Ch. 24 Nutrition

can function as coenzymes

vitamins

Which of the following is the amount of energy the body needs in order to perform only the most essential activities and is often referred to as the "energy cost of living"? A. BMR B. BMI C. TMR D. MR

A. BMR right answer feedback:The BMR is the only amount of energy required for "housekeeping" activities, which keep us alive.

Which of the following statements about "redox" reactions in human metabolism is correct? A. Coenzymes accept hydrogen. B. The substance being reduced loses an electron. C. Oxidized substances gain energy. D. Oxidized substances lose oxygen.

A. Coenzymes accept hydrogen. right answer feedback:In a "redox" reaction, coenzymes accept hydrogen.

__________ are considered "bad" cholesterol; high blood levels are believed to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease. A. HDLs B. Chylomicrons C. LDLs D. VLDLs

C. LDLs LDLs increase the risk for cardiovascular disease.

Which coenzyme is reduced in both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle? A. coenzyme A B. vitamin A C. NAD D. FAD E. manganese

C. NAD right answer feedback:NAD is reduced to NADH in both glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

Which of the following is NOT considered a nutrient? A. carbohydrates B. minerals C. vitamins D. ATP

D. ATP ATP is produced within the cells. If ATP were to be ingested, it would be digested and broken down into more basic nutrients.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of glycolysis? A. Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of a cell. B. Glycolysis produces a net gain of 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule. C. The final products of glycolysis include two molecules of pyruvic acid. D. Glycolysis requires oxygen.

D. Glycolysis requires oxygen.

__________ are considered "good" cholesterol; high blood levels of this cholesterol are thought to be beneficial. A. Chylomicrons B. VLDLs C. LDLs D. HDLs

D. HDLs

__________ acts to suppress appetite by inhibiting __________, which is the most powerful known appetite stimulant. A. Insulin; glucagon B. Serotonin; adrenaline C. Growth hormone; lipase D. Leptin; neuropeptide Y

D. Leptin; neuropeptide Y right answer feedback:Leptin acts to suppress appetite by inhibiting neuropeptide Y, which is the most powerful known appetite stimulant.

The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is __________. A. CO2 B. water C. NADH D. oxygen

D. oxygen

Which of the following would raise body temperature? A. dilation of cutaneous blood vessels B. sweating C. evaporation D. thyroxine

D. thyroxine

The hormone responsible for setting the basal metabolic rate is __________. A. melatonin B. melanin C. glucagon D. thyroxine E. insulin

D. thyroxine right answer feedback:Thyroxine is the body's major controller of metabolism.

A substance that is reduced has lost an electron. True False

False

The body's overall rate of energy output is called the basal metabolic rate. True False

False

The term essential nutrient refers to the chemicals that can be interconverted in the liver so that the body can maintain life and good health. True False

False

An inherited condition in which the LDL receptors are absent or abnormal, the uptake of cholesterol by tissue cells is blocked, and the total concentration of cholesterol (and LDLs) in the blood is enormously elevated. Atherosclerosis develops at an early age, heart attacks begin in the third or fourth decade, and most die by age 60 from coronary artery disease. Treatment entails dietary modifications, exercise, and cholesterol-reducing drugs.

Familial hypercholesterolemia

serves as a precursor to hormones and maintains the fluidity of the plasma membrane

cholesterol

the formation of glycogen to store glucose

glycogenesis

the cleavage of glycogen to release glucose

glycogenolysis

triglyceride synthesis

lipogenesis

may be incorporated into structures to make them stronger

minerals

used to build enzymes

protein

32-Year-Old Male with Altered Mental StatusFirst responders retrieve Kyle Boulard, 32, from a local mall. Bystanders reported that he was behaving erratically, appeared disoriented, and staggered as he walked. When he arrives in your emergency department, you note that his breath has a fruity acetone odor. Tests are ordered and the following results obtained: GENERAL BP: 95/58, HR: 110; BLOOD pH: 7.1, Glucose: 345 mg/dl, Ketone bodies: 22 mg/dl; URINE pH: 4.3, Glucose: strongly positive, Ketone bodies: strongly positive; odor "fruity acetone." Kyle's blood contains ketone bodies. What is the most likely explanation for this? A. His body cells are not able to use carbohydrates for fuel, so the liver is converting fats into ketone bodies. B. The major source for ketones is dietary, so he must have been eating or drinking them. C. Kyle's blood contains ketone bodies because his kidney is not excreting them at the normal rate. D. He was eating excess carbohydrates, and his liver turned these into ketones for storage.

A. His body cells are not able to use carbohydrates for fuel, so the liver is converting fats into ketone bodies. Lipids are being mobilized because the lack of insulin means that cells cannot use glucose as fuel. The fatty acids produced from fat breakdown (lipolysis) are converted to acetyl CoA by beta oxidation. In the presence of high levels of fatty acids, these acetyl CoA molecules are converted by hepatocytes into ketone bodies.

Which lipoprotein contains the most cholesterol? A. LDL B. HDL C. IDL D. VLDL E. chylomicron

A. LDL right answer feedback:LDLs are about 45% cholesterol.

__________ are considered "bad" cholesterol; high blood levels are correlated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. A. LDLs B. HDLs C. VLDLs D. Chylomicrons

A. LDLs LDLs are considered "bad" cholesterol because high levels are correlated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The job of cholesterol-rich LDLs is to transport cholesterol to peripheral tissues, making it available to tissue cells to synthesize membranes or hormones, and to store it for later use.

32-Year-Old Male with Altered Mental StatusFirst responders retrieve Kyle Boulard, 32, from a local mall. Bystanders reported that he was behaving erratically, appeared disoriented, and staggered as he walked. When he arrives in your emergency department, you note that his breath has a fruity acetone odor. Tests are ordered and the following results obtained: GENERAL BP: 95/58, HR: 110; BLOOD pH: 7.1, Glucose: 345 mg/dl, Ketone bodies: 22 mg/dl; URINE pH: 4.3, Glucose: strongly positive, Ketone bodies: strongly positive; odor "fruity acetone." Given the lab results above, what is the most likely explanation for Kyle's condition? A. The presence of glucose in Kyle's urine suggests that he has uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. B. The low pH in Kyle's blood and urine suggest that Kyle has ingested a poison. C. The presence of ketone bodies in Kyle's blood suggests that Kyle is starving.T D. he presence of glucose in Kyle's urine suggests that he has uncontrolled diabetes insipidus.

A. The presence of glucose in Kyle's urine suggests that he has uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. The glucose in the urine and high blood glucose as well as the ketone bodies in both the blood and urine and his acidosis are hallmarks of uncontrolled diabetes mellitus.

Which statement describes glycolysis? A. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. B. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. C. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. D. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. E. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA.

A. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. In glycolysis, glucose is split into two molecules of pyruvic acid. The released energy is stored in ATP and the electron carrier NADH.

Which of the following factors makes it harder for an obese person to lose weight? A. an increase in alpha receptors (the kind that favors fat accumulation) in fat cell B. an increase in taste receptors C. an increase in heat loss from the body that requires more food intake D. an increase in thyroxine levels as fat levels accumulate E. an increase in metabolism that increases appetite

A. an increase in alpha receptors (the kind that favors fat accumulation) in fat cell right answer feedback:Fat cells of overweight people sprout more alpha receptors, which make it easier for fat cells to accumulate fat.

Which of the following nutrients is NOT matched with its use in the body? A. carbohydrates: hormones B. vitamins: act as coenzymes C. lipids: major energy source for skeletal muscle and hepatocytes D. proteins: structural materials in the body

A. carbohydrates: hormones Proteins and lipids both are used to synthesize hormones, but not carbohydrates.

Which of the following nutrients yield the highest amount of energy per gram when metabolized? A. fats B. proteins C. vitamins and minerals D. foods and beverages high in caffeine

A. fats

Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell? A. glycolysis B. electron transport chain C. acetyl CoA formation D. citric acid cycle E. ATP production by ATP synthase

A. glycolysis Glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid, takes place in the cytosol, outside the mitochondria.

The main integrating center for thermoregulation is located in the __________. A. hypothalamus B. mitochondrion C. thymus gland D. liver E. spinal cord

A. hypothalamus right answer feedback:The body's "thermostat" is the hypothalamus.

Which of the following is a micronutrient? A. mineral B. protein C. carbohydrate D. lipid

A. mineral

In the case of a person who consumes a normal, balanced diet, proteins are essential to the body for all of the following EXCEPT ________. A. production of energy B. production of enzymes, clotting factors, and antibodies C. formation of functional molecules like hemoglobin and cytochromes D. production of some hormones

A. production of energy

A desire for food. A psychological phenomenon dependent on memory and associations, as opposed to hunger, which is a physiological need to eat.

Appetite

Which statement describes the citric acid cycle? A. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose. B. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. C. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. D. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. E. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose.

B. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. The citric acid cycle breaks down carbon molecules, releasing carbon dioxide and forming some ATP.

A low-density lipoprotein contains __________. A. a low cholesterol content B. a high lipid content C. a high protein content D. a high amino-acid content

B. a high lipid content right answer feedback:The higher the percentage of a lipid in a lipoprotein, the lower the density.

The official medical measurement of obesity is the __________. A. basal metabolic rate B. body mass index C. proportion of LDLs to body weight D. proportion of bone density to weight

B. body mass index right answer feedback:The official medical measurement of obesity is the body mass index.

The role of __________ is to transport excessive cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver, where it is broken down and becomes part of bile. A. very low-density lipoproteins B. high-density lipoproteins C. low-density lipoproteins D. chylomicrons

B. high-density lipoproteins right answer feedback:The role of high-density lipoproteins is to transport excessive cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver, where it is broken down and becomes part of bile.

The hormone that controls essentially all events of the absorptive state is __________. A. ADH B. insulin C. glucagon D. thyroxine E. calcitonin

B. insulin right answer feedback:Rising blood glucose levels after a carbohydrate-containing meal act as a humoral stimulus that prods the beta cells of the pancreatic islets to secrete more insulin.

Cyanide acts as a poison by __________. A. blocking glycolysis B. interfering with the flow of electrons in the electron transport chain C. abolishing the proton gradient by making the cristae membrane permeable to H+ D. irreversibly binding to oxygen

B. interfering with the flow of electrons in the electron transport chain right answer feedback:Cyanide acts as a poison by interfering with the flow of electrons in the electron transport chain.

During glycolysis, glucose must be activated by how many ATP molecules? A. one B. two C. three D. five E. ten

B. two right answer feedback:Glucose must be activated by two ATP molecules forming fructose-1,6-bisphosphate.

Which of the following fat-soluble vitamins is NOT stored in the body? A. vitamin A B. vitamin K C. vitamin E D. vitamin D

B. vitamin K right answer feedback:Vitamin K is the only fat-soluble vitamin that is eliminated by the kidney and, therefore, not stored in the body.

You are reviewing a postdischarge plan of a newly diagnosed patient with Type I diabetes mellitus. Why is the presence of ketones in his urine a significant finding? A. As the body stores extra glucose as fat, ketones are stripped from carbohydrates and appear in the urine. B. When blood glucose is high, plasma proteins convert excess glucose to ketones. C. Urinary ketones indicate that the body is using fat rather than carbohydrate as an energy source. D. Ketone bodies are created when excess blood glucose is transformed into fat by the liver.

C. Urinary ketones indicate that the body is using fat rather than carbohydrate as an energy source. During lipolysis, or fat-burning, acetyl CoA enters the citric acid cycle. However, if inadequate carbohydrate precursors are available, acetyl CoA accumulates and is converted to ketone bodies in the liver.

Which of the following substances is considered a provitamin? A. niacin B. vitamin D C. beta-carotene D. iron

C. beta-carotene right answer feedback:Beta-carotene is considered a provitamin because the body can convert it to vitamin A through digestion.

One function of vitamin A is to __________. A. transfer electrons in cellular respiration B. help with calcium absorption C. form visual pigments D. synthesize DNA E. assist in blood clotting

C. form visual pigments right answer feedback:Retinol in the visual pigments is derived from vitamin A.

In the postabsorptive state, __________. A. insulin serves as the main regulatory hormone B. anabolism exceeds catabolism C. glycogen is broken down to release glucose D. glucose is the main energy source

C. glycogen is broken down to release glucose

In the absorptive state, __________. A. fats are the main energy fuel B. glycogen is broken down to release glucose C. insulin serves as the main regulatory hormone D. catabolism exceeds anabolism

C. insulin serves as the main regulatory hormone

Cholesterol, though it is NOT an energy molecule, has importance in the body because it ________. A. enters the glycolytic pathway without being altered B. helps mobilize fats during periods of starvation C. is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones D. helps provide essential nutrients to the brain and lungs

C. is a stabilizing component of the plasma membranes and is the parent molecule of steroid hormones

Essential nutrients refer to nutrients that are __________. A. only found in grains B. stored in the body for times of starvation C. limited in synthesis and therefore must be consumed D. synthesized every day in the body

C. limited in synthesis and therefore must be consumed right answer feedback:Essential nutrients are substances the body cannot make fast enough to meet the body's needs, so our diet must provide them.

Prolonged high protein intake can lead to __________. A. kidney damage B. a negative nitrogen balance C. loss of bone mass D. muscle building

C. loss of bone mass right answer feedback:Prolonged high protein intake can lead to loss of bone mass due to pH imbalance.

The site of electron transport is the __________. A. cytoplasm B. mitochondrial outer membrane C. mitochondrial inner membrane (cristae) D. mitochondrial matrix E. Golgi body

C. mitochondrial inner membrane (cristae) right answer feedback:The inner membrane of the mitochondrion contains the integral proteins necessary for electron transport.

A kilocalorie is the amount of energy __________. A. needed to heat 1 kilogram of water 1°F B. stored in 1 kilogram of water C. needed to heat 1 kilogram of water 1°C D. needed to move 1 kilogram of water 1 meter

C. needed to heat 1 kilogram of water 1°C right answer feedback:A kilocalorie is the amount of energy needed to heat 1 kilogram of water 1°C.

A person who is starving is likely to exhibit __________. A. neutral nitrogen balance B. nitrogen balance C. negative nitrogen balance D. positive nitrogen balance

C. negative nitrogen balance

A function of the liver during the postabsorptive state is __________. A. to store excess glucose by glycogenesis B. electron transport to release glucose C. to mobilize glucose reserves by glycogenolysis D. glycolysis E. lipogenesis

C. to mobilize glucose reserves by glycogenolysis right answer feedback:The liver mobilizes glucose reserves quickly and efficiently to maintain blood sugar levels for about four hours during the postabsorptive state.

Which of the following is not an essential role of the liver? A. biotransformation functions B. carbohydrate metabolism C. urea disposal D. protein metabolism

C. urea disposal Though the liver is involved in creating urea from ammonia released during amino acid deamination, it is up to the kidney to eliminate the urea thus formed.

A major means for conserving heat is __________. A. increased convective loss B. enhanced sweating C. vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels D. increased metabolic rate

C. vasoconstriction of cutaneous blood vessels right answer feedback:The skin serves as a radiator of heat.

Which of the following is not correctly matched in regard to BMR (basal metabolic rate)? A. increased stress: increased BMR B. high body temperature: higher BMR C. younger age: lower BMR D. low thyroxine: low BMR

C. younger age: lower BMR The younger a person is, the higher the BMR should be. As a person ages, the BMR declines. Return to Assignment

__________ is the energy (kilocalories consumed) that the body uses to perform only its most essential activities. A. Chemical thermogenesis B. Food-induced thermogenesis C. Total metabolic rate D. The basal metabolic rate

D. The basal metabolic rate The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the energy (kilocalories consumed) that the body uses to perform only its most essential activities, such as breathing and maintaining resting levels of organ function, not all ongoing activities.

Which of the following is a characteristic of the citric acid (Krebs) cycle? A. The citric acid cycle is an anaerobic pathway. B. Pyruvic acid directly enters the citric acid cycle. C. The citric acid cycle occurs in the cytosol of the cell. D. The citric acid cycle generates a rich supply of the reduced coenzymes, NADH and FADH2.

D. The citric acid cycle generates a rich supply of the reduced coenzymes, NADH and FADH2.

Which statement describes the electron transport chain? A. This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion. B. This process joins 2 pyruvic acid molecules into a molecule of glucose. C. This process converts pyruvic acid to acetyl CoA. D. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. E. This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.

D. This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration. In the electron transport chain, electrons move from one electron carrier to another, eventually reaching oxygen. The released energy is used to make ATPs.

As proteins are broken down for energy, __________ is generated; the liver then converts this potentially toxic intermediate into __________. A. urea; water B. acid; ammonia C. ammonia; glucose D. ammonia; urea

D. ammonia; urea

Which nutrients function primarily as an energy source for cells? A. electrolytes B. vitamins C. minerals D. carbohydrates

D. carbohydrates Carbohydrates are needed in relatively large amounts to supply glucose, the main energy source for body cells.

Which of the following is an example of catabolism? A. absorbing nutrients into the blood from the intestines B. using amino acids to make a protein C. lipid synthesis D. cellular respiration

D. cellular respiration

Which element below is considered a trace mineral? A. sodium B. phosphorus C. potassium D. chromium E. chlorine

D. chromium right answer feedback:Chromium is considered a trace mineral. Impaired glucose metabolism occurs without chromium.

Most vitamins __________. A. are metabolized to make ATP B. are carbohydrates C. are used as building blocks for the body D. function as coenzymes in the body

D. function as coenzymes in the body right answer feedback:Most vitamins function as coenzymes or parts of coenzymes in the body. Coenzymes help catalyze chemical reactions.

During fasts lasting several weeks, blood glucose is maintained by __________. A. glycolysis B. lipolysis C. glycogenolysis D. gluconeogenesis

D. gluconeogenesis right answer feedback:During fasts lasting several weeks, blood glucose is maintained by gluconeogenesis by the kidney and liver.

Red blood cells lack mitochondria. As a result, ATP production is solely through ________. A. citric acid (Krebs) cycle B. electron transport chain C. aerobic respiration D. glycolysis

D. glycolysis

Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration. A. citric acid cycle → electron transport chain → glycolysis → acetyl Co B. Aacetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain → glycolysis C. electron transport chain → citric acid cycle → glycolysis → acetyl CoA D. glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain E. glycolysis → citric acid cycle → acetyl CoA → electron transport chain

D. glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain Glycolysis produces pyruvic acid, which enters the mitochondrion. There, it is converted to acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle. Electron carriers bring electrons from the first three steps to the electron transport chain, and ATP is made.

While traveling abroad in Africa you observe a large number of people with goiter (enlarged thyroid). Which mineral deficiency could be responsible for this? A. fluorine B. chromium C. iron D. iodine

D. iodine

Anabolism includes reactions in which ________. A. structural proteins are used as a potential energy source B. carbohydrate utilization increases C. ketone bodies are formed D. larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones

D. larger molecules or structures are built from smaller ones

Which of the following is considered a long-term regulator of feeding behavior? A. cholecystokinin (CCK) levels B. blood concentrations of amino acids and fatty acids C. stimulation of stretch receptors D. leptin levels

D. leptin levels

Which of the following statements best describes complete protein? A. meets all the minimum daily requirements for a healthy diet B. derived from meat and fish only C. derived only from legumes and other plant material D. must contain all the body's amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth

D. must contain all the body's amino acid requirements for tissue maintenance and growth

Nutritionally incomplete proteins are low in __________. A. one or more of the essential fatty acids B. one or more of the major vitamins C. one or more of the coenzymes D. one or more of the essential amino acids

D. one or more of the essential amino acids right answer feedback:Nutritionally incomplete proteins are low in one or more of the essential amino acids.

The final product of glycolysis is __________. A. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate B. two molecules of acetyl coenzyme A and two molecules of carbon dioxide C. two FAD molecules D. two molecules of pyruvic acid, two molecules of NAD+, and a net gain of two ATP

D. two molecules of pyruvic acid, two molecules of NAD+, and a net gain of two ATP right answer feedback:The final product of glycolysis is two molecules of pyruvic acid, two molecules of NAD+, and a net gain of two ATP.

Which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin? A. vitamin K B. vitamin A C. vitamin D D. vitamin B

D. vitamin B Vitamin B is a water-soluble vitamin.

What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration? A. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 B. 6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy → C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 C. C6H12O6 + 6 H2O → 6 CO2 + 6 O2 + ATP energy D. C6H12O6 + 6 CO2 → 6 O2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy E. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy

E. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy Cellular respiration extracts energy from glucose (C6H12O6) to produce smaller energy packets (ATP).

Which of the following is NOT a physiological response to hypothermia? A. reduced respiratory rate B. reduced heart rate C. shivering D. drowsiness E. dehydration

E. dehydration right answer feedback:Dehydration is typically associated with heat exhaustion or heat stroke, not hypothermia.

In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain? A. nucleus B. Golgi apparatus C. chloroplast D. lysosome E. mitochondrion

E. mitochondrion All of the steps of cellular respiration except glycolysis take place in the mitochondrion.

Most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration is produced by __________. A. gluconeogenesis B. substrate-level phosphorylation C. the Krebs cycle D. glycolysis E. oxidative phosphorylation during the chemiosmotic process

E. oxidative phosphorylation during the chemiosmotic process right answer feedback:Most of the ATP produced during cellular respiration is produced by oxidative phosphorylation during the chemiosmotic process.

Craving and eating nonfood substances such as clay or dirt.

Pica

Severe deficiency of calories or calories and protein. Marasmus (mah-raz′mus), caused by inadequate overall calorie intake, results in weight loss and depletion of fat and muscle. Kwashiorkor (kwash″e-or′kor) is caused by proportionately lower protein intake than calories in children. It is characterized by a bloated abdomen (edema) because the amount of plasma proteins is inadequate to keep fluid in the bloodstream (p. 734). Skin lesions and infections are likely. In children, both conditions result in failure to grow.

Protein energy malnutrition

Clinical test of body fatness. A skin fold in the back of the arm or below the scapula is measured with a caliper. A fold over 1 inch in thickness indicates excess fat.

Skin-fold test

Fat-soluble vitamins can be toxic if consumed in large quantities. True False

True

the initial phase of fatty acid breakdown

beta oxidation

the process of forming glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules

gluconeogenesis

exclusive energy source for neurons

glucose