CH 3

Hypertext markup language (HTML)

Publishes hypertext on the WWW, which allows users to move from one document to another simply by clicking a hot spot or link.

The primary way a user navigates around the WWW is through a universal resource locator (URL)-

The address of a file or resource on the web such as www.apple.com.

HTML 5

The current version of HTML delivers everything from animation to graphics and music to movies; it can also be used to build complicated web applications and works across platforms, including a PC, tablet, smart phone, or smart TV.

affiliate programs

allow a business to generate commissions or referral fees when a customer visiting its website clicks a link to another merchant's website

social bookmarking

allows users to share, organize, search, and manage bookmarks

Business-to-consumer (B2C)

applies to any business that sells its products or services directly to consumers online. Amazon

Consumer-to-business (C2B)

applies to any consumer who sells a product or service to a business on the Internet. One example is customers of Priceline.com, who set their own prices for items such as airline tickets or hotel rooms and wait for a seller to decide whether to supply them.

Business-to-business (B2B)

applies to businesses buying from and selling to each other over the Internet. Examples include medical billing service, software sales and licensing, and virtual assistant businesses. B2B relationships represent 80 percent of all online business and are more complex with greater security needs than the other types. B2B examples include Oracle and SAP.

Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)

applies to customers offering goods and services to each other on the Internet. A good example of a C2C is an auction in which buyers and sellers solicit consecutive bids from each other and prices are determined dynamically. Craigslist and eBay are two examples of successful C2C websites, linking like-minded buyers with sellers

mashup editors

are WYSIWYG, or what-you-see-is-what-you-get tools. They provide a visual interface to build a mashup, often allowing the user to drag and drop data points into a web application.

intermediaries

are agents, software, or businesses that provide a trading infrastructure to bring buyers and sellers together

adwords

are keywords that advertisers choose to pay for and appear as sponsored links on the Google results pages. Keywords are chosen by the advertiser and are displayed on the results pages when the search keywords match the advertiser's keywords. The advertiser then pays a fee to Google for the search display.

tags

are specific keywords or phrases incorporated into website content for means of classification or taxonomy. An item can have one or more tags associated with it to allow for multiple browsable paths through the items, and tags can be changed with minimal effort

Semantic Web (Web 3.0)

as a component of Web 3.0 that describes things in a way that computers can understand. The semantic web describes the relationships between things (such as A is a part of B and Y is a member of Z) and the properties of things (size, weight, age, price). If information about music, cars, concert tickets, and so on is stored in a way that describes the information and associated resource files, semantic web applications can collect information from many sources, combine it, and present it to users in a meaningful way.

webconferencing (webinar)

blends videoconferencing with document sharing and allows the user to deliver a presentation over the web to a group of geographically dispersed participants. Regardless of the type of hardware or software the attendees are running, every participant can see what is on anyone else's screen

clickstream analytics (2 types)

collecting, analyzing and reporting data about which pages a website visitor visits—and in what order. Clickstream analytics is considered to be most effective when used in conjunction with other, more traditional, market evaluation resources.

Search Engine Optimization (SEO)

combines art with science to determine how to make URLs more attractive to search engines resulting in higher search engine ranking. The better the SEO, the higher the ranking for a website in the list of search engine results. SEO is critical because most people only view the first few pages of a search result

explicit knowledge

consists of anything that can be documented, archived, and codified, often with the help of MIS. Examples of explicit knowledge are assets such as patents, trademarks, business plans, marketing research, and customer lists

an open system

consists of nonproprietary hardware and software based on publicly known standards that allow third parties to create add-on products to plug into or interoperate with the system.

The path the visitor takes though a website is called the clickstream. clickstream data -

consumer's navigation through a site. Clickstream data can include the length of stay on a website, number of abandoned registrations, and number of abandoned shopping carts.

source code

contains instructions written by a programmer specifying the actions to be performed by computer software

Podcasting

converts an audio broadcast to a digital music player. Podcasts can increase marketing reach and build customer loyalty. Companies use podcasts as marketing communication channels discussing everything from corporate strategies to detailed product overviews. The senior executive team can share weekly or monthly podcasts featuring important issues or expert briefings on new technical or marketing developments.

hitbots

create the illusion that a large number of potential customers are clicking the advertiser's links, when in fact there is no likelihood that any of the clicks will lead to profit for the advertiser.

Folksonomy

crowdsourcing determines the tags or keyword-based classification system. Using the collective power of a community to identify and classify content significantly lowers content categorization costs because there is no complicated nomenclature to learn. Users simply create and apply tags as they wish. ex. cellphone, mobile phone, iiphone, blackberry

the network effect

describes how products in a network increase in value to users as the number of users increases. The more users and content managers on a wiki, the greater the network effect because more users attract more contributors, whose work attracts more users, and so on. For example, Wikipedia becomes more valuable to users as the number of its contributors increases.

social tagging

describes the collaborative activity of marking shared online content with keywords or tags as a way to organize it for future navigation, filtering, or searching. The entire user community is invited to tag, and thus essentially define, the content. ex. Flickr

knowledge management systems (KMS)

dissemination of knowledge (i.e., know-how) throughout an organization.

Content Management System (CMS)

help companies manage the creation, storage, editing, and publication of their website content. CMSs are user-friendly; most include web-based publishing, search, navigation, and indexing to organize information; and they let users with little or no technical expertise make website changes.

digital darwinism

implies that organizations that cannot adapt to the new demands placed on them for surviving in the information age are doomed to extinction

Ebusiness

includes ecommerce along with all activities related to internal and external business operations such as servicing customer accounts, collaborating with partners, and exchanging real-time information. During Web 1.0, entrepreneurs began creating the first forms of ebusiness.

egovernment

involves the use of strategies and technologies to transform government(s) by improving the delivery of services and enhancing the quality of interaction between the citizen-consumer and all branches of government.

heat map

is a 2-D representation of data in which values are represented by colors

Internet Service Provider (ISP)

is a company that provides access to the Internet for a monthly fee. Major ISPs in the United States include AOL, AT&T, Comcast, Earthlink, and Netzero, as well as thousands of local ISPs, including regional telephone companies.

hashtag

is a keyword or phrase used to identify a topic

website bookmark

is a locally stored URL or the address of a file or Internet page saved as a shortcut

ezine

is a magazine published only in electronic form on a computer network. Flipboard is a social-network aggregation, magazine-format application software for multiple devices that collects content from social media and other websites, presents it in magazine format, and allows users to flip through the content.

the internet

is a massive network that connects computers all over the world and allows them to communicate with one another. Computers connected via the Internet can send and receive information, including text, graphics, voice, video, and software. Originally, the Internet was essentially an emergency military communications system operated by the U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (DARPA), which called the network ARPANET

disruptive technology

is a new way of doing things that initially does not meet the needs of existing customers. Disruptive technologies tend to open new markets and destroy old ones.

instant messaging

is a service that enables instant or real-time communication between people.

collaboration system

is a set of tools that supports the work of teams or groups by facilitating the sharing and flow of information. Business 2.0's collaborative mind-set generates more information faster from a wider audience

Web 1.0 or (Business 1.0)

is a term to refer to the World Wide Web during its first few years of operation between 1991 and 2003

Real Simple Syndication (RSS)

is a web format used to publish frequently updated works, such as blogs, news headlines, audio, and video, in a standardized format. An RSS document or feed includes full or summarized text, plus other information such as publication date and authorship. News websites, blogs, and podcasts use RSS, constantly feeding news to consumers instead of having them search for it

mashup

is a website or web application that uses content from more than one source to create a completely new product or service. Content used in mashups is typically sourced from an application programming interface (API)

social network

is an application that connects people by matching profile information. Providing individuals with the ability to network is by far one of the greatest advantages of Business 2.0

cyborg anthropologist

is an individual who studies the interaction between humans and technology, observing how technology can shape humans' lives

web log (blog)

is an online journal that allows users to post their own comments, graphics, and video. Unlike traditional HTML web pages, blog websites let writers communicate— and readers respond—on a regular basis through a simple yet customizable interface that does not require any programming.

native advertising

is an online marketing concept in which the advertiser attempts to gain attention by providing content in the context of the user's experience in terms of its content, format, style, or placement

Web Real-Time Communications (WebRTC

is an open source project that seeks to embed real-time voice, text, and video communications capabilities in web browsers. WebRTC is expected to make audio, video, and data communication between browsers more user-friendly. The goal of WebRTC is to enable communications between browsers

closed source

is any proprietary software licensed under exclusive legal right of the copyright holder

collective intelligence

is collaborating and tapping into the core knowledge of all employees, partners, and customers. Knowledge can be a real competitive advantage for an organization

snackable content

is content that is designed to be easy for readers to consume and to share. Snackable content captures website visitors' attention by offering small consumable pieces of information that can be quickly read and understood. Infographics, photos, and attention-grabbing headlines that ask questions or use humor play a critical part when attracting readers attention who are browsing and don't have the time or patience to consume long, text-heavy articles

user-contributed content (user-generated content)

is created and updated by many users for many users. Websites such as Flickr, Wikipedia, and YouTube, for example, move control of online media from the hands of leaders to the hands of users.

mass customization

is the ability of an organization to tailor its products or services to the customers' specifications.

Ecommerce

is the buying and selling of goods and services over the Internet. Ecommerce refers only to online transactions.

Web 2.0 (Business 2.0)

is the next generation of Internet use—a more mature, distinctive communications platform characterized by new qualities such as collaboration, sharing, and free. Business 2.0 encourages user participation and the formation of communities that contribute to the content.

When it comes to online advertising and Adword strategies, there are people who purposely click on Google searches just to cost their competitors money. Click fraud -

is the practice of artificially inflating traffic statistics for online advertisements. Some unethical individuals or click fraud scammers even use automated clicking programs called hitbots

social networking

is the practice of expanding your business and/or social contacts by constructing a personal network. Social networking sites provide two basic functions. The first is the ability to create and maintain a profile that serves as an online identity within the environment. The second is the ability to create connections between other people within the network.

microblogging

is the practice of sending brief posts (140 to 200 characters) to a personal blog, either publicly or to a private group of subscribers who can read the posts as IMs or as text messages. The main advantage of microblogging is that posts can be submitted by a variety of means, such as instant messaging, email, or the web. By far the most popular microblogging tool is Twitter, which allows users to send microblog entries called tweets to anyone who has registered to follow them.

taxonomy

is the scientific classification of organisms into groups based on similarities of structure or origin. Taxonomies are also used for indexing the content on the website into categories and subcategories of topics. For example, car is a subtype of vehicle. Every car is a vehicle, but not every vehicle is a car; some vehicles are vans, buses, and trucks

search engine

is website software that finds other pages based on keyword matching similar to Google.

tacit knowledge

knowledge contained in people's heads

social networking analysis (SNA)

maps group contacts (personal and professional) identifying who knows each other and who works together. In a company, it can provide a vision of how employees work together. It can also identify key experts with specific knowledge such as how to solve a complicated programming problem or launch a new product.

interactivity

measures advertising effectiveness by counting visitor interactions with the target ad, including time spent viewing the ad, number of pages viewed, and number of repeat visits to the advertisement

information reach

measures the number of people a firm can communicate with all over the world. Buyers need information richness to make informed purchases, and sellers need information reach to market and differentiate themselves from the competition properly.

personalization

occurs when a company knows enough about a customer's likes and dislikes that it can fashion offers more likely to appeal to that person, say by tailoring its website to individuals or groups based on profile information, demographics, or prior transactions

paradigm shift

occurs when a new, radical form of business enters the market that reshapes the way companies and organizations behave.

asynchronous communication

or communication such as email, in which the message and the response do not occur at the same time. Traditional ebusiness communications were limited to face-to-face conversations and one-way technologies that used asynchronous communications

synchronous communication (Business 2.0 brought about)

or communications that occur at the same time, such as IM or chat. Ask a group of college students when they last spoke to their parents.

sustaining technology

produces an improved product customers are eager to buy, such as a faster car or larger hard drive. Sustaining technologies tend to provide us with better, faster, and cheaper products in established markets

describes niche-market ebusiness strategies as capturing the long tail -

referring to the tail of a typical sales curve

open source

refers to any software whose source code is made available free (not on a fee or licensing basis as in ebusiness) for any third party to review and modify.

cybermediation

refers to the creation of new kinds of intermediaries that simply could not have existed before the advent of ebusiness, including comparison-shopping sites such as Kelkoo and bank account aggregation services such as Citibank.

information richness

refers to the depth and breadth of details contained in a piece of textual, graphic, audio, or video information

social media

refers to websites that rely on user participation and user-contributed content, such as Facebook, YouTube, and Digg

social graphs

represent the interconnection of relationships in a social network. Social networking sites can be especially useful to employers trying to find job candidates with unique or highly specialized skill sets that may be harder to locate in larger communities

dark web

s the portion of the Internet that is intentionally hidden from search engines, uses masked IP addresses, and is accessible only with a special web browser. The key takeaway here is that the dark web is part of the deep web. Like deep web content, dark web content cannot be accessed by conventional search engines, but most often the reason dark web content remains inaccessible to search engines is because the content is illegal.

deep web

sometimes called the invisible web, is the large part of the Internet that is inaccessible to conventional search engines. Deep web content includes email messages, chat messages, private content on social media sites, electronic bank statements, electronic health records, and other content that is accessible over the Internet but is not crawled and indexed by search engines such as Google, Yahoo, or Bing

crowdfunding

sources capital for a project by raising many small amounts from a large number of individuals, typically via the Internet.

reintermediation

steps are added to the value chain to add value to the business process. Levi Strauss originally thought it was a good business strategy to limit all online sales to its own website. A few years later, the company realized it could gain a far larger market share by allowing all retailers to sell its products directly to customers.

website ebusiness analytics

uses clickstream data to determine the effectiveness of the site as a channel-to-market. Website ebusiness analytics track what pages the shopper lingers on, what the shopper puts in or takes out of a shopping cart, what items the shopper purchases, whether or not the shopper belongs to a loyalty program and uses a coupon code, and the shopper's preferred method of payment.

website traffic analytics

uses clickstream data to determine the efficiency of the site for the users and operates at the server level. Traffic analytics tracks data on how many pages are served to the user, how long it takes each page to load, how often the user hits the browser's back or stop button, and how much data is transmitted before the user moves on.

wiki

(the word is Hawaiian for "quick") is a type of collaborative web page that allows users to add, remove, and change content, which can be easily organized and reorganized as required. Although blogs have largely drawn on the creative and personal goals of individual authors, wikis are based on open collaboration with any and everybody. Wikipedia, the open encyclopedia that launched in 2001, has become one of the 10 most popular web destinations, reaching an estimated 217 million unique visitors a month.28

characteristics of web 2.0 (4)

1. Content sharing through open sourcing 2. User-contributed content 3. Collaboration inside the organization 4. Collaboration outside the organization (CUcol)

Ebusiness Advantages (4)

1. expanding global reach 2. opening new markets 3. reducing costs 4. improving effectiveness (EORI)

Challenges of Ebusiness (4)

1. identifying limited market segments 2. managing consumer trust 3. ensuring consumer protection 4. adhering to taxation rules (IMEA)

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

A nonprofit organization that has assumed the responsibility for Internet Protocol (IP) address space allocation, protocol parameter assignment, domain name system management, and root server system management functions previously performed under U.S. government contract

applet

A program that runs within another application such as a website

domain name hosting (web hosting)

A service that allows the owner of a domain name to maintain a simple website and provide email capacity

reputation system

which buyers post feedback on sellers

knowledge management

which involves capturing, classifying, evaluating, retrieving, and sharing information assets in a way that provides context for effective decisions and actions. The primary objective of knowledge management is to be sure that a company's knowledge of facts, sources of information, and solutions are readily available to all employees whenever it is needed.

application programming interface (API)

which is a set of routines, protocols, and tools for building software applications. A programmer then puts these building blocks together.

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

An international community that develops open standards to ensure the long-term growth of the web

disintermediation

which occurs when a business sells directly to the customer online and cuts out the intermediary. This business strategy lets the company shorten the order process and add value with reduced costs or a more responsive and efficient service.

The most common form of collective intelligence found outside the organization is crowdsourcing -

which refers to the wisdom of the crowd. The idea that collective intelligence is greater than the sum of its individual parts has been around for a long time

ebusiness models (4)

B2B, B2C, C2B, C2C