Ch 3

The embryonic period occurs from __________ weeks to eight weeks after conception.

2 or two

Low birth weight infants weigh less than ______ at birth.

5 pounds 8 ounces

How long does the postpartum period last?

6 weeks

Which of the following statements are true of a doula?

A doula is a caregiver. A doula provides continuous support for a the mother before, during, and after childbirth.

Which of the following is widely used to evaluate infants' heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, body color, and reflex irritability immediately after birth?

Apgar Scale

A caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth is known as a

Doula

FASD may occur in offspring whose mothers ______ during pregnancy.

Drank alcohol

Smoking e-cigarettes during pregnancy will not affect a developing fetus.

False

True or false: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends that pregnant women consume caffeine on a regular basis.

False

According to the U.S. surgeon general,

No alcohol should be consumed during pregnancy.

Research indicates that prescription drugs can act as a(n) __________ to the unborn fetus.

Teratogen

The placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled during the ____ stage of birth.

Third

True or false: Drinking one or two servings of beer or wine a few days a week during pregnancy can cause negative effects on the fetus.

True

True or false: Heavy amounts of caffeine intake during pregnancy is associated with low birthweight.

True

All of the following are physical adjustments that occur during the postpartum period, EXCEPT

a steep rise in dopamine production.

Which of the following prescription drugs can function as teratogens?

acne medications some antidepressants synthetic estrogen antibiotics

In the third stage of birth, the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are expelled from the uterus. This stage of birth is called the

afterbirth

Which of the following outcomes are associated with maternal use of caffeine during pregnancy?

babies born small for gestational age low birth weight

Approximately one week after conception, when differentiation of the cells begins, the zygote is now a group of cells that is more specifically called the

blastocyst

In the period shortly after birth, a connection between the parent and the infant forms. This attachment is known as

bonding

The formation of a connection, especially a physical one, between parent and infant shortly after birth is known as __________.

bonding

Which of the following are psychoactive drugs?

caffeine nicotine alcohol marijuana

Which of the following takes place during the germinal period of prenatal development?

cell division attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall creation of the fertilized egg

Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development has been linked to which of the following?

cognitive deficits impaired motor development impaired language development

Interpreting the effect of maternal cocaine use on infants is

complicated because there are often other factors in the mothers' lives that can contribute to the problems found in their children.

When a single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg) in the female's fallopian tube, what occurs?

conception

Which of the following refers to a fixed time period very early in development during which certain experiences or events can have long-lasting effects on development?

critical period

Loss of sleep is one of the biggest concerns during the postpartum period and has been shown to affect which of the following?

decision making stress levels marital conflict

The specialization of cells, also known as cell ______, begins the week after conception.

differentiation

The probability of a structural defect as the result of exposure to a teratogen is greatest during the early ______ period, when organs are being formed.

embryonic

The ______ is the inner layer of cells, which will develop into the digestive and respiratory systems.

endoderm

The symptoms of postpartum depression include all of the following, EXCEPT

euphoria

Fertilization typically takes place in the

fallopian tube.

Prenatal development begins with ______ and ends with ______.

fertilization; birth

Prenatal development is divided into what three periods?

fetal embryonic germinal

A cluster of abnormalities that may appear in the offspring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy is referred to as

fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.

The __________ period includes the creation of the fertilized egg or zygote, cell division, and attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall.

germinal

In general, exposure to teratogens has a more serious impact when ______.

it occurs earlier in the pregnancy

Jemma weighs 4 pounds at birth. She would be considered a(n) ______ infant.

low birth weight

Which of the following are possible consequences of maternal cigarette smoking on a developing fetus?

low birth weight respiratory problems sudden infant death syndrome

Which of the following are risk factors for postpartum depression?

low level of social support low self-esteem history of depression

The middle layer of the embryo, which will become the circulatory system, bones, and muscles, is called the

mesoderm

The ______ period lasts from the end of delivery until the mother's body has returned to a nearly prepregnant state (in about six weeks).

postpartum

Some women develop ______, which involves a major depressive episode that typically occurs about four weeks after delivery.

postpartum depression

The general term for drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods is

psychoactive drugs.

Exposure to cocaine during prenatal development is associated with

reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference.

In general, prenatal care involves which of the following?

screening for manageable conditions a defined schedule of visits for medial care testing for treatable diseases

Newborn Amanda gets a total combined score of 2 on the Apgar Scale. This signals

she is in a state of emergency, and she may not survive.

Sudden infant death syndrome, preterm births and low birth weights, respiratory problems, and cardiovascular problems are more common among the offspring of mothers who ______ during pregnancy.

smoked

Prenatal care often includes which of the following components?

social services nutritional services comprehensive educational services

Which of the following occurs during the embryonic period?

support systems for cells begin to form organs begin to appear

Any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes is referred to as a(n)

teratogen

Teratology is the field of study that investigates

the causes of birth defects.

For a particular teratogen, the severity of damage to the embryo or fetus and the type of defect are influenced by which of the following?

the dosage time of exposure genetic susceptibility

The severity and type of damage to an embryo is influenced by the dose, genetic susceptibility and _____ of exposure to a teratogen.

time

The fertilized egg is called the

zygote