Ch 3 - Cell Structure and Function

Centrioles

are composed of microtubule triplets.

Which of the following is a prokaryotic cell? ( ) plant cell ( ) liver cell ( ) muscle cell ( ) paramecium ( ) bacterium

bacterium

When a lysosome fuses with a vacuole,

its contents are digested.

According to cell theory,

new cells arise only from preexisting cells.

In plants, chloroplasts are necessary for

photosynthesis.

Mitochondria are bounded by a double membrane. The inner filled space is called the matrix which contains ____ that break down carbohydrate products, releasing ____ to be used for ATP production.

Enzymes/Energy (matrix has DNA, RNA, & ribosomes but they don't breakdown carbs)

Since plant cells do not have centrioles, they cannot be required for all organisms to conduct mitosis and meiosis. True or False?

True

The cell theory states that

all cells come only from other cells.

The Golgi apparatus directs its protein products to the correct location in the cell based on

the specific molecule that is added and the molecule determines the destination in or out of the cell (the "zip code").

The endosymbiotic theory argues that prokaryotes became some of the organelles of early eukaryotic cells. All of the following support this hypothesis EXCEPT: ( ) the vacuoles can "come and go" across the plasma membrane ( ) mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA ( ) mitochondria and chloroplasts are nearly identical to some free living prokaryotes ( ) the mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA AND are nearly identical to some free living prokaryotes ( ) mitochondria and chloroplasts divide by splitting

the vacuoles can "come and go" across the plasma membrane

Which of the following events would increase the cell's ability to exchange materials across the membrane? ( ) Multiple cellular divisions that restore the amount of surface area ( ) The growth of microvilli on the cell membrane ( ) Specialization in absorption ( ) All of these ( ) None of these

All of these

Which of the following cells was most likely the first type of cells on Earth? ( ) Bacteria ( ) Fungi ( ) Archaea ( ) Plants ( ) Animals

Bacteria

What evidence would NOT suggest that the fluid in the nucleus is different from the cytoplasm?

Cytoplasm and nucleoplasm both flow freely into and out of the nucleus.

Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules are all similar in that each is composed of a single type of protein. True or False?

False

Because mitochondria were once independently living prokaryotic cells, if removed from a eukaryotic cell they can survive independently. True or False?

False

Since all organisms carry on cellular respiration, all living cells must contain mitochondria. True or False?

False (Prokaryotic cells do cellular respiration w/o mitochondria)

Which of the following would be considered evidence that chloroplasts are involved in photosynthesis? ( ) Isolated chloroplasts give off oxygen when exposed to sunlight. ( ) Plants that are green contain chloroplasts. ( ) Both plants and algae have chloroplasts. ( ) Plants have both chloroplasts and mitochondria. ( ) Chloroplasts contain thylakoids which are stacked in structures called grana.

Isolated chloroplasts give off oxygen when exposed to sunlight.

Which is NOT true concerning the cell theory? ( ) Virchow asserted that all cells come from preexisting cells ( ) Schleiden determined that all plants are made of cells ( ) Schwann researched animal tissues and discovered that they were all made of cells ( ) Hooke observed the cells of cork ( ) Leeuwenhoek first used the term "cells"

Leeuwenhoek first used the term "cells"

Which organelle primarily functions to regulate the production of H2O2?

Peroxisome

Which structure regulates passage of molecules into and out of the bacterial cell?

Plasma membrane

Ribosomes are composed of

RNA and protein.

During photosynthesis, solar energy is converted to chemical energy by the chloroplasts. The process is represented by:

Solar energy + Carbon dioxide + Water → Carbohydrate + Oxygen

Since cyanobacteria do not contain chloroplasts and yet they photosynthesize, chloroplasts are not required for photosynthesis. True or False?

True

Circulating red blood cells in your body do not contain a nucleus and other organelles. Are these cells living?

Yes, because they are actively metabolizing and once contained organelles.

Which is NOT a correct association of cell organelles and function? ( ) lysosome-intracellular digestion ( ) mitochondrion-cell respiration ( ) ribosome-production of proteins ( ) cell wall-regulate molecule passage in and out of animal cells ( ) vacuole-storage of chemicals

cell wall-regulate molecule passage in and out of animal cells

Which type of cells will have modifications that increase the surface-area-to-volume ratio?

cells that specialize in absorption

Which is NOT a correct association of cell organelles and structure? ( ) cell wall-cellulose fibers and lignin ( ) centriole-microtubules ( ) endoplasmic reticulum-concentrated chromatin, RNA, and nucleoli ( ) plasma membrane-two layers of phospholipids with embedded proteins ( ) ribosome-RNA and protein in two subunits

endoplasmic reticulum-concentrated chromatin, RNA, and nucleoli

Microtubules

form a spindle that distributes chromosomes in an orderly manner.

Compared with a eukaryotic cell, a prokaryotic cell

lacks organelles beyond ribosomes.

Tay-Sachs is a serious childhood metabolic disorder where ____ fail to digest certain lipids.

lysosomes

The failure of which organelle during development can result in a child being born with webbed toes?

lysosomes

Each time water in a cell freezes slowly, long sharp crystals spear through the membrane structures of the cell. The most reasonable explanation for the bad taste of meat that has "freezer burn" from repeated freezing is the destruction of

lysosomes, and the resultant self-digestion

Kinesin and dynein are associated with

microtubules

An agent would make a good antibiotic if it affected a structure or process only found in bacterial cells and not in our (eukaryotic) cells. Which of the following actions would theoretically make a good antibiotic? ( ) prevents repair of the peptidoglycan cell wall ( ) damages the nuclear membrane ( ) damages DNA ( ) prevents ribosomes from producing proteins ( ) stops cellular respiration

prevents repair of the peptidoglycan cell wall

What evidence suggests that proteins are synthesized and modified in the rough ER as opposed to the smooth ER?

ribosomes are associated with the surface of the rough ER

Which of the following would NOT be a function of the peroxisomes? ( ) break down fats in the liver ( ) produce bile salts in the liver ( ) help germinating seeds convert fatty acids into molecules that can be converted to sugars ( ) storage of toxic materials in the cell ( ) metabolism that uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide in leaves

storage of toxic materials in the cell

Brock's father has inherited a mitochondrial disease. Is Brock in danger of also having this disease? True or False?

False (mitochondria are from mother to child)

Because plants evolved from bacterial ancestors, the primary plant cell wall and the bacterial cell wall are both composed of peptidoglycan. True or False?

False (primary plant cell wall is not composed of it)

According to the endosymbiotic theory, eukaryotes became the mitochondria and chloroplasts found in prokaryotic cells. True or False?

False (prok became the mito & chlor in euka cells)

Tissues that produce large amounts of secretions, such as the gastric glands of the stomach, contain cells with large numbers of

Golgi apparati.

Which cellular structure is responsible for packaging materials with the cell?

Golgi apparatus

Surface-area-to-volume ratios indicate

as cells get larger, their surface area gets larger but at a slower rate than the volume increases.

If the mitochondrion is the result of endosymbiosis, what membrane of the mitochondrion represents the engulfing vesicle?

the outer mitochondrial membrane

Which organelle has a 9 + 0 pattern of microtubules?

centriole

Which of these is present in plant, but not animal, cells? ( ) nucleus ( ) centrioles ( ) cell membrane ( ) Golgi apparatus ( ) chloroplasts

chloroplasts

Which organelle will give off oxygen and use up carbon dioxide in plants?

chloroplasts

Thylakoids and cristae are RESPECTIVELY structures of: ( ) lysosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum ( ) the nucleus and nucleolus ( ) chloroplasts and mitochondria ( ) mitochondria and chloroplasts ( ) the cell wall and the plasma membrane

chloroplasts and mitochondria

Which nuclear structure(s) contain(s) the hereditary material?

chromatin

Which of the following structures are NOT found in the cytoplasm? ( ) mitochondria ( ) chloroplast ( ) chromosomes ( ) nucleus ( ) lysosome

chromosomes

In a certain group of people, males are more subject to respiratory infections and are sterile. The most likely explanation for this disease is malfunctioning

cilia and flagella.

The nucleolus

contains RNA and is found in the nucleus.

If cells were moved to a low-gravity environment, such as in space exploration, a change would most likely be expected in the

cytoskeleton.

All of the following are possible origins of cell organelles in eukaryotes EXCEPT: ( ) invagination of the plasma membrane to form endoplasmic reticulum ( ) incorporation of engulfed heterotrophic bacteria to form mitochondria ( ) incorporation of engulfed autotrophic cyanobacteria to form chloroplasts ( ) a symbiotic relationship between a host cell and a porkaryote that was taken up but not destroyed ( ) groups of prokaryotic cells begin to live in a small group sharing products of metabolism

groups of prokaryotic cells begin to live in a small group sharing products of metabolism.

Which organelle has 13 rows of tubulin dimers around an empty central core?

microtubules

Which organelle will use up oxygen and give off carbon dioxide and water?

mitochondria

When viewed through a microscope, one characteristic of living cells is that their internal structures move. What organelles are most directly responsible for this motion we see?

mitochondria and cytoskeleton

Which of these is mismatched? ( ) cilia-microtubules ( ) centrioles-spindle ( ) mitochondria-stroma ( ) lysosomes-hydrolytic enzymes ( ) ribosomes-RNA

mitochondria-stroma

The "powerhouse" of the cell is the

mitochondria.

Cellular respiration is best associated with the

mitochondrion.

In a person with a mitochondrial disease such that mitochondria do not produce enough energy for the cell, which organs would likely be most affected?

muscles

The motor molecules associated with actin are called

myosin

Both plant and animal cells have mitochondria because they both

need ATP for energy.

Ribosomal RNA is produced in the

nucleolus.

Which eukaryotic organelle is the largest?

nucleus

Within eukaryotic cells, the ____ is surrounded by a double membrane and carries the coding that determines protein synthesis.

nucleus

A researcher samples the waters of the boiling hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. Under the microscope, she observes what appear to be living cells in the water. If these indeed are living cells, what type of cell would they most likely be?

prokaryotic, archaea

Antibiotics should be selectively toxic, that is, they should attack the infecting bacteria without harming you. Which of the following would be a good target for an antibiotic so it doesn't attack your cells? ( ) plasma membrane ( ) DNA ( ) ribosomes ( ) cytoplasm ( ) endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes

If an active cell produces an important protein for secretion, what sequence of organelles might we examine for the origin of that secretion?

ribosomes - endoplasmic reticulum - Golgi apparatus

Proteins are processed and modified in the interior of the

rough endoplasmic reticulum.

Which is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton? ( ) maintains a cell's shape ( ) anchors organelles in place within a cell ( ) allows cell and its organelles to move ( ) secretes the calcium for bone tissue ( ) allows the formation of pseudopodia

secrete calcium for bone tissue

If a cell lacked ribosomes, it would NOT be able to

synthesize proteins.

In moving from the outside environment to the inside of the cell, the first layer of a bacterium encountered would be

the capsule.

The body of a slime mold that flows over a rotten log appears to lack any partitioning into distinct cells; however it does become cellular when it changes form and produces spores. The surfaces of parasitic flatworms and some insect tissues are "syncytial" layers of living material that have many nuclei but lack partitioning by cell membranes. These tissues actively consume food and produce wastes. Considering that the cell theory states that "all living things are composed of cells," then

the general concept of life-is-cellular still holds since sometime in their life these organisms still utilize cells, but this shows cell membranes can be abandoned.

If the chloroplast is the result of endosymbiosis, what membrane of the chloroplast represents the plasma membrane of the original prokaryote?

the inner chloroplast membrane

The ____ will store pigments and toxins in plant cells.

vacuole

Which of the following would be a way of finishing this hypothesis about the function of the Golgi apparatus? If the Golgi apparatus is involved in packaging products for secretion, then ( ) vesicles must travel from the Golgi to the cell surface. ( ) vesicles must travel from the rough ER and smooth ER to the Golgi apparatus. ( ) the Golgi apparatus must be part of the endomembrane system. ( ) the Golgi apparatus must consist of 3 to 20 slightly curved sacs. ( ) the Golgi apparatus would contain proteins.

vesicles must travel from the Golgi to the cell surface.