Ch. 25 The Urinary System, Chapter 24, chapter 23&25
nephros
(G) kidney
renal
(L) kidney
105. Which layer of the small intestine wall contains cells with microvilli? A. submucosa B. mucosa C. muscularis D. serosa E. adventitia
B. mucosa
________ pressure must be greater on the capillary side of the filtration membrane to achieve filtration. a)Osmotic b)Hydrostatic
Hydrostatic
What hormone directly opposes the actions of natriuretic hormones? a)renin b)nitric oxide c)dopamine d)aldosterone
aldosterone
frenulum
bridle
What muscle forms the cheeks?
buccinator muscle
When blood pressure increases, blood vessels supplying the kidney will ________ to mount a steady rate of filtration. a)contract b)relax
contract
pharynx
throat
Decreased ADH levels results in a urine high in
water content.
ileum
wind around
fenestra
window
88. Assume we could alter the conditions in the duodenum. If we inserted a large volume of highly acidic chyme which contained a large amount of fat, which of the following responses are consistent with that? (1) decreased gastric acid secretion (2) increased bile production (3) increased pancreatic bicarbonate production and pancreatic enzyme secretion (4) increased secretin and cholecystokinin A. 1, 2, 3, 4 B. 1, 2, 3 C. 2, 3, 4 D. 1, 3, 4 E. 1, 2, 4
A. 1, 2, 3, 4
101. Gastritis, peptic ulcers and gastric cancer can all be caused by A. Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium. B. increased secretion of gastric bicarbonate. C. pH of the stomach contents continuously greater than 4. D. increased mucus production by the neck cells. E. None of these choices is correct.
A. Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium.
29. What disease is caused by the absence of enteric neurons in the distal large intestine? A. Hirschprung disease B. multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 C. spastic colon D. gastroenteritis
A. Hirschprung disease
174. Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol? A. LDL B. HDL C. VLDL D. chylomicron E. CDL
A. LDL
87. The formation of HCl in the stomach involves the A. active transport of hydrogen ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach. B. exchange of sodium ions for hydrogen ions in the transport process. C. active transport of chloride ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach. D. exchange of sodium and bicarbonate ions. E. the combination of carbon dioxide and water.
A. active transport of hydrogen ions from parietal cells into the lumen of the stomach.
171. Chylomicrons A. are synthesized in intestinal epithelial cells. B. enter capillaries in the small intestine. C. help emulsify fats. D. are a rich source of carbohydrate. E. are synthesized in the lumen of the small intestines.
A. are synthesized in intestinal epithelial cells.
44. What muscle forms the cheeks? A. buccinator muscle B. orbicularis oculi muscle C. orbicularis oris D. zygomaticus muscles
A. buccinator muscle
90. Anticipation of eating food causes an increase in secretion of gastric juice. This phase of gastric secretion is called the _____ phase. A. cephalic B. gastric C. intestinal D. pancreatic E. conscious
A. cephalic
134. What is the main stimulus for bile secretion from the gallbladder? A. cholecystokinin B. vagal stimulation C. secretin D. large amounts of protein in the chyme
A. cholecystokinin
156. The mucosa of the colon A. contains many mucus-secreting goblet cells. B. exchanges sodium ions for chloride ions. C. actively secretes sodium and chloride ions. D. produces enzymes that complete lipid digestion. E. consists of stratified columnar epithelium.
A. contains many mucus-secreting goblet cells.
102. Enzymes secreted by the small intestine include A. disaccharidases. B. secretin. C. cholecystokinin. D. bile. E. histamine.
A. disaccharidases.
112. Which of the following will stimulate intestinal motility? A. distension of the intestinal wall B. low pH C. presence of amino acids D. All of the choices will stimulate intestinal motility
A. distension of the intestinal wall
97. The enterogastric reflex can be triggered by A. distention of the duodenal wall. B. the presence of food in the stomach. C. increased pH in the duodenum. D. the cerebral cortex. E. the hormone secretin.
A. distention of the duodenal wall.
2. Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of the digestive tract? A. esophagus B. salivary glands C. pancreas D. gallbladder
A. esophagus
61. Salivary gland secretion is primarily controlled by the A. facial and glossopharyngeal nerves. B. vagus nerve. C. taste centers of the medulla. D. intercostal nerves. E. trigeminal nerve.
A. facial and glossopharyngeal nerves.
180. Which of the following is an end product of protein digestion? A. glucose B. amino acids C. LDL molecules D. micelles E. nucleic acids
A. glucose
36. A large amount of fat accumulates in the A. greater omentum. B. lesser omentum. C. coronary ligament. D. sigmoid mesocolon. E. visceral peritoneum.
A. greater omentum.
177. A cell needs a receptor in order to absorb LDL's. A disease that interferes with the functioning of these LDL receptors would A. increase serum cholesterol levels. B. decrease serum cholesterol levels. C. halt endocytosis. D. promote endocytosis. E. have no effect on serum cholesterol or endocytosis.
A. increase serum cholesterol levels.
63. Mastication A. increases the surface area of food particles. B. decreases the efficiency of digestion. C. occurs in both the mouth and stomach. D. is never under voluntary control. E. decreases the surface area of food particles.
A. increases the surface area of food particles.
93. The intestinal phase of gastric secretion A. is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum. B. leads to increased gastric secretion if duodenal pH falls below 2. C. only stimulates gastric secretion. D. will decrease gastric secretion when gastrin is released by the duodenum. E. is controlled by the entrance of alkaline material into the small intestines.
A. is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum.
161. The defecation reflex A. is stimulated by distention of the rectum. B. inhibits further peristalsis in the rectum and lower colon. C. constricts the internal anal sphincter. D. lasts several hours. E. None of these choices is correct.
A. is stimulated by distention of the rectum.
10. Which digestive activity is NOT correctly matched to its location? A. killing microorganisms with lysozyme - stomach B. digestion of carbohydrates - mouth C. absorption of nutrients - small intestine D. production of mucus - esophagus
A. killing microorganisms with lysozyme - stomach
173. In comparison to a low-density lipoprotein (LDL), a high density lipoprotein (HDL) contains A. less lipid. B. less protein. C. more cholesterol. D. more carbohydrate. E. more amino acids.
A. less lipid
25. Secretions that are added as food moves through the GI tract assist in A. liquefying and digesting the food. B. vitamin A and D production and storage. C. distribution of nutrients throughout the body. D. insulin production. E. bile production.
A. liquefying and digesting the food.
12. Which of the following is NOT a function of the small intestine? A. mastication of food B. absorption of nutrients C. complete digestion of food D. mixing by segmental contractions
A. mastication of food
19. Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with the food consumed? A. mucosa B. muscularis C. submucosa D. serosa E. peritoneum
A. mucosa
83. Which of the following represents a mismatch in stomach wall structure? A. muscularis - two layers; both circular B. rugae - folds of mucosa and submucosa C. mucosa - gastric glands D. gastric pits - open onto surface of stomach mucosa E. lining - simple columnar epithelium
A. muscularis - two layers; both circular
64. Which part of the pharynx is NOT involved with food transport? A. nasopharynx B. oropharynx C. laryngopharynx D. All the the choices are involved with food transport
A. nasopharynx
58. The salivary glands located just anterior to the ear are the A. parotid glands. B. submandibular glands. C. buccal glands. D. labial glands. E. sublingual glands.
A. parotid glands.
126. Bile secretion is A. performed continuously by the liver. B. is stimulated by sympathetic nerves. C. is stimulated by decreased amounts of bile salts. D. stimulated by increased vitamin B12 storage. E. controlled by the gallbladder.
A. performed continuously by the liver.
125. The liver A. produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats. B. produces several digestive enzymes. C. stores vitamin C. D. receives oxygenated blood from the portal vein. E. can not synthesize new molecules.
A. produces secretions that help neutralize stomach acids and emulsify fats.
80. Reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus occurs because of A. relaxation of the cardiac sphincter. B. contraction of the pyloric sphincter. C. spasms of the submucosal layer of the stomach wall. D. increased hydrochloric acid production by the parietal cells. E. increased amounts of mucous produced by the stomach.
A. relaxation of the cardiac sphincter.
35. Abdominal organs that lie against the body wall and have no mesenteries are said to be A. retroperitoneal. B. antiperitoneal. C. falciperitoneal. D. hyperperitoneal. E. mesoperitoneal.
A. retroperitoneal.
139. The longitudinal layer of smooth muscle in the large intestinal wall forms three bands called the A. teniae coli. B. haustra. C. coli longitudini. D. omental appendages. E. rugae.
A. teniae coli.
73. What keeps the bolus from entering the larynx during deglutition? A. the epiglottis B. the uvula C. the tongue D. the upper esophageal sphincter
A. the epiglottis
182. When intestinal chyme is highly concentrated, A. water moves by osmosis into the lumen of the small intestine. B. water moves by osmosis from the intestinal lumen into the blood. C. water moves by endocytosis from intestinal lumen into interstitial spaces. D. water moves by exocytosis from interstitial spaces into the stomach. E. water does not move.
A. water moves by osmosis into the lumen of the small intestine.
Progesterone can bind to receptors for which hormone that, when released, activates water retention? a)aldosterone b)ADH c)PTH d)ANH
ADH
Which of these three paracrine chemicals cause vasodilation? a)ATP b)adenosine d)nitric oxide
ATP
62. How much saliva is generally produced each day? A. ½ - 1 L B. 1 - 1½ L C. 2 - 3 L D. 4 - 5 L
B. 1 - 1½ L
136. Arrange the following structures in order from the small intestine to the rectum. (1) ascending colon (2) descending colon (3) sigmoid colon (4) transverse colon A. 1, 2, 3, 4 B. 1, 4, 2, 3 C. 2, 3, 1, 4 D. 2, 4, 1, 3 E. 1, 4, 3, 2
B. 1, 4, 2, 3
71. Which of the following statements regarding swallowing is true? A. The voluntary phase begins in the pharynx. B. In the pharyngeal phase, food is moved through the pharynx. C. The uvula rises during the esophageal phase. D. Peristalsis occurs in all phases of swallowing. E. Breathing occurs during swallowing.
B. In the pharyngeal phase, food is moved through the pharynx.
181. Which of the following is true? A. Peptidases are made in the large intestine. B. Intestinal epithelial cells absorb more dipeptides and tripeptides than single amino acids. C. The hepatic artery transports amino acids from the small intestine to the liver. D. Amino acids leave intestinal epithelial cells and enter the lacteals. E. Protein digestion starts in the duodenum.
B. Intestinal epithelial cells absorb more dipeptides and tripeptides than single amino acids.
14. Diffusion and active transport are likely to be important in A. mastication of food. B. absorption of food. C. elimination of undigested food. D. propulsion of food through the digestive tract. E. mixing of food.
B. absorption of food.
107. Which of the following cell types is correctly matched with its function? A. endocrine cells - produce mucus B. absorptive cells - produce digestive enzymes C. granular cells - absorb nutrients D. goblet cells - produce hormones E. granular cells - produce granules
B. absorptive cells - produce digestive enzymes
166. Enzymes that digest carbohydrates include A. peptidases. B. amylase, maltase, and sucrase. C. lipase. D. maltase and lipase. E. trypsin and chymotrypsin.
B. amylase, maltase, and sucrase.
51. Teeth in adults A. are replaced by osteoblast activity if they are extracted. B. are distributed so that there is one canine tooth in each half jaw. C. are all of the same type - molars. D. are composed of living cells called enamel cells. E. do not play a role in speech.
B. are distributed so that there is one canine tooth in each half jaw.
146. The gallbladder contracts in response to the hormone A. secretin. B. cholecystokinin. C. gastrin. D. enterokinin. E. insulin.
B. cholecystokinin.
98. Food in the stomach is squeezed and mixed with gastric juices, forming a semiliquid called A. bolusin. B. chyme. C. bile. D. phlegm. E. feces.
B. chyme.
153. A proteolytic enzyme secreted by the pancreas is A. ribonuclease. B. chymotrypsin. C. amylase. D. enterogastrone. E. pancreatic lipase.
B. chymotrypsin.
152. Trypsin can activate A. pepsinogen. B. chymotrypsinogen. C. angiotensinogen. D. endopeptidase. E. lipase.
B. chymotrypsinogen.
165. Most nutrient absorption occurs in the A. stomach and esophagus. B. duodenum and jejunum. C. ascending colon and cecum. D. pancreatic duct and gall bladder. E. ileum and transverse colon.
B. duodenum and jejunum.
127. Bile A. digests proteins in the small intestine. B. emulsifies fats in the small intestine. C. is made by the gallbladder and stored by the liver. D. activates trypsin in the small intestine. E. activates the pancreas.
B. emulsifies fats in the small intestine.
96. Fatty acids and certain lipids in the duodenum initiate the release of A. secretin and gastrin. B. gastric inhibitory peptide and cholecystokinin (CCK). C. gastrin and gastric inhibitory peptide. D. somatomedin and GIP. E. insulin and glucagon.
B. gastric inhibitory peptide and cholecystokinin (CCK).
92. The distention of the stomach by food is the primary stimulus to begin the A. cephalic phase of gastric secretion. B. gastric phase of gastric secretion. C. intestinal phase of gastric secretion. D. cystic phase of gastric secretion. E. hepatic phase of gastric secretion.
B. gastric phase of gastric secretion
47. Where is the uvula located? A. on the hard palate B. hanging in the fauces C. lateral walls of the fauces D. under the tongue
B. hanging in the fauces
141. The anal canal A. begins at the sigmoid colon and ends at the rectum. B. has an internal sphincter composed of smooth muscle. C. contains many goblet cells. D. contains tubular glands called crypts. E. has an external sphincter composed of smooth muscle.
B. has an internal sphincter composed of smooth muscle.
122. The hepatic sinusoids A. transport bile. B. have phagocytic cells in their lining. C. are part of the portal triad. D. connect to the gallbladder. E. do not have a function.
B. have phagocytic cells in their lining.
116. Bile would flow directly from the A. gallbladder into the hepatic duct. B. hepatic ducts into the common hepatic duct. C. bile canaliculus into the cystic duct. D. common bile duct into the gallbladder. E. cystic duct into the hepatic ducts.
B. hepatic ducts into the common hepatic duct.
138. A blockage in the colon where the ascending colon turns to become the transverse colon would occur at the A. ileocecal valve. B. hepatic flexure. C. splenic flexure. D. cardiac sphincter. E. gastric flexure.
B. hepatic flexure.
119. Nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract comes to the liver by way of the A. hepatic artery. B. hepatic portal vein. C. hepatic vein. D. inferior vena cava. E. celiac trunk.
B. hepatic portal vein.
131. Where does bile enter the duodenum? A. cystic duct B. hepatopancreatic ampulla C. hepatic duct D. duodenal ampulla
B. hepatopancreatic ampulla
45. Which of the following would inhibit normal movements of the tongue? A. swollen lips B. lingual frenulum extending to tip of tongue C. decrease in number of taste buds D. loss of all teeth E. swollen tonsils
B. lingual frenulum extending to tip of tongue
124. Damage to the liver would hamper digestion of A. carbohydrates. B. lipids. C. proteins. D. disaccharides. E. All of these choices are correct.
B. lipids.
123. Bile is produced by cells of the A. duodenum. B. liver. C. gallbladder. D. pancreas. E. hepatopancreatic ampulla.
B. liver.
15. Which of the following occurs in the large intestine? A. chemical digestion B. mass movements C. mastication D. mixing waves E. neutralization
B. mass movements
40. The lips, cheek, and tongue all aid in A. speech and swallowing. B. mastication, speech, and swallowing. C. mastication and swallowing. D. mastication and sense of taste. E. deglutition and peristalsis.
B. mastication, speech, and swallowing.
170. Small droplets of digested lipids surrounded by bile salts are called A. chylomicrons. B. micelles. C. monoglycerides. D. diglycerides. E. lacteals.
B. micelles
111. What is the purpose of segmental contractions of the small intestine? A. propelling the chyme forward B. mixing of intestinal contents C. moving intestinal contents into the colon D. stretching the intestinal wall
B. mixing of intestinal contents
3. Which is the correct order of the regions of the digestive tract from superior to inferior? A. pharynx, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine B. oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine C. stomach, esophagus, large intestine, small intestine D. anus, large intestine, stomach, esophagus
B. oral cavity, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
75. The portion of the digestive tract that receives food directly from the oral cavity is the A. nasopharynx. B. oropharynx. C. laryngopharynx. D. esophagus. E. larynx.
B. oropharynx.
77. Which of the following cell types of the stomach is correctly matched with its function? A. mucous cells - produce intrinsic factor B. parietal cells - produce hydrochloric acid C. chief cells - produce mucus D. endocrine cells - produce enzymes E. chief cells - produce hormones
B. parietal cells - produce hydrochloric acid
178. Which of the following enzymes digests protein? A. bile B. pepsin C. isomaltose D. sucrase E. lipase
B. pepsin
82. Which of the following are secreted by the stomach? A. amylase and lipase B. pepsinogen and intrinsic factor C. bile and lipase D. trypsin and amylase E. bicarbonate and secretin
B. pepsinogen and intrinsic factor
72. What moves the bolus during the esophageal phase of deglutition? A. pharyngeal constriction B. peristalsis C. the tongue D. segmentation
B. peristalsis
41. The tongue A. secretes saliva. B. plays a major role in swallowing. C. contains a lot of connective and lymphatic tissues. D. is attached to the hard palate. E. functions in deglutition apnea.
B. plays a major role in swallowing.
6. The movement of food through the digestive tract is A. segmentation. B. propulsion. C. mixing. D. mastication.
B. propulsion.
78. Which of the following regions of the stomach is correctly matched with its description? A. body - portion closest to the esophagus B. pylorus - the most inferior portion of the stomach C. fundus - opening from the stomach into the duodenum D. cardiac region - the largest portion of the stomach E. pyloric opening - opening from the esophagus
B. pylorus - the most inferior portion of the stomach
74. Which of the following might happen if a person begins laughing while swallowing a liquid? A. laryngeal constriction forcing liquid through the pharynx B. relaxation of the soft palate allowing liquid to enter the nasal cavity C. the tongue might be swallowed D. nothing - swallowing will be normal E. peristalsis will not begin
B. relaxation of the soft palate allowing liquid to enter the nasal cavity
147. When chyme enters the duodenum, ____ is released and stimulates the pancreas to secrete bicarbonates. A. gastrin B. secretin C. insulin D. cholecystokinin E. glucagon
B. secretin
8. A mixing contraction in the small intestine is called A. peristalsis. B. segmental contraction. C. deglutition. D. mass movement.
B. segmental contraction.
143. Cholecystokinin is produced by endocrine cells of the A. stomach. B. small intestine. C. pancreas. D. large intestine. E. liver.
B. small intestine.
31. The role of acetylcholine in the digestive tract is to _________, while the role of norepinephrine is to ______. A. stimulate, stimulate B. stimulate, inhibit C. inhibit, inhibit D. inhibit, stimulate
B. stimulate, inhibit
32. What is the role of serotonin in the digestive tract? A. decreased nausea B. stimulates motility C. hormone release D. inhibits motility
B. stimulates motility
66. The epiglottis covers the opening into the larynx during A. the voluntary phase of swallowing. B. the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. C. the esophageal phase of swallowing. D. the gastric phase of swallowing. E. the oral phase of swallowing.
B. the pharyngeal phase of swallowing.
68. How does the muscularis layer of the esophagus differ from the rest of the digestive tract? A. it is all skeletal muscle B. the superior part is skeletal muscle C. the inferior part is skeletal muscle D. it has alternating smooth and skeletal muscle sections
B. the superior part is skeletal muscle
149. Which of the following enzymes is found in inactive form in pancreatic juice? A. bile B. trypsin C. sucrase D. pepsin E. lipase
B. trypsin
Blood filtrate is captured in the lumen of the ________. a)glomerulus b)Bowman's capsule c)calyces d)renal papillae
Bowman's capsule
179. Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest: (1) dipeptide (2) protein (3) amino acid (4) polypeptide A. 3, 1, 4, 2 B. 4, 1, 2, 3 C. 2, 4, 1, 3 D. 1, 2, 3, 4 E. 2, 4, 3, 1
C. 2, 4, 1, 3
117. Arrange the ducts in the order that bile would pass through them when moving from the bile canaliculi to the small intestine without being stored in the gallbladder. (1) common bile duct (2) common hepatic duct (3) cystic duct (4) left and right hepatic ducts A. 3, 4, 2 B. 3, 2, 1 C. 4, 2, 1 D. 4, 1, 2 E. 1, 4, 2
C. 4, 2, 1
162. Which of the following does NOT illustrate digestion? A. polysaccharides → disaccharides B. fat → fatty acids and glycerol C. CO2 and H2O→carbohydrates D. protein → amino acids E. disaccharides → monosaccharides
C. CO2 and H2O→carbohydrates
154. Which of the following statements concerning cholecystokinin is correct? A. Cholecystokinin stimulates relaxation of the gallbladder. B. Cholecystokinin stimulates secretion of mucus by the gastric glands. C. Cholecystokinin stimulates the pancreas to release an enzyme-rich solution. D. Cholecystokinin stimulates the intestine to secrete trypsin. E. Cholecystokinin stimulates gastric secretions.
C. Cholecystokinin stimulates the pancreas to release an enzyme-rich solution.
145. Which of the following statements applies to the ileocecal sphincter? A. Cecal distention enhances relaxation of this sphincter. B. Closure of this sphincter inhibits absorption in the small intestine. C. Peristaltic contractions reaching this sphincter cause it to relax. D. This sphincter is usually relaxed. E. This sphincter stays contracted.
C. Peristaltic contractions reaching this sphincter cause it to relax.
69. Why does the superior part of the esophagus contain skeletal muscle instead of smooth muscle? A. The first phase of swallowing is under involuntary control. B. The second phase of swallowing is under voluntary control. C. The first phase of swallowing is under voluntary control. D. The second phase of swallowing is under involuntary control.
C. The first phase of swallowing is under voluntary control.
115. Which of the following statements regarding the pancreas is true? A. The head of the pancreas lies in the curvature of the ileum. B. The pancreatic duct carries both enzymes and hormones. C. The pancreatic acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes. D. The pancreas assists the stomach in the absorption of digested food. E. The pancreas digests sugar.
C. The pancreatic acinar cells secrete digestive enzymes.
151. Enterokinase A. is a hormone. B. triggers the release of bile from the gallbladder. C. activates trypsinogen. D. increases duodenal motility. E. digests proteins.
C. activates trypsinogen.
46. Lipid-soluble drugs placed under the tongue A. are more easily swallowed. B. can be detected by taste buds. C. are quickly dissolved and absorbed. D. are then easy to chew. E. are not readily absorbed.
C. are quickly dissolved and absorbed.
109. What is found in an intestinal villus? A. brush border B. digestive enzymes C. blood capillaries and a lacteal D. Peyer patches and a lacteal
C. blood capillaries and a lacteal
159. Gastrocolic reflexes are reflexes that A. empty the stomach. B. release gastric secretions into the stomach. C. cause mass movements of the colon when food is present in the stomach. D. lead to mass movements of the colon in response to food in the duodenum. E. stop movement in the colon.
C. cause mass movements of the colon when food is present in the stomach.
48. What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue? A. sticking the tongue out B. moving the tongue side to side C. changing the tongue shape during swallowing D. retracting the tongue
C. changing the tongue shape during swallowing
104. The hepatopancreatic ampulla is formed by the union of the A. pancreatic duct with the lacteals. B. greater duodenal papilla with the lesser duodenal papilla. C. common bile duct and pancreatic duct. D. cystic duct and interlobular duct. E. hepatic ducts and cystic ducts.
C. common bile duct and pancreatic duct
132. What connects the gallbladder to the common bile duct? A. hepatic duct B. gallbladder duct C. cystic duct D. portal duct
C. cystic duct
5. Which of the following is a function performed by the digestive system? A. cellular respiration B. food selection C. elimination of undigested food D. regulation of blood pH E. integration and coordination of other systems
C. elimination of undigested food
67. What structure moves food from the pharynx to the stomach? A. larynx B. laryngopharynx C. esophagus D. epiglottis
C. esophagus
85. Intrinsic factor A. increases gastric motility. B. causes the release of stomach acid. C. facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12. D. protects the stomach lining from the effects of stomach acid. E. stimulates the synthesis of DNA.
C. facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12.
155. The major stimulus for the release of cholecystokinin is the presence of ______ in the intestine. A. bile B. pancreatic juice C. fatty acids and other lipids D. sugars E. proteins
C. fatty acids and other lipids
94. Which of the following would inhibit both gastric secretion and gastric motility? A. vagal stimulation and gastrin B. chewing and swallowing food C. gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) D. gastrin and cholecystokinin (CCK) E. large amounts of fiber in the diet
C. gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
95. Which of the following would stimulate gastric secretion? A. acidic chyme in duodenum B. secretin C. gastrin D. cholecystokinin E. pepsin
C. gastrin
164. Insulin increases the rate of _____ transport into cells. A. sucrose B. fructose C. glucose D. galactose E. lactose
C. glucose
106. What portion of the small intestine is most distal from the pylorus of the stomach? A. jejunum B. duodenum C. ileum D. common bile duct E. hepatopancreatic ampulla
C. ileum
100. Duodenal gland secretion prevents A. digestive enzyme release. B. release of bile from the liver. C. irritation of the duodenal mucosa by acidic chyme and digestive enzymes. D. the release of insulin. E. peristalsis.
C. irritation of the duodenal mucosa by acidic chyme and digestive enzymes.
89. Pepsinogen A. is secreted by parietal cells. B. is activated by salivary amylase in swallowed food. C. is packaged in zymogen granules. D. operates optimally at a pH of 5 or more. E. helps to form peptide bonds.
C. is packaged in zymogen granules.
168. If the thoracic duct were tied off, which of the following classes of nutrients would not enter the circulatory system at their normal rate? A. amino acids B. glucose C. lipids D. disaccharides E. monosaccharides
C. lipids
1. Which of the following is an accessory organ of the digestive tract? A. pharynx B. stomach C. liver D. large intestine
C. liver
121. An organ is described as follows: cords of cells radiating outward from a central vein with sinusoids between the cords of cells. The organ having this histological structure is the A. pancreas. B. spleen. C. liver. D. stomach. E. gall bladder.
C. liver.
160. Strong peristaltic contractions in the large intestine are called A. segmental contractions. B. churning contractions. C. mass movements. D. rectal propulsions. E. defecation.
C. mass movements.
99. The pyloric pump A. mixes stomach contents for digestion. B. causes hunger contractions. C. moves chyme through a partially closed pyloric opening. D. causes rugae to flatten. E. opens the pyloric sphincter completely.
C. moves chyme through a partially closed pyloric opening.
23. Beginning at the lumen, the sequence of layers of the digestive tract wall is A. submucosa, mucosa, serous membrane, muscularis. B. muscularis, lamina propria, submucosa, mucosa. C. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa. D. peritoneum, submucosa, mucosa, lamina propria. E. submucosa, mucosa, adventitia, muscularis.
C. mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa.
140. The major secretion of the large intestine is A. bile. B. hormones. C. mucus. D. vitamins. E. bacteria.
C. mucus.
43. What muscle forms the lips? A. buccinator muscle B. orbicularis oculi muscle C. orbicularis oris muscle D. labial frenulum muscle
C. orbicularis oris muscle
24. What is the function of interstitial cells of the myenteric plexus? A. chemoreceptors that detect the chemical composition of food B. production of mucus for lubrication and protection C. pacemaker cells that promote rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscle D. release of enzymes for chemical digestion
C. pacemaker cells that promote rhythmic contractions of the smooth muscle
135. Which of the following structures has both endocrine and exocrine tissue? A. colon B. liver C. pancreas D. gallbladder E. spleen
C. pancreas
42. Which of the following is associated with the tongue? A. uvula B. constrictor muscles C. papillae and taste buds D. periodontal ligament E. fauces
C. papillae and taste buds
52. The ____ helps hold a tooth in its socket. A. crown B. cementum C. periodontal ligament D. dental arch E. alveoli
C. periodontal ligament
86. Which of the following events occurs because of the low pH of the stomach? A. activation of salivary amylase B. enhanced carbohydrate digestion C. proper environment for functioning of pepsin D. protein synthesis E. lipid digestion
C. proper environment for functioning of pepsin
176. LDL's are taken into a cell by the process of A. simple diffusion. B. osmosis. C. receptor mediated endocytosis. D. HDL carrier molecules. E. facilitated diffusion.
C. receptor mediated endocytosis.
16. In order to remove a tumor in the muscular tunic of the stomach, a surgeon must cut through the A. lamina propria. B. submucosa. C. serosa. D. mucosa. E. lamina propria.
C. serosa.
113. The gallbladder A. produces bile. B. is attached to the pancreas. C. stores bile. D. produces secretin. E. breaks down red blood cells.
C. stores bile.
57. The salivary glands that open into the oral cavity beside the frenulum of the tongue are the A. parotid glands. B. sublingual glands. C. submandibular glands. D. labial glands. E. lacrimal glands.
C. submandibular glands.
144. Which of the following is mismatched? A. segmental contractions - mix intestinal contents B. peristaltic contractions - propel intestinal contents along G.I. tract C. sympathetic nerve fibers - increase intestinal motility D. distention of intestinal wall - increases intestinal motility E. parasympathetic nerve fibers - stimulate secretion of pancreatic juices
C. sympathetic nerve fibers - increase intestinal motility
110. Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur? A. the stomach and duodenum B. the duodenum and ileum C. the jejunum and duodenum D. the ileum and jejunum
C. the jejunum and duodenum
150. Which of the following enzymes is mismatched with its substrate? A. pepsin - protein B. amylase - starch C. trypsin - nucleic acids D. lipase - fat E. deoxyribonucleases - DNA
C. trypsin - nucleic acids
167. Monosaccharides A. are emulsified before absorption. B. are absorbed into lacteals. C. use a symport process in their absorption. D. need vitamin C to be absorbed. E. can not be absorbed.
C. use a symport process in their absorption.
27. Parasympathetic nerves extend to the digestive tract through the ____________ nerve. A. gastric B. cardiac C. vagus D. accessory
C. vagus
70. Which of the following is the correct order for the phases of deglutition? A. pharyngeal, voluntary, esophageal B. esophageal, pharyngeal, voluntary C. voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal D. voluntary, esophageal, pharyngeal
C. voluntary, pharyngeal, esophageal
37. A man had a gunshot wound in his abdomen. The bullet passed through his anterior body and lodged inside the transverse colon. What layers did the bullet pass through to arrive at the location? (1) parietal peritoneum (2) visceral peritoneum A. 1, 2 B. 1, 2, 1, 2 C. 1, 2, 2, 1 D. 1, 2, 2, 2 E. 2, 1, 1, 1
D. 1, 2, 2, 2
84. Why doesn't the stomach digest itself? A. The stomach wall lacks proteins so enzymes won't attack it. B. The digestive enzymes in the stomach aren't efficient enough. C. The stomach lining is too tough to be digested. D. The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus. E. The stomach is protected by HCl.
D. The stomach wall is protected by large amounts of mucus.
9. The movement of molecules out of the digestive tract into circulation or the lymphatic system is A. secretion. B. peristalsis. C. chemical digestion. D. absorption.
D. absorption.
183. How are ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate transported from the intestinal lumen? A. passive transport B. osmosis C. diffusion D. active transport
D. active transport
55. Which of the following is NOT a muscle of mastication? A. temporalis B. masseter C. medial and lateral pterygoids D. buccinator
D. buccinator
130. Which of the following is NOT part of a portal triad? A. hepatic artery B. hepatic duct C. hepatic portal vein D. central vein
D. central vein
17. The muscularis layer in the wall of the digestive tract is A. skeletal muscle throughout the tract, especially in the large intestine. B. the layer of the digestive tract wall that contains capillaries. C. in direct contact with the food that is consumed. D. composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers. E. connective tissue and the peritoneum.
D. composed of a layer of circular smooth muscle fibers and a layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers.
18. The enteric plexus A. is found in the mucosa. B. consists of the myenteric plexus and the celiac plexus. C. contains sympathetic neurons and fibers. D. controls movement and secretion of the digestive tract. E. is a valve in the GI tract.
D. controls movement and secretion of the digestive tract.
157. One of the major functions of the large intestine is to A. produce vitamin C. B. regulate the release of bile. C. break down hemoglobin to release bilirubin. D. convert chyme to feces. E. absorb nutrients.
D. convert chyme to feces.
38. Which of the following attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall? A. greater omentum B. lesser omentum C. transverse mesocolon D. falciform ligament E. round ligament
D. falciform ligament
81. Inability of the pyloric sphincter to open would prevent A. food from entering the stomach. B. stomach acid from being released. C. digestive enzymes from being released. D. food from entering the small intestine. E. the making of chyme.
D. food from entering the small intestine.
79. Inflammation of the stomach mucosa in the area superior to the pyloric sphincter is most appropriately referred to as A. esophagitis. B. a duodenal ulcer. C. a hiatal hernia. D. gastric ulcer. E. indigestion
D. gastric ulcer.
53. Inflammation of the gums is called A. dental carries. B. pyorrhea. C. halitosis. D. gingivitus.
D. gingivitus.
39. The oral cavity A. opens into the nasopharynx. B. directly connects with the esophagus. C. contains the parotid salivary glands. D. has boundaries that include the lips, palate and cheeks. E. is lined with cuboidal epithelium.
D. has boundaries that include the lips, palate and cheeks.
76. The esophagus A. extends from the fauces to the stomach. B. has cartilage in its walls to keep it from collapsing. C. produces two enzymes that digest proteins. D. has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food. E. has thin walls of connective tissue.
D. has upper and lower sphincters to regulate movement of food.
103. The villi, microvilli and plicae circularis function to A. liberate hormones. B. promote peristalsis. C. produce bile. D. increase surface area for absorption. E. stimulate chemical digestion.
D. increase surface area for absorption.
169. Emulsification A. converts small lipid droplets into larger droplets. B. occurs in the gallbladder. C. chemically digests lipids. D. increases surface area for lipid digestion. E. involves enzymes.
D. increases surface area for lipid digestion.
91. The gastric phase of gastric secretion A. decreases the release of gastrin in the stomach. B. is triggered by taste, sight, thought, or smell of food. C. is mediated by impulses on sympathetic nerves. D. leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion. E. leads to the least volume of gastric secretion.
D. leads to the greatest volume of gastric secretion.
60. The digestive functions performed by saliva and salivary amylase respectively are A. flushing and protein digestion. B. swallowing and fat digestion. C. peristalsis and polysaccharide digestion. D. moistening and starch digestion. E. None of these choices is correct.
D. moistening and starch digestion.
56. Saliva A. is produced only when there is food in the mouth. B. increases ulceration in the mouth. C. is responsible for peristalsis in the mouth. D. moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth. E. does not prevent bacterial infection in the mouth.
D. moistens food and begins starch digestion in the mouth.
21. The myenteric plexus is found in the _____ of the digestive tract wall. A. mucosa B. serosa C. submucosa D. muscularis E. adventitia
D. muscularis
30. What are the two major neurotransmitters of the ENS in the digestive tract? A. epinephrine and serotonin B. epinephrine and norepinephrine C. acetylcholine and epinephrine D. norepinephrine and acetylcholine
D. norepinephrine and acetylcholine
148. The digestive juice that contains enzymes capable of digesting all major food groups is A. gastric juice. B. biliary juice. C. salivary juice. D. pancreatic juice. E. hepatic juice.
D. pancreatic juice.
33. The abdominal cavity is lined with A. the omental bursa. B. mesenteries. C. the greater omentum. D. parietal peritoneum. E. superficial fascia.
D. parietal peritoneum.
50. Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A. crown - enamel B. root - root canal C. alveoli - periodontal ligament D. pulp cavity - cementum E. apical foramen - blood supply
D. pulp cavity - cementum
7. Which of the following is NOT a type of propulsion in the digestive tract? A. peristalsis B. mass movement C. deglutition D. segmental contraction
D. segmental contraction
11. Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach? A. storage B. protein digestion C. absorption of aspirin D. segmental contractions
D. segmental contractions
137. Which of the following is located closest to the rectum? A. ascending colon B. descending colon C. transverse colon D. sigmoid colon E. cecum
D. sigmoid colon
163. Enzymes for the digestion of disaccharides are produced in the A. mouth. B. stomach. C. pancreas. D. small intestine. E. liver.
D. small intestine.
65. Food is prevented from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing by the A. epiglottis. B. palatine tonsils. C. tongue. D. soft palate. E. hard palate.
D. soft palate.
49. Which of the following is NOT a necessary function of the tongue? A. swallowing B. chewing C. taste D. speech E.
D. speech
4. Which of the following organs is part of the digestive tract or alimentary canal? A. salivary gland B. liver C. gallbladder D. stomach E. pancreas
D. stomach
133. What is the function of the gallbladder? A. produce bile B. store bicarbonate C. add pigment to bile D. store and concentrate bile
D. store and concentrate bile
120. Which of the following is a function of the hepatocytes? A. produce digestive enzymes B. synthesize hormones C. produce hydrochloric acid D. synthesize bile E. regulate pH
D. synthesize bile
172. Arrange the following events in the correct order: (1) absorption of lipids (2) emulsification (3) micelle formation (4) digestion of lipids A. 1, 2, 3, 4 B. 3, 4, 2, 1 C. 4, 1, 2, 3 D. 2, 4, 1, 3 E. 2, 4, 3, 1
E. 2, 4, 3, 1
13. Arrange the following in proper sequence: (1) digestion (2) elimination (3) ingestion (4) absorption A. 3, 4, 2, 1 B. 1, 4, 3, 2 C. 4, 1, 2, 3 D. 3, 4, 1, 2 E. 3, 1, 4, 2
E. 3, 1, 4, 2
158. Feces consist of A. water. B. undigestible food. C. bacteria. D. sloughed-off epithelial cells. E. All of these are found in feces.
E. All of these are found in feces.
128. Functions of the liver include A. production of many blood proteins. B. interconversion of nutrients. C. detoxification of harmful chemicals. D. bile production. E. All of these are functions of the liver.
E. All of these are functions of the liver.
142. Which of the following apply to the small intestine? A. Secretions from the liver and pancreas enter this organ. B. Segmentation contractions occur in this organ. C. Both digestion and absorption occur in this organ. D. Mixing and propulsion of chyme. E. All of these choices apply to the small intestine.
E. All of these choices apply to the small intestine.
129. Hepatocytes A. phagocytize cells. B. form phospholipids and hydroxylate vitamin D. C. convert ammonia to urea. D. remove sugar from the blood and store is as glycogen. E. All of these choices are functions of hepatocytes.
E. All of these choices are functions of hepatocytes.
34. Which of the following organs is retroperitoneal? A. pancreas B. ascending colon C. duodenum D. descending colon E. All of these organs are retroperitoneal
E. All of these organs are retroperitoneal
114. The pancreatic islets A. are found in the wall of the stomach. B. excrete mucus. C. produce digestive enzymes. D. are exocrine glands. E. are endocrine glands.
E. are endocrine glands.
185. Which of the following are effects of aging on the digestive system? A. blood supply decreases B. more likely to develop ulcerations and cancers C. enamel on teeth becomes thinner D. blood supply decreases and more likely to develop ulcerations and cancers. E. blood supply decreases, more likely to develop ulcerations and cancers and enamel on teeth becomes thinner.
E. blood supply decreases, more likely to develop ulcerations and cancers and enamel on teeth becomes thinner.
108. Blockage of the ileocecal valve would prevent A. pancreatic juice from entering the duodenum. B. bile from entering the duodenum. C. lymph from entering the jejunum. D. chyme from entering the ileum. E. chyme from entering the large intestine.
E. chyme from entering the large intestine.
118. The liver A. has two major lobes - caudate and quadrate. B. is located on the superior surface of the diaphragm. C. is not vascular. D. is located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen. E. consists of two major lobes and two minor lobes.
E. consists of two major lobes and two minor lobes.
26. What is the function of enteric sensory neurons? A. detect changes in chemical composition of digestive tract contents B. stimulate or inhibit smooth muscle contraction in the digestive tract C. stimulate or inhibit glandular secretion in the digestive tract D. detect stretch of the digestive tract wall E. detect changes in chemical composition of digestive tract contents and detect stretch of the digestive tract wall
E. detect changes in chemical composition of digestive tract contents and detect stretch of the digestive tract wall
22. The enteric plexus A. is found in the mucosa B. consists of the myenteric plexus and the ciliac plexus C. helps control movement and secretions of the digestive tract D. contains parasympathetic neurons E. helps control movement and secretions of the digestive tract and contains parasympathetic neurons
E. helps control movement and secretions of the digestive tract and contains parasympathetic neurons
20. Which of the following is correctly matched? A. mucosa - controls peristalsis B. serosa - contains an extensive supply of nerves and blood vessels C. submucosa - lamina propria D. serosa - increased surface area E. muscularis - responsible for peristalsis
E. muscularis - responsible for peristalsis
59. Which of the following components of saliva is mismatched with its function? A. mucin - lubricant B. lysozyme - antibacterial properties C. bicarbonate - neutralizes acid D. IgA - prevents infection E. salivary amylase - begins protein digestion
E. salivary amylase - begins protein digestion
Which hormone does the kidney produce that stimulates red blood cell production? a)thrombopoeitin b)vitamin D c)EPO d)renin
EPO
Diffusion and active transport are likely to be important in
absorption of food.
Enteropeptidase
activates trypsinogen.
Which of these is a vasoconstrictor? a)nitric oxide b)natriuretic hormone c)bradykinin d)angiotensin II
angiotensin II
Production of less than 50 mL/day of urine is called ________.
anuria
Production of less than 50 mL/day of urine is called ________. a)normal b)polyuria c)oliguria d)anuria
anuria
The pancreatic islets
are endocrine glands.
glomerulus
ball of thread
retro
behind
choleo
bile
sphincter
bind tightly
Which part of the urinary system is not completely retroperitoneal? a)kidneys b)ureters c)bladder d)nephrons
bladder
cecum
blind
Which of the following pressures tends to force fluid from the glomerulus through the filtration membrane into Bowman's capsule?
blood hydrostatic pressure
The color of urine is determined mainly by ________. a)diet b)filtration rate c)byproducts of red blood cell breakdown d)filtration efficiency
byproducts of red blood cell breakdown
The gallbladder contracts in response to the hormone
cholecystokinin.
Which of the following is NOT part of a nephron?
collecting duct
peristalsis
compressing
When blood pressure increases, blood vessels supplying the kidney will ________ to mount a steady rate of filtration.
contract
Which step in vitamin D production does the kidney perform?
converts calcidiol into calcitriol
Which step in vitamin D production does the kidney perform? a)converts cholecalciferol into calcidiol b)converts calcidiol into calcitriol c)stores vitamin D d)none of these
converts calcidol into calcitriol
The diagram is a sagittal section of the kidney. What does "B" represent?
cortex
Renin is released in response to ________. a)increased blood pressure b)decreased blood pressure c)ACE d)diuretics
decreased blood pressure
haustor
drawer
Which of these vessels gives rise to the peritubular capillary?
efferent arteriole
pancreas
entirely flesh
Intrinsic factor
facilitates the absorption of vitamin B12.
Which of the following attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?
falciform ligament
Aquaporin channels are only found in the collecting duct. a) true b) false
false
Systemic blood pressure must stay above 60 so that the proper amount of filtration occurs. a) true b) false
false
The openings between the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries are called
fenestrae.
Production of urine to modify plasma makeup is the result of ________.
filtration, absorption, and secretion
Production of urine to modify plasma makeup is the result of ________. a)filtration b)absorption c)secretion d)filtration, absorption, and secretion
filtration, absorption, and secretion
pod,ped
foot
Where does the majority of chemical digestion in the stomach occur?
fundus and body
pylorus
gate keeper
Which of the following layers of the filtration membrane is closest to the plasma?
glomerular endothelium
uvula
grape
The hepatic sinusoids
have phagocytic cells in their lining.
The figure illustrates bile drainage. What does "C" represent?
hepatopancreatic ampulla
jejunum
hungry
The villi, microvilli and plicae circularis function to
increase surface area for absorption.
What signal causes the heart to secrete atrial natriuretic hormone? a)increased blood pressure b)decreased blood pressure c)increased Na+ levels d)decreased Na+ levels
increased blood pressure
Decreased blood colloid osmotic pressure affects renal function by
increasing net filtration pressure.
Somatic motor neurons must be ________ to relax the external urethral sphincter to allow urination. a)stimulated b)inhibited
inhibited
Voluntary micturition
involves higher brain centers.
The intestinal phase of gastric secretion
is controlled by the entrance of acidic chyme into the duodenum.
The right kidney is slightly lower because __________. a) it is displaced by the liver b) it is displaced by the heart c)it is slightly smaller d) it needs protection of the lower ribs
it is displaced by the liver
ampulla
jar
chyme
juice
Vasodilation of blood vessels to the kidneys is due to ________. a) more frequent action potentials b) less frequent action potentials
less frequent action potentials
The primary structure found within the medulla is the ________.
loop of Henle
The primary structure found within the medulla is the ________. a)loop of Henle b)minor calyces c)portal system d)ureter
loop of Henle
The lips, cheek, and tongue all aid in
mastication, speech, and swallowing.
The portion of the kidney that is composed of cone-shaped renal pyramids is called the
medulla.
Which of these beverages does not have a diuretic effect? a)tea b)coffee c)alcohol d)milk
milk
What is the purpose of segmental contractions of the small intestine?
mixing of intestinal contents
kinin
move
Which layer of the digestive tract is in direct contact with the food consumed?
mucosa
juxta
near
parotid
near the ear
What are the names of the capillaries following the efferent arteriole? a)arcuate and medullary b)interlobar and interlobular c)peritubular and vasa recta d)peritubular and medullary
peritubular and vasa recta
fundus
piece of land
Diabetes insipidus or diabetes mellitus would most likely be indicated by ________. a) anuria b) polyuria c) oliguria d) none of the above
polyuria
Which of the following are most likely to be actively secreted into the distal convoluted tubule?
potassium ions.
Most absorption and secretion occurs in this part of the nephron. a) proximal convoluted tubule b)descending loop of Henle c)ascending loop of Henle d)distal convoluted tubule e)collecting ducts
proximal convoluted tubule
The renal pyramids are separated from each other by extensions of the renal cortex called ________. a)renal medulla b)minor calyces c)medullary cortices d)renal columns
renal columns
cysto
sac
The active transport of substances into the filtrate is called tubular
secretion.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the stomach?
segmental contractions
macula
stain (spot)
Angiotensin II
stimulates aldosterone secretion.
What is the function of the gallbladder?
store and concentrate bile
rectum
straight
Emulsification
suspends lipids in chyme.
The fine tuning of water recovery or disposal occurs in ________.
the collecting ducts
The fine tuning of water recovery or disposal occurs in ________. a)the proximal convoluted tubule b)the collecting ducts c)the ascending loop of Henle d)the distal convoluted tubule
the collecting ducts
What keeps the bolus from entering the larynx during deglutition?
the epiglottis
The renal corpuscle consists of
the glomerulus and Bowman's capsule.
The functional unit of the kidney is called ________. a)the renal hilus b)the renal corpuscle c)the nephron d)Bowman's capsule
the nephron
detrussos
thrust down
duodeni
twelve
Peristaltic contractions occur in the ________. a) urethra b)bladder c)ureters d)urethra, bladder, and ureters
ureters
Parasympathetic nerves extend to the digestive tract through the ____________ nerve.
vagus
rugae
wrinkle
If there were no aquaporin channels in the collecting duct, ________. a)you would develop systemic edema b)you would retain excess Na+ c)you would lose vitamins and electrolytes d)you would suffer severe dehydration
you would suffer severe dehydration