Ch. 23: Respiratory System (Learnsmart Quiz)
Complete each statement and then place them in the correct order, starting with blood in the alveolus. Assume normal, non-diseased, sea level conditions
A red blood cell arrives in the ALVEOLUS where it is exposed to a P(O₂) of 104 mm Hg. Blood enters the pulmonary vein with close to 100% of the binding sites for oxygen saturated. Arriving at the arterial end of the tissue capillaries, the blood P(O₂) is 95 mm Hg. As RBCs pass through the SYSTEMIC CAPILLARIES they experience oxygen unloading and increasing carbonic acid conversion. After passing through the systemic capillary, 75% of the binding sites for oxygen are now bound with oxygen. Returning to the inferior vena cava, the blood is known to have a P(CO₂) of 45 mm Hg. Passing through the pulmonary artery, the P(O₂) is approximately 40 mm Hg.
Fill in the blanks with the terms provided
Pulmonary ventilation is known as BREATHING, which is the movement of air between the atmosphere and the lungs. It consists of two cyclic phases: INSPIRATION, which brings air into the lungs and EXPIRATION, which forces air out of the lungs. Pulmonary ventilation that occurs at rest is called QUIET BREATHING, whereas FORCED BREATHING, accompanies exercise or hard exertion. The principles of this involve AUTONOMIC NUCLEI in the brainstem that stimulate SKELETAL MUSCLE to cyclically contract and relax. This contraction and relaxation causes dimensional changes within the THORACIC CAVITY and results in establishing a changing PRESSURE GRADIENT between the lungs and the atmosphere.
Complete each sentence with the correct word. Not all terms will be used.
The RESIDUAL VOLUME is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration. The volume of air exchanged during normal breathing is called the TIDAL VOLUME. After a normal inspiration, the amount of air that can then be inspired forcefully is called the INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME. The total lung capacity minus the residual volume equals the VITAL CAPACITY. The vital capacity minus the EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME equals the inspiratory capacity. The effects of obstructive diseases such as asthma or emphysema may be determined by measuring the FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME
Fill in the blanks using the terms provided. Not all terms will be used.
The law of partial pressure, also known as DALTON'S LAW, states that the individual gases in the air contribute to the total atmospheric pressure as a function of the percentage each gas contributes to the total volume. If two gases have the same partial pressure, but gas A has a higher water solubility coefficient than gas B, then GAS A will diffuse at a faster rate. HENRY'S LAW states that the amount of a gas that dissolves in water is a function of its partial pressure and its solubility coefficient. If the alveolar partial pressure of gas A is 110 mm Hg and the partial pressure of gas B is 135, then GAS B will diffuse into the blood at a faster rate. If the P(CO2) in the tissues increases, then the P(CO2) in the systemic venous blood will INCREASE.
Complete each sentence with the correct word. Not all terms will be used.
The majority of CO₂ in the blood is carried as BICARBONATE IONS. The ability of CO₂ to bind to deoxygenated hemoglobin more readily than it binds oxyhemoglobin is referred to as the HALDANE effect. The CHLORIDE SHIFT is an anion exchange that takes place in red blood cells as a mechanism to transport bicarbonate ions out of the cell. The combination of carbon dioxide and protein known as CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN is abbreviated HbCO₂. The decrease in the ability of oxygen to bind to hemoglobin when the pH decreases is known as the BOHR effect. The reaction between CO2 and H2O to form H2CO3 is catalyzed by CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate terms
The most important stimulus affecting breathing rate and depth is BLOOD P(CO2) Central chemoreceptors monitor CSF and peripheral chemoreceptors monitor BLOOD The peripheral chemoreceptors differ from central chemoreceptors because they are stimulated by changes in H+ produced independently of P(CO₂). In general, DECREASED P(O₂), INCREASED P(CO₂), and production of H⁺, will cause greater stimulation of the respiratory center.
Complete each sentence with the correct word. Not all terms will be used
The primary inspiratory neurons that innervate the diaphragm arise from the VENTRAL RESPIRATORY GROUP The pontine respiratory group, also known as the PNEUMOTAXIC CENTER, plays a role in regulating the length of each breath and switching between inspiration and expiration. Over-inflation of the lungs is prevented by the HERING-BREUER REFLEX. Monitoring CO₂ levels by detecting pH of the CSF is the function of CENTRAL CHEMORECEPTORS, which provide the primary sensory input leading to the regulation of the rate and depth of breathing. Information from chemoreceptors is sent to the DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP, which is then relayed to the ventral respiratory group for possible adjustments on the rate and depth of breathing.
Fill in the blanks with the correct terms
The respiratory membrane consists of an alveolar epithelium and its basement membrane, and a(n) CAPILLARY endothelium and its basement membrane. The gas that diffuses from the alveolus, across the respiratory membrane, and into the pulmonary capillary is OXYGEN. This gas is then transported by the blood to TISSUE cells. Conversely, CARBON DIOXIDE gas diffuses from the blood in the capillary through the respiratory membrane. This gas then enters the ALVEOLI and is eventually expired into the external environment.