Ch. 23 The Urinary System (Exam 4)

Where does the yellow color of urine originate?

Hemoglobin breakdown

What are the names of the urethral sphincters? What types of muscle control their opening/closing?

1. Internal urethral sphincter- detrusor muscle 2. External urethral sphincter- skeletal muscle

What are the regions of the male urethra and where are they located?

1. Prostatic urethra- begins at the urinary bladder and passes through the prostate gland 2. Membranous urethra- short, thin-walled portion where the urethra passes though the muscular floor of the pelvic cavity. 3. Spongy (penile) urethra- passes through the penis to the external urethral orifice

What are kidney stones and what can cause them to form?

A kidney stone (renal calculus) A hard granule composed of a. calcium phosphate or b. calcium oxalate Sometimes c. uric acid or d. a magnesium salt called Stuvite. Causes include: hypercalcemia dehydration pH imbalances frequent UTIs enlarged prostate gland causing urine retention.

What prevents backflow of urine from the bladder back into the ureters?

A small flap of mucosa

Polyuria

Also called diuresis urine output >2 L/day. Can be caused by fluid intake, drugs, or diabetes.

Hematuria

Blood in urine, can indicate UTI, trauma or kidney stones.

Which one(s) are in the body and which one(s) are external?

Body- prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy penile urethra External- external urethral orifice

Uremia

Dangerously high nitrogenous wastes in blood, usually indicates kidney failure. Accompanied by other symptoms- vomiting and diarrhea

What is muscular layer of the bladder called?

Detrusor muscle

Which sphincter is under involuntary control? Voluntary control?

Internal urethral sphincter- involuntary External urethral sphincter- voluntary

Oliguria

Low urine output (<400 mL/day) can be caused by kidney disease, dehydration, and shock. Unsafe concentrations of waste.

What is responsible for the 'ammonia' smell of urine?

Odor causing bacteria that degrade urea into ammonia.

Pyuria

Pus in urine, can indicate kidney infection

What are folds in the bladder called?

Rugae

What type of receptor signals that the bladder is full?

Stretch receptors

Micturition

The act of urinating

What is the smooth section that funnels urine in from the ureters?

Trigone

What specialized cell type protects the bladder from urine acidity?

Umbrella cells

What are the tubes that move urine from the kidney to the bladder?

Ureters