ch 27 history

legislating civil rights

1. Birmingham: MLK and the SCLC needed a concrete victory in Birmingham to validate nonviolent protest. Bull Connor ordered violent attacks on the protesters. King was arrested for the protest and wrote "Letter from Birmingham Jail". Bc King was arrested, JFK made Second Emancipation Proclamation. 2. March on Wash. and CR Act: Under the leadership of Randolph and Rustin, over 250,000 black and white protesters traveled to DC to walk on washington and march for jobs and freedom. this is the high point of the movement. Civil Rights Act of 1964: Law that responded to demands of the civil rights movement by making discrimination in employment, education, and public accommodations illegal.

rise of the chicano movement

1. Cesar & Dolores: He and Dolores Huerta had worked for the Community Service Organization (CSO). To promote Mexican political participation and civil rights. With Huerta, he organized the United Farm Workers (UFW), a union for migrant workers.A 1965 grape pickers' strike led the UFW to call a nationwide boycott of table grapes, bringing Chavez huge publicity and backing from the AFL-CIO. Victory came in 1970 when California grape growers signed contracts recognizing the UFW. Aiming to surmount factors that obstructed their political involvement: poverty, language barriers, and discrimination. 2. Chicano: American students met in Denver in 1969 to hammer out a new political and cultural agenda. They proclaimed a new term, Chicano. Students staged demonstrations to press for bilingual education, the hiring of more Chicano teachers, and the creation of Chicano studies programs

pt.2 of legis. civil rights

1. Freedom Summer: black organizations spread across the state of Mississippi; consisted of NAACP, SNCC, SCLC, CORE. tried to register voters and open schools, but opposers shot 4 and burned/bombed 37 churches 2. Selma & the voting rights act: James bevel of the SCLC formed a walk from Selma to Montgomery to protest the murder of a civil rights activist. they got attacked w clubs and tear gas. The Voting Rights Act of 1965, which was signed by President Johnson on August 6, outlawed the literacy tests and other devices that prevented African Americans from registering to vote. Black elected officials increased a lot. New Deal coalition crumbled.

what institution created a new generation of mexican american leaders in the 1940's

CIO (congress of industrial organizations)

freedome rides

CORE organized 1961 effort to desegregate interstate travel through the south

What was the key to the legal strategy in Brown v. Board of Education (1954)?

The key to the legal strategy the NAACP litigators in Brown v. Board of Education was to use the Fourteenth Amendment's "equal protection" clause to convince the Supreme Court to overturn its 1898 ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson.

montgomery bus boycott

lead to MLK becoming the leader of the civil right movements. boycott=rosa parks. SCLC made soon after, co-founded by MLK.

what did bayard rustin suggest we do

move from protest to politics

Life under jim crow

north: greater but not total freedom; communities still segregated south: 30-50% minority; legalized segregation; no political power; no chance for African Americans to work in the gov. they mostly cleaned, cooked, or sharecropped. -equal difficulty----> both had police harassment

which factor proved most decisive in propelling african american demands for justice after WW2

the growing black vote in northern cities

which statement describes eisenhower's feelings towards civil rights

thought that the brown case was a mistake, and did not champion civil rights

who was a prominent lawyer for the NAACP

thurgood marshall

why were there hate strikes in various cities?

white people did not want to work with african americans

greensboro sit in

woolworth lunch counter where 4 college students demanded service. Woolworth became desegregated

brown v. board of eduaction

declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional

Ella Baker and the SNCC

ella organized students into the student nonviolent coordinating committee (she worked for SNCC)

who inspired MLK's nonviolent protest

gandhi

what made it difficult for native americans to fight for civil rights

great diversity made it hard for natives americans to unify

how did malcom x's views shift after he broke away from the nation of islam

he began to emphasize interracial class struggle

black nationalism

1. Malcolm X: Malcolm X preached a philosophy of militant separatism, although he advocated violence only for self-defense. Strengthening the black community, he believed, represented a surer path to freedom and equality. Malcolm X formed the Organization of Afro-American Unity to promote black pride and to work with traditional civil rights groups. 2. Black Power: SNCC and CORE activists make Black Power surrounding self-reliance under the banner of black power. Believed that African Americans should build economic and political power in their own communities. 3. Black Panther: A militant organization dedicated to protecting African Americans from police violence, the Panthers took their cue from the slain Malcolm X. However, the Panthers' radicalism and belief in armed self-defense resulted in violent clashes with police. 4. Young Lords: among those inspired by the Black Panthers were Puerto Ricans in New York. Their vehicle was the Young Lords Organization (YLO). the YLO focused on improving neighborhood conditions. Women in the YLO were especially active. 5. New Urban Politics: Black Power also inspired African Americans to work within the political system. Their campaign teams registered thousands of black voters and made alliances with enough whites to create a working majority. Instead of creating a third party, the convention issued the National Black Political Agenda, which included calls for community control of schools in black neighborhoods, national health insurance, and the elimination of the death penalty.

the american indian movement

1. NIYC: native people were exceedingly diverse — divided by language, tribal history, region, and degree of integration into American life. As a group, they shared a staggering unemployment rate. Beginning in 1960, the National Indian Youth Council (NIYC), under the slogan "For a Greater Indian America," promoted the ideal of Native Americans as a single ethnic group. 2. IAT & AIM: Two other organizations, the militant Indians of All Tribes (IAT) and the American Indian Movement (AIM), attracted more attention in the larger society. However, AIM managed to focus national media attention on Native American issues with a siege at Wounded Knee, South Dakota. AIM protests attracted widespread mainstream media coverage and spurred government action on tribal issues.

fighting for equality before the law

1. Thurgood Marshall: activists had to look to the federal courts for leverage. The key was prodding the U.S. Supreme Court to use the Fourteenth Amendment's "equal protection" clause to overturn its 1896 ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson, which upheld racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine. 2. Brown v. Board of Edu. : NAACP reached validation when a case about a girl named Linda Brown who was forced to a segregated school far from her home reached Supreme Court. Supreme Court ruling that overturned the "separate but equal" precedent established in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896. The Court declared that separate educational facilities were inherently unequal and thus violated the Fourteenth Amendment. Souther manifesto is something signed by 101 congress members that said Brown was a "clear abuse of judicial power". Eisenhower thought Brown was a mistake.

poverty and urban violence

1. Urban Violence: The riots of 1967, however, were the most serious, engulfing twenty-two cities in July and August. Johnson, who believed that the Civil Rights Act and the Voting Rights Act had immeasurably helped African Americans, was stunned by the rioting. Virtually all black leaders condemned the rioting. 2. Kerner Commission: The Kerner Commission Report was a searing look at race in America, the most honest and forthright government document about race since the Presidential Committee on Civil Rights' 1947 report "To Secure These Rights." Placed riots in sociological context. Many whites felt that the issue of civil rights was receiving too much attention, to the detriment of other national concerns.

Cold War Civil Rights

1. civil rights and the New Deal coalition: truman supported but still racist, he de-segregated the military and federal agencies, which led to the south creating dixiecrats 2. race & anticommunism: truman feared racsm in the US would discredit the American image in the word. NAACP banned in several states bc it was "communistic" --eisenhower sends troops to little rock

WW2: The Beginnings

1. executive order 8802: randolph led the brotherhood of the sleeping car porters, and threatened to march on washington for equal opportunity in war-time industries; FDR prohibited discrimination in defense industries so march wouldnt happen. FEPC created 2. double v campaign: victory over fascism abroad and victory over fascism at home

mexican and japanese americans

1. mexican americans: American GI Forum: A group founded by World War II veterans in Corpus Christi, Texas, in 1948 to protest the poor treatment of Mexican American soldiers and veterans. They got a distinct class after Brown v. Board. Cesar chavez worked for CSO which worked for social justice. 2. Japanese americans: japanese american citizens league (JACL) filed lawsuits to regain property lost in the war. -----both of these groups laid down a broader notion of racial and inequality in the postwar years

origins of the civil rights movement

1. word war 2: WW2 had major influence, concerns grew that communist nations would use race problem in propaganda against the west 2. urban middle class: black middle class experiences robust growth after WW2 which lead to CR leaders; teachers, ministers, attorneys. more black college students, racism on TV helped bc it showed the white suburbia and minorities wanted that. also showed violence.

mexican americans created which group to be the equivalent to the black panthers

brown berets