Ch 25

•The stomach receives parasympathetic fibers (for stimulation) from the vagus nerve and sympathetic fibers (to keep stomach from contracting) from celiac ganglia. •The swallowing center in the medulla oblongata signals the stomach to relax. •Food stretches the stomach activating a receptive-relaxation response (stomach resists stretching briefly, but relaxes to hold more food). •Soon the stomach shows a rhythm of peristaltic contractions controlled by pacemaker cells in the longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa.

-Describe gastric motility in terms of the nerve fibers the stomach receives and stretch responses.

Glucose; sodium-glucose transport (SGLT) proteins; facilitated diffusion.

80% of absorbed sugar is ____, taken up by ____ proteins; it is transported out the base of the absorptive cells into the ECF by ____.

Peristaltic Wave; 10-70 cm

A ____ beings in the duodenum, travels ____-____ cm and dies out and is followed by another wave starting further down the tract.

1. Ingested food raises the pH. 2. Elevated pH stimulates G cells to secrete gastrin. 3. Gastrin stimulates chief cells and parietal cells. 4. Chief cells secrete pepsinogen, parietal cells secrete HCl. 5. HCl converts the pepsinogen to pepsin. 6. Pepsin digests the dietary protein. 7. The partially digested proteins directly stimulate the G cells and they buffer the stomach acid. This positive feedback loop declines and stops as the stomach is emptied and the pH drops.

Explain the feedback loop for controlling gastric secretion (7 steps) and when does it stop?

Inflammation and Peptic Ulcer

Breakdown of the protective measures of the stomach can result in ____ and ____.

Eating disorder in which the tooth enamel becomes eroded by the hydrochloric acid in the chyme.

Bulimia and its implications?

Longitudinal and circular muscle do peristalsis; the oblique muscle allows the stomach to churn and squeeze.

Differentiate between the 3 layers of the stomach in terms of their functions.

Contractions that occur every 30 minutes; this kind of colonic motility is a form of segmentation; distention of a haustrum stimulates it to contract.

Discuss austral contractions in terms of how often they occur, the kind of colonic motility, and what stimulates it.

Occur 1-3x/day; triggered by gastrocolic and duodenocolic reflexes --> filling of the stomach and duodenum stimulates motility of the colon.

Discuss mass movements in terms of how often they occur and what they are triggered by.

Secrete hormones and paracrine messengers (local chemical signals) that regulate digestion; they don't pump stuff into the stomach lumen, they pump into the blood vessels; release histamine to stimulate parietal cells; concentrated in the lower end of the gland.

Enteroendocrine cells function/location?

During vomiting, the body is producing a lot of extra bicarbs, causing a net gain of bicarb in the blood and a net loss of Cl-; the alkaline tide is kicked into high gear and causes this metabolic acidosis.

Explain metabolic acidosis following vomiting.

The pancreas secretes trypsinogen, and enterokinase secreted by the (enterocytes on the bush border) duodenum converts it to trypsin. Trypsin digests dietary protein and catalyzes the production of more trypsin and activates chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase.

Explain the activation of pancreatic enzymes in the small intestine.

Absorptive Cells; Monosaccharides

The plasma membrane of the ____ has transport proteins that absorb ____ as soon as the brush border enzymes release them.

Osmosis

Water is absorbed by ____ following the absorption of salts and organic nutrients.

1. To mix chyme with intestinal juice, bile, and pancreatic juice. 2. To churn chyme and bring it in contact with the mucosa. 3. To move residue toward the large intestine.

What 3 functions do the contractions of the small intestine serve?

•Moistens mouth. •Begin starch and fat digestion (salivary amylase and lingual lipase). •Cleanse teeth. •Inhibit bacterial growth (lysozyme, immunoglobulin A (IgA)). •Dissolve molecules so they can stimulate the taste buds. •Moisten food and bind it together into a bolus to aid in swallowing.

What are 6 functions of saliva?

Hard masses in either the gallbladder or bile ducts; composed of cholesterol, calcium carbonate, and bilirubin.

What are gallstones (biliary calculi)?

Substances that provide nourishment for growth and the maintenance of life.

What are nutrients?

Mastication, churning in stomach, and liquid maseration (saliva).

What are some examples of mechanical digestion?

Voluntary: 1. Oral Phase: the tongue forms a food bolus and pushes it into the laryngopharynx. Involuntary: 2. Pharyngeal Phase: the palate, tongue, vocal cords, and epiglottis block the oral and nasal cavities and airway while pharyngeal constrictors push the bolus into the esophagus. 3. Esophageal Phase: peristalsis drives the bolus downward, and relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter admits it into the stomach.

What are the 3 phases of swallowing (deglutition)? Describe them and differentiate between which ones are voluntary or involuntary.

1. Acetylcholine (ACh): from vagus and enteric nerves. 2. Cholecystokinin (CCK): secreted by mucosa of duodenum in response to arrival of fats in the small intestine. 3. Secretin: released from the duodenum in response to acidic chyme arriving from the stomach.

What are the 3 stimuli that are chiefly responsible for the release of pancreatic juice and bile and how are they secreted?

1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis Externa 4. Serosa

What are the 4 tissue layers of the digestive tract?

1. Ingestion: the selective intake of food. 2. Digestion: mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into a form usable by the body. 3. Absorption: Uptake of nutrient molecules into epithelial cells of the digestive tract and then into the blood or lymph. 4. Compaction: absorbing water and consolidating indigestible residue into feces. 5. Defecation: the elimination of feces.

What are the 5 stages of digestive system function and describe them.

The digestive tract (alimentary canal) and the gastrointestinal tract; saliva glands, pancreas, gallbladder, liver.

What are the digestive system's two anatomical subdivisions and the accessory organs?

•Absorb glucose, amino acids, iron, vitamins, and other nutrients for metabolism or storage. •Removes and degrades hormones, toxins, bile pigments, and drugs. •Secretes albumin, lipoproteins, clotting factors, angiotensinogen, and other products. •Break down stored glycogen and release glucose into the blood. •Remove bacteria and debris from the blood. •Secretes bile.

What are the functions of the liver?

Pacemaker cells in the longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa; lower esophageal sphincter and the pyloric sphincter.

What controls the rhythm of peristaltic contractions in the stomach and what sphincters are closed when this happens?

They aid in fat digestion and absorption.

What do bile salts and lecithin aid in?

Eat and breathe at the same time.

What do the hard and soft palates allow us to do?

After: absorb glucose, amino acids, iron, vitamins, and other nutrients for metabolism or storage from the blood. Between: break down stored glycogen and release glucose into the blood; Kupffer cells remove bacteria and debris from the blood.

What do the hepatocytes do after a meal and between meals?

Stimulates the gallbladder and the pancreas to secrete enzymes (stimulates pancreatic acini to secrete enzymes; strongly stimulates the gallbladder and relaxes the sphincter).

What does cholecystokinin (CCK) stimulate?

•Dangerous fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base imbalances.

What does chronic vomiting cause?

Stimulates ducts of both liver and pancreas to secrete more sodium bicarbonate (triggered by low pH in the chyme; need to neutralize it).

What does secretin stimulate?

Regulates digestive tract motility, secretion, and blood flow; composed of the submucosal (meissner) plexus and the myenteric (auerbach) plexus.

What does the enteric nervous system regulate and what two networks of neurons is it composed of?

Water, bicarb and electrolytes

What does the large intestine recover?

It mechanically breaks it up, liquifies it, and begins chemical digestion of the protein and fat.

What does the stomach do to food?

It controls the glandular secretions of mucosa and the movements of the muscularis mucosae.

What does the submucosal plexus control?

Non-keratinized stratified squamous; used in mastication and taste.

What epithelium does the tongue consist of and what is it used for?

The basic functional unit of the liver; consists of a central vein, hepatocytes, hepatic sinusoids, Kupffer cells, bile canaliculi, and the portal triad (branch of the hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery proper, and the bile ductule).

What is a hepatic lobule?

Successive, overlapping waves of contraction; they milk chyme toward the colon over a period of 2 hours.

What is a migrating motor complex?

Any mucosa damage that reveals submucosa.

What is an ulcer?

Yellow-green fluid containing minerals, cholesterol, neutral fats, phospholipids, bile pigments, and bile acids; synthesized in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.

What is bile?

Bilirubin is the principal pigment derived from the decomposition of hemoglobin; bile acids are steroids synthesized from cholesterol.

What is bilirubin and bile acids (bile salts)?

The formation of gallstones; most common in obese women over 40 due to excess cholesterol.

What is cholelithiasis and who is it most common in?

The acidic fluid that the stomach propels into the duodenum.

What is chyme?

The route of secretion, reabsorption, and resecretion of the bile salts; about 80% of the bile salts are reabsorbed in the ileum and returned to the liver, where the hepatocytes absorb and resecrete them; occurs 2-3 times per meal.

What is enterohepatic circulation and how often does it happen?

Intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption; vitamin B12 for Hb synthesis?

What is intrinsic factor for?

•Mechanical Digestion is the physical breakdown of food into smaller particles to make the food small enough to move it and to increase the SA of the food (*make the food small enough to create enough surface area for effective chemical digestion). •Chemical Digestion is a series of hydrolysis reactions that breaks dietary macromolecules into their monomers (residues) by digestive enzymes.

What is mechanical digestion and what is chemical digestion?

When osmotic particles (like lactose) are in the stool, they increase the osmotic pressure and the water retention of the substance.

What is osmotic diarrhea?

Lack of vitamin B12.

What is pernicious anemia?

The alkaline tide is the high pH blood that results during digestion; the blood has a net gain of bicarb and a net loss of Cl-.

What is the alkaline tide?

The positive feedback loop of pepsin catalyzing the production of more pepsin; this starts when the chief cells secrete pepsinogen and the parietal cells secrete HCl. HCl removes some of the amino acids from pepsinogen and converts it to pepsin.

What is the autocatalytic effect?

•Digestive tract: mouth --> anus •Alimentary canal: esophagus --> anus •Gastrointestinal tract: stomach --> anus

What is the difference between the digestive tract/alimentary canal and the gastrointestinal tract?

The organ system that processes food, extracts nutrients from it, and eliminates the residue; it breaks down food so it can be small enough to absorb into the blood stream.

What is the digestive system and what is its purpose?

Blind pouch for storage (let bacteria work on plant cell walls bec we can get vitamin K); like a compost pile to extract some more valuable stuff; animals have large cecums.

What is the function of the cecum?

•Upper: prevents from swallowing a lot of air (physiological sphincter). •Lower: prevents gastric juices from going back up the esophagus (heartburn); true sphincter.

What is the function of the upper and lower cardiac sphincter?

It stimulates the gag reflex; during swallowing, it elevates and blocks off the nasopharynx to prevent substances from going through the nasopharynx and out of the nasal cavity.

What is the function of the uvula?

Parasympathetic ganglia and nerve fibers between the two layers of the muscular externa; controls peristalsis and other contractions of the muscularis externa.

What is the myenteric plexus and what does it control?

It lubricates and softens food, liberates chemicals so we can taste them, and it helps keep the bolus together.

What is the purpose of mixing food with saliva during mastication?

Jaundice

What is the result if the liver can't remove bilirubin from the blood?

•Parasympathetic: an abundance of thin, enzyme rich saliva. •Sympathetic: less, and thicker saliva with more mucous (stressed, exercising, etc)

What is the result of extrinsic salivary glands being stimulated by parasympathetics versus sympathetic stimulation?

Secretin

What was the first hormone ever discovered?

Intraperitoneal; Retroperitoneal; Kidneys, colon, large intestine, duodenum.

When an organ is enclosed by mesentery on both sides, it is considered to be within the peritoneal cavity, or ____; when an organ lies against the posterior body wall and is covered by peritoneum on the anterior side only, it is said to be outside the peritoneal cavity, or ____. Give some examples of retroperitoneal organs.

When fecal movement is slow, too much water gets reabsorbed, and feces become hardened; use things like soluble fiber to keep feces moist (act like a sponge; apples, etc), or increase intestinal motility to get feces out.

When does constipation occur and what are some treatments?

When the large intestine absorbs too little water; feces pass through too quickly if the intestine is irritated or feces contain high concentrations of a solute (lactose)

When does diarrhea occur and why?

When abdominal contractions and rising thoracic pressure force the upper esophageal sphincter to open.

When does vomiting occur?

Inferior constrictor (aka upper esophageal sphincter); physiological sphincter.

When not swallowing, the ____ remains contracted to exclude air from the esophagus; stays closed to prevent you from swallowing a lot of air; not a true anatomical sphincter so it is a ____ sphincter.

Ileum; need more lymphatic tissue bec its getting dirty.

Why are there peyer patches in the ____?

So the stuff in the cecum intestine doesn't go back into the ileum.

Why is the ileocecal valve usually closed?

So the gastric juices don't squirt into the esophagus.

Why is the stomach turned off during swallowing?

Pharyngeal constrictors (superior, middle, and inferior).

____ are circular muscles that force food downward during swallowing; name 3 of them.

Mesenteries

____ are connective tissue sheets that loosely suspend the stomach and intestines from the abdominal wall.

Emetics

____ are drugs that induce vomiting.

Villi; Capillaries and Lacteals; Crypts of Lieberkuhn (intestinal crypts); Paneth Cells; Brush border enzymes.

____ are elaborations of the mucosa (increase SA); ____ inside of the villi for absorption and ____ to absorb the fats; ____ at the base of the villi (contain new cells that will replace the simple columnar at the top of the villi); ____ are macrophages that guard (like Kuffper cells); ____ are surface enzymes to finish off digestion.

Intestinal Crypts

____ are glands sunken into the lamina propria of the large intestine; have a greater density of mucus-secreting globlet cells.

Duodenal Glands; bicarbonate-rich mucus (to raise the pH to neutralize the acidic chyme).

____ are in the submucosa of the duodenum; they secrete an abundance of ____.

Extrinsic salivary glands; 1 - 1.5 L/day •Parotid Gland •Submandibular Gland •Sublingual Gland

____ are salivary glands that are big and outside of the oral cavity; they pump out high volumes of saliva (____-____ L of saliva per day). Name them (3).

Chief Cells; Secrete gastric lipase and pepsinogen.

____ are the most numerous cells in the gastric pits. Function?

Mastication

____ breaks food into smaller pieces to be swallowed and exposes more SA to the action of digestive enzymes; it is a type of mechanical digestion.

Pacemaker; Muscularis Externa; Purpose of segmentation is to mix and churn, NOT to move material along as in peristalsis; various segments of circular muscle contract (alternation of segments that go back and forth with contractions).

____ cells in the ____ of the small intestine set the rhythm of segmentation. What is the purpose of segmentation?

Insoluble (scrubs the surfaces so the cleaner they are, the more water reabsorption they will do, etc).

____ fibers physically clean surfaces of large intestines (physical roughage).

Emetic Center; Medulla oblongata

____ in the ____ integrates multiple muscle actions for vomiting.

Gastric Lipase; gastric lipase and lingual lipase (in the bolus from the mouth).

____ is produced by chief cells; ____ and ____ play a minor role in digesting dietary fats.

Mucosa

____ is simple columnar epithelium through the entire large intestine.

Projectile vomiting

____ is sudden vomiting with no prior nausea or retching.

Vomiting; nausea and retching

____ is the forceful ejection of stomach and intestinal contents (chyme) from the mouth and is usually preceded by ____ and ____.

Fauces

____ is the opening of the oropharynx; from the oral cavity to the oropharynx.

Retching

____ is the thoracic expansion and abdominal contraction that creates a pressure difference that dilates the esophagus.

Lithotripsy

____ is the use of ultrasonic vibration to pulverize stones without surgery.

Aspiration (inhalation); fasting.

____ of acid is very destructive to the respiratory tract; surgical anesthesia may induce nausea and must be preceded by ____ until the stomach and small intestine are empty.

32; 20; 16; 16

There are ____ adult teeth and ____ deciduous (baby) teeth; ____ in the mandible and ____ in the maxilla.

Intrinsic salivary glands; •Lungual glands: in the tongue; produce lingual lipase. •Labial glands: inside of the lips. •Buccal glands: inside of the cheeks.

____ salivary glands are small glands dispersed amid other oral tissues and they secrete saliva at a fairly constant rate. Name them (3).

Purging Mass Movements; The gastroileal reflex: Food in the stomach triggers the gastroileal reflex that enhances segmentation in the ileum and relaxes the valve; as the cecum fills with residue, pressure pinches the valve shut.

There are periodic ____ to make room for more food/next batch of food. Give an example of a reflex that coordinates such movements to make room.

Defensive Lymphocytes

There is a large population of ____ throughout the lamina propria and submucosa of the small intestine.

Small intestine; depend partly on how rapidly the stomach is emptied.

Alcohol is absorbed mainly by the ____; intoxicating effects depend partly on ____.

NO

Are there circular folds or villi to increase surface area in the large intestine?

Duodenum gets digestion going (mixing bowl); jejunum is where digestion gets finished and absorption begins (most digestion occurs here; busy part of the small intestine); ileum is where absorption occurs (recover electrolytes and water).

Basic functions of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum?

Lacteals of the Villi; Chyle

Chylomicrons are released into the lymphatic system in the ____, and that white, fatty intestinal lymph is called ____.

We ultimately have voluntary, conscious control of the external sphincter, but it starts with the involuntary reflex. 1. Filling of the rectum (feces stretch the rectum and stimulate stretch receptors, which transmit signals to the spinal cord). 2. Reflex contraction of the rectum and relaxation of the internal anal sphincter (a spinal reflex stimulates contraction of the rectum and relaxes the internal anal sphincter). 3. Voluntary relaxation of external sphincter (impulses from the brain prevent untimely defecation by keeping the external anal sphincter contracted; defecation occurs only if this sphincter also relaxes).

Explain the neural control of defecation (3).

The Pepsin catalyzes the production of more pepsin (autocatalytic effect), as well as partially digesting dietary protein.

Explain the production and action of pepsin.

Involuntary chewing reflex

Food stimulates oral receptors that trigger an ____.

HCl; 0.8

Gastric juice has a high concentration of ____ and a pH as low as ____.

First Line

Gastric juice is a ____ line of defense.

The parietal cell combines water with CO2 from the blood to form carbonic acid (H2CO3), which breaks down into bicarb (HCO3-) and H+. Bicarb diffuses from the parietal cells into the blood, and in exchange, Cl- diffuses from the blood into the lumen of the gastric gland. This Cl- and H+ combine to form HCl.

How does HCl form in the stomach?

If the hepatopancreatic sphincter is closed, which it usually is, the bile gets backed up into the gallbladder.

How does bile get into the gallbladder?

5,000 - 1,000 mL

How many mL of bile is produced daily?

2-3 L/day; mainly a mixture of water, HCl, and pepsin; all cells (except enteroendocrine cells) secrete these gastric juices.

How much gastric juice is produced per day by the gastric glands? Composition of gastric juice and what cells secrete them?

Lesser omentum; greater omentum

The ____ attaches the stomach to the liver and the ____ covers the small intestines like an apron.

Monosaccharides; amino acids; monoglycerides and fatty acids; nucleotides.

In chemical digestion, polysaccharides are broken into ____, proteins into ____, fats into ____ and ____, and nucleic acids into ____.

Pancreatic enzymes (trypsin and chymotrypsin); oligopeptides; Brush border enzymes; intestinal

In regards to digestion and absorption, ____ take over digestion in the small intestine by hydrolyzing peptides into shorter ____; ____ enzymes finish the task, producing free amino acids that are absorbed into ____ epithelial cells.

Parietal Cells; essential to the absorption of vitamin B12 by the small intestine.

Intrinsic factor is secreted by ____ and is essential to what?

Lymphatic Tissue

Lamina propria and submucosal layers of the large intestine have a large amount of ____.

Fat collects and forms a large fat globule in the stomach; it gets broken up into smaller droplets in the duodenum: 1. Emulsification: fat globule is broken up and coated by lecithin and bile salts (now the enzymes have more SA to work on and really do some digestion; not chemical digestion, mechanical). 2. Fat Hydrolysis: emulsification droplets are acted upon by pancreatic lipase which hydrolyzes them into fatty acids and monoglycerides (fat monomers) but these still aren't water soluble. 3. Lipid Uptake by Micelles: micelles in the bile pass to the small intestine and pick up several types of lipids; the outside of the micelles is hydrophilic so they are soluble and can carry the monomers and fatty acids to the enterocytes; way of carrying those monomers and fatty acids and cholesterol and getting them to the enterocytes. 4. Chylomicron Formation: Intestinal cells absorb the micelles. 5. Chylomicron Exocytosis and Lymphatic Uptake: Golgi complex packages chylomicrons into a protein coat that makes them water soluble again; they get released into the capillary space and into the lymphatic drainage (too big to go into the blood stream).

List and explain the 4 steps of fat digestion and absorption.

1. Celiac Phase: vagus nerve stimulates gastric secretion even before food is swallowed; just thinking about/smelling the food stimulates gastric secretion. 2. Gastric Phase: food stretches the stomach (stretch receptors, chemical receptors, change in pH) activate the myenteric and vasovagal reflexes, which stimulate gastric secretion. Histamine and gastrin also stimulate acid and enzyme secretion. 3. Intestinal Phase: the presence of chyme is the stimulus; the intestinal gastrin briefly stimulates the stomach, but then secretin, CCK, and the enterogastric reflex inhibit gastric secretion and motility while the duodenum processes the chyme already in it. Sympathetic nerve fibers suppress the gastric activity, while vagal (parasympathetic) stimulation of the stomach is now inhibited.

List/describe the 3 phases for the regulation of gastric function.

Lymph; Right Thoracic Duct

Most of the chylomicrons that get absorbed wind up in the ____, which goes to the ____ and then the subclavian in the blood.

Parasympathetic Stimulation

Most saliva production is by ____ stimulation (acetylcholine), but if someone is on atropine to speed up the heart because they have low grade cardiac failure, their mouth will be dry (can lead to oral problems; need to chew gum).

Secrete mucous; in the gastric glands, called mucous neck cells.

Mucous Cells function/location.

Gastritis, inflammation of the stomach, can lead to a peptic ulcer as pepsin and HCl erode the stomach wall; Most ulcers are caused by acid-resistant bacteria (Helicobacter pylori) that can be treated with antibiotics and Pepto-Bismol.

Name 2 things that can lead to a peptic ulcer/ how can they be treated?

1. Mucous coat: thick, highly alkaline mucus resists action of acid and enzymes. 2. Tight junctions: between epithelial cells. 3. Epithelial cell replacement: stomach epithelial cells live only 3-6 days.

Name 3 ways the living stomach is protected from the harsh acidic and enzymatic environment it creates.

1. Activates pepsin and lingual lipase. 2. Breaks up connective tissues and plant cell walls (helps liquefy food to form chyme). 3. Converts ingested ferric ions (Fe3+) to ferrous ions (Fe2+), which is an absorbable/usable form for Hb synthesis. 4. Contributes to nonspecific disease resistance by destroying most ingested pathogens.

Name 4 functions of HCl.

1. Mucous cells 2. Regenerative (stem) cells 3. Parietal cells 4. Chief cells 5. Enteroendocrine cells

Name 5 cells found in the gastric pits.

•2 incisors: chisel-like cutting teeth used to bite off a piece of food. •1 canine: pointed and act to puncture and shred food. •2 premolars: broad surface for crushing and grinding. •3 molars: even broader surface for crushing and grinding.

Name the teeth and their function starting from the midline to the rear.

Conduction, storage, and coordination; convolutions, sphincters.

Other than the 5 stages of digestive system functions, what are the other processes needed by the digestive system and what are some features of the digestive system?

Secrete HCl, intrinsic factor, and ghrelin (a hunger hormone); found mostly in the upper half of the gland.

Parietal cells function/location.

Allow gas to escape without the bolus moving with it.

Purpose of rectal valves?

Hepatopancreatic Ampulla (Sphincter of Oddi); Major Duodenal Sphincter; Circular Folds

The ____ controls the ejection of fluid into the duodenum; the ____ helps the liquid get to the center of the chyme and the ____ help mix it in.

Pharynx

The ____ is a muscular funnel that connects the oral cavity to the esophagus and allows the entrance of air from the nasal cavity to the larynx.

Replace dead cells (Lots of these because the cells die after 3-5 days); found in the base of the pit and in the neck of the gland.

Regenerative (stem) cells function/location.

Stomach; to store food.

The ____ is a muscular sac in the upper left abdominal cavity immediately inferior to the diaphragm. What is its primary function?

Esophagus; Esophageal Hiatus

The ____ is a straight muscular tube 25 - 30 cm long; it extends from the pharynx to the cardiac orifice of the stomach and it passes through the ____ in the diaphragm.

Liver; Gallbladder

The ____ synthesizes bile and stores it in the ____.

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous

The anal canal has ____ epithelium in its lower half.

Anal columns and anal sinuses

The ____ and ____ are filled with mucus cells that produce mucus to make it slippery on the way out.

9 L/day; 0.7 L in food, 1.6 L in drink, 6.7 L in gastrointestinal secretions, 8 L is absorbed by the small intestine and 0,8 L by the large intestine, 0.2 is voided in daily fecal output.

The digestive tract receives about ____ L of water/day: what is the water budget? ____ in food, ____ in drink, ____ in gastrointestinal secretions, ____ absorbed by the small intestine, ____ absorbed by the large intestine, and ____ is voided in daily fecal output.

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; esophageal glands; longitudinal ridges; skeletal; mixture; smooth.

The esophagus is made of ____ epithelium; ____ in the submucosa secrete mucus; it is deeply folded into ____ when empty; ____ muscle in the upper 1/3, ____ in the middle 1/3, and only ____ in the bottom 1/3.

Involuntary (smooth muscle); Voluntary (skeletal muscle).

The internal anal sphincter is under ____ control, while the external anal sphincter is under ____ control.

1-2 L; pH 7.4-7.8

The intestinal crypts secrete ____-____ L of intestinal juice per day; pH of ____-____.

500 mL; 12-24; 150 mL; Defecation

The large intestine receives about ____ mL of indigestible residue per day; takes about ____-____ hours to reduce the residue of a meal to feces; reduces it to about ____ mL of feces by absorbing water and salts; eliminates feces by ____.

Small intestines; mesocolon

The mesentery of the ____ holds many blood vessels and the ____ anchors the colon to the posterior body wall.

Endocrine and Exocrine; •Endocrine Portion: pancreatic islets that secrete insulin and glucagon. •Exocrine Portoin: 99% of the pancreas that secretes 1200-1500 mL of pancreatic juice per day.

The pancreas is both an ____ and ____ gland. Explain the portions.

Hepaticflexure; Splenic Flexure

The right colic flexure is also known as the ____, and the left colic flexure is also known as the ____.

Aspirin and some lipid soluble drugs.

The stomach does not absorb any significant amount of nutrients but it does absorb ____ and ____.