Ch. 29, 30, & 31

World Bank

A specialized agency of the United Nations that makes loans to countries for economic development, trade promotion, and debt consolidation. Its formal name is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

Neoliberalism

A strategy for economic development that calls for free markets, balanced budgets, privatization, free trade, and minimal government intervention in the economy.

Really Existing Socialism

A term used by Communist leaders to describe the socialist accomplishments of their societies, such as nationalized industry and collective agriculture

Gandhi

Indian nationalist and spiritual leader who developed the practice of nonviolent disobedience that forced Great Britain to grant independence to India (1947). He was assassinated by a Hindu fanatic.

United Nations

International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.

Marshall Plan

Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism.

De-Stalinization

Khrushchev's policy of purging the Soviet Union of Stalin's memory; monuments of Stalin were destroyed; Stalin's body was moved outside the Kremlin Wall; Khrushchev did this because he disliked Stalin for jailing and killing loyal Soviet citizens

Common Market

Popular name for the European Economic Community established in 1951 to encourage greater economic cooperation between the countries of Western Europe and to lower tariffs on trade between its members.

Khrushchev

Stalin's successor as head of the Communist Party; was more open in his dealings with the West and less menacing; also not was paranoid and secretive as Stalin; was said to believe in peaceful coexistence with the West and challenged the west in economic rather than military competition (very very bad joke in the future); helped Fidel Castro.

Kosovo Liberation Army

The Albanian muslims of Kosovo wanted self rule from Serbia, so they formed this and began to fight for independence. Lead to more repression by Serbs, and the eventual bombing of serbia by NATO.

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance

The Soviet Union's response to the Marshall Plan, whereby the Soviet Union offered economic aid packages for Eastern European countries.

Decolonization

The collapse of colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.

World Trade Organization

An international agency which encourages trade between member nations, administers global trade agreements and resolves disputes when they arise.

New Left

Coalition of younger members of the Democratic party and radical student groups. Believed in participatory democracy, free speech, civil rights and racial brotherhood, and opposed the war in Vietnam.

Stagflation

During the 60's and 70's, the U.S. was suffering from 5.3% inflation and 6% unemployment. Refers to the unusual economic situation in which an economy is suffering both from inflation and from stagnation of its industrial growth.

Truman Doctrine

First established in 1947 after Britain no longer could afford to provide anti-communist aid to Greece and Turkey, it pledged to provide U.S. military and economic aid to any nation threatened by communism.

Guest Worker Programs

Government-run programs in western Europe designed to recruit labor for the booming postwar economy

Christian Democrats

In 1947, progressive Catholics made up this group which slowly gained power in Europe. This political parties views provided religion as the answer to the economic troubles.

Eastern Bloc

Nations favorable to the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe during the cold war-particularly Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Rumania, Hungary, and East Germany.

Nongovernmental Organizations

Nonprofit international organizations devoted to investigating human rights abuses and providing humanitarian relief. Two NGOs won the Nobel Peace Prize in the 1990s: International Campaign to Ban Landmines (1997) and Doctors Without Borders (1999).

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. an organization founded in 1960 of nations that export large amounts of petroleum: formed to establish oil-exporting policies and set prices.

Glasnost

Policy of openness initiated by Gorbachev in the 1980s that provided increased opportunities for freedom of speech, association and the press in the Soviet Union.

Solidarity

Polish trade union created in 1980 to protest working conditions and political repression. It began the nationalist opposition to communist rule that led in 1989 to the fall of communism in eastern Europe.

Brezhnev Doctrine

Soviet Union and its allies had the right to intervene in any socialist country whenever they saw the need.

Perestroika

a policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

Iron Curtain

a political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

Postindustrial Society

a society based on information, services, and high technology, rather than on raw materials and manufacturing

Maastricht Treaty

a treaty created in 1991 that set strict financial criteria for joining the proposed monetary union, with it single currency and set 1999 as the start date for its establishment.

Organization for European Economic Cooperation

a.k.a. OEEC. it was the first group that was formed with the idea of European unity. it had the task of handling the money provided by the US through the Marshall Plan. it began the initial work of lowering tariffs and eliminating trade barriers among those states receiving assistance

European Union

an international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.

Shock Therapy

policies in formerly communist countries that envisage as rapid a shift to a market economy as possible

German Reunification

process in which German Democratic Republic (East Germany) joined Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) and Berlin was united into a single city

Detente

relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China

Labour Party

socialist but non-Marxian-reflected well-established union movement-formally committed to gradual reform

Warsaw Pact

treaty signed in 1945 that formed an alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania

Postcolonial Migration

The postwar movement of people from former colonies and the developing world into Europe.

Globalization

The trend toward increased cultural and economic connectedness between people, businesses, and organizations throughout the world.

Cold War

This period of time following World War II is where the United States and the Soviet Union emerged as superpowers and faced off in an arms race that lasted nearly 50 years.