Ch. 25

As a result of its loss in the Crimean War of __________, Russia was forced to recognize the Ottoman Empire's right to full integrity.

1853-1856

The end of serfdom in Russia would not come until 1861, and the end of slavery in the Ottoman Empire not until ________.

1890

In 1792, the sultan and his viziers proclaimed a "new order" for the army, in which:

A separate artillery and flintlock musket corps was created alongside the Janissaries.

Junior military officers launched a coup in 1908 and forced the sultan to:

Accept a new parliament.

In ________ in the 1700s, one of the two major Pashtu tribal federations revolted repeatedly against the efforts of the Safavids to convert them to Shiite Islam.

Afghanistan

The assassination of ________ in 1881 by a leftist terrorist organization impatient for further reforms triggered a repressive backlash from the next tsar.

Alexander II

Following the Revolution of 1905, Nicholas II repudiated the concessions granted in the October Manifesto, especially:

An independent Duma

Between 1894 and 1896, the Ottoman sultan armed Kurdish tribal units, which massacred thousands of _______ villagers.

Armenian

Shiites are unique in having a small number, about half a dozen today, of ___________ ("signs of God"), who are distinguished by their knowledge of the Quran and Islamic tradition.

Ayatollahs

In a reform of the educational system in 1782, _________ made education, from urban primary schools to high schools, free and mostly staffed with clergy.

Catherine II the Great

The Balkan states of Serbia, Montenegro, Greece and Bulgaria:

Collaborated in the First Balkan War against the Ottomans.

Among other measures, the system proposed by Sergei Witte:

Converted to the gold standard in order to stabilize the currency

Sultan Abdülhamit used the Russian-Ottoman War of 1877-1878 as an excuse to:

Dismiss the Ottoman Parliament and rule by decree.

Reformers in Ottoman Empire introduced a system of "life lease" for taxation in the 18th century, mirroring developments that were taking place in the taxation system of _______.

France

The Rose Garden Edict (1839) did all of the following except:

Freed Christians and Jews from unusual burdens.

______ became independent of Ottoman rule in a war of liberation (1821-1832), and it was the first country in which ethnic nationalism was an element in its foundation.

Greece

Given the fiscal limitations, the sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Abdülhamit II, took all of the following actions between 1876 and 1909 EXCEPT:

He encouraged ethnic nationalism within the Empire.

Napoleon's invasion of Ottoman Egypt in 1798 and Russia in 1812 drove home to their rulers that:

His armies of mass conscripts, equipped with flintlock muskets, were superior to theirs.

The Ottoman vassal in Egypt, Muhammad Ali, rose in rebellion and would have conquered ____________ had European forces not intervened.

Istanbul

All of the following are true of the Decembrist Revolt EXCEPT:

It occurred just after the ascension of Alexander II.

All of the following are true of the second Ottoman siege to Vienna EXCEPT:

It resulted in a third siege, when peace negotiations failed in 1699.

All of the following is true of the crisis from 1873 to 1878 EXCEPT:

It was triggered when the government initiated a constitutional congress to better represent ethnic minorities.

Continuing the repressive policies of his father, Nicholas launched a pogrom of Russian _________ in 1903-1906, triggering mass emigrations to the United States.

Jews

The more moderate group of political activists in the Social Democratic Labor Party, meeting in London in 1903, called itself the ___________ ("minority", though they were actually numerically the majority) and aimed for the eventual overthrow of capitalism and tsarist rule.

Mensheviks

The Decembrist Revolt was led by a small number of _________ in 1825, but it was quickly suppressed and its leaders were hanged.

Military officers who wanted reforms

Russian serfs were organized into ____, or communes, which oversaw economic and legal affairs, and their dwellings were clustered around a village center.

Mirs

Ottoman troops were able to repress nationalist agitators in Macedonia in the 1890s because:

None of the groups received outside support in their effort

The Young Turks were:

Officers officially organized as the Committee of Union and Progress

Even though Ottoman sappers and siege cannons succeeded in breaching the walls of Vienna in several places in 1683, a __________ relief army allied with the Habsburgs arrived just in time to drive out the besieging forces.

Polish

The "Fortunate Edict" of 1856 declared that all Ottoman subjects, regardless of _______, had the right to education, employment, and administration of justice.

Religion

In 1839, the Ottoman government issued a series of reform edicts that are collectively known as Tanzimat or "______".

Reorganizations

In 1792, an attempt at reform was initiated, which the Ottomans called the "New Order," and its main aim was to:

Reorganize the army and provide greater training for officers.

In 1912, ______, Montenegro, Bulgaria, and Greece collaborated in the First Balkan War, forcing Ottoman forces to retreat from the strategically important city of Edirne and move back to Istanbul.

Serbia

In the 1870s, conservative intellectuals broadened the conceptualization of Russian nationality into an ideology of Pan-__________.

Slavism

In the Crimean War:

The Ottoman Empire, France, and Great Britain allied against Russia.

The Congress of Berlin had the following impact on the Ottomans EXCEPT:

The Parliament took over governance and the Sultan retained only symbolic power.

The Russian Empire expanded during the 1800s at the expense of:

The Qajar and Ottoman Empires.

Theoretically, the Land Code of 1858 subjected all users of the "sultan's land" to taxation, but:

The central administration had no money to appoint tax collectors.

Among the Enlightenment-inspired reforms of Alexander I was:

The liberation of serfs in Russia's Baltic provinces.

Among the innovative measures proposed by Nikolai Chernyshevsky in his novel What Is to be Done? was:

The liberation of women

Following the assassination of Alexander II in 1881:

The movement toward liberalization floundered and the new tsars reverted to the tradition of tight, autocratic political control.

The purpose of the "Fortunate Edict" of 1856 was:

To clarify questions of equality among subjects

________ was so impressed with Nikolai Chernyshevsky's novel What Is to Be Done? that he referred to it as one of the most influential books he had ever read and used the same title for one of his own treatises.

Vladimir Lenin

When they established power, the Qajars:

Were not powerful enough to interfere with the clerical hierarchy's privileges.

Choose the correct chronological order for the events below:

▪The reign of Catherine II of Russia ▪the Tanzimat reforms in the Ottoman Empire ▪Emancipation of Russian serfs ▪Young Turks rise to power.