus This diarrheal disease is more common in older adults and children. It is often called the "stomach flu." -acute gastroenteritis caused by norovirus

Please match the correct hepatitis virus with its description.

This virus cannot replicate unless it coinfects with HBV. -hepatitis D virus (HDV) This virus is transmitted by the fecal-oral route. -hepatitis A virus (HAV) This virus is the only hepatitis virus with a DNA genome. -hepatitis B virus (HBV) This virus is transmitted through exchange of blood or bodily fluids. The majority of those infected develop chronic infection. -hepatitis C virus (HCV) This virus is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. There is also evidence of vertical transmission. -hepatitis E virus (HEV)

T/F Most diarrheal diseases are viral in origin, with rotavirus being the primary culprit, especially in children.

True

T/F Practitioners look for an increase in eosinophil numbers when trying to diagnose a helminthic infection.

True

T/F S. Typhi is protected from the immune system by Vi Ag (virulence antigen), a capsule that is unique to this species.

True

______________ is a gastrointestinal pathogen that attaches to ______ cells of ___________. These cells normally sample and transport antigens from the gut to the immune cells.

Salmonella M Peyer's patches

Worms that cause liver disease:

Schistosoma, Opisthorchis, and Fasciola.