CH. 3- Global Marketing

In the context of social responsibility and environmental management, the United States continues to be the world's top pollution-causing nation.

FALSE

A country's history influences business decisions such as market entry and personnel decisions.

TRUE

What was the result of the First Opium War between the British and China? A) China ceded Hong Kong to Britain. B) Hong Kong was displaced to China at a cost of $10 million pounds. C) China blockaded all British ports. D) Opium was legalized to make trading easier for both countries. E) No taxes were allowed to be levied on opium imports or exports.

A. The first opium war and the subsequent signing of the Treaty of Nanjing caused the Chinese to cede Hong Kong and £21 million pounds to the British.

What would help balance the explosive population expansion in less developed countries and the worker shortage in industrialized regions? A) stable worker-to-retiree ratio B) free flow of immigration C) better senior retirement programs D) prenatal sex scanning E) provisions for higher pension

B. A recent report from the United Nations makes the strongest argument for change in immigration laws as a viable solution. The free flow of immigration will help ameliorate the dual problems of explosive population expansion in less developed countries and worker shortage in industrialized regions.

Which of the following countries is the world's top polluter, at present, in almost all respects? A) Brazil B) China C) Sudan D) Afghanistan E) Zimbabwe

B. China is now the world's top polluter in almost all respects. By 2020, its greenhouse-gas emissions will be more than double the closest rival, the United States.

The population of the industrialized world is most accurately described as A) increasing at an unprecedented pace. B) in decline and rapidly aging. C) mainly consisting of young adults. D) similar to the population of developing countries. E) remaining constant for a long time.

B. While the developing world faces a rapidly growing population, the industrialized world's population is in decline and rapidly aging. Birthrates in western Europe and Japan have been decreasing since the early or mid-1960s; more women are choosing careers instead of children, and many working couples are electing to remain childless.

_______ development is a joint approach among those who seek economic growth with "wise resource management, equitable distribution of benefits and reduction of negative effects on people and the environment from the process of economic growth." A) Parallel B) Global C) Sustainable D) Unrestricted E) Holistic

C. Sustainable development is a joint approach among those (e.g., governments, businesses, environmentalists, and others) who seek economic growth with "wise resource management, equitable distribution of benefits and reduction of negative effects on people and the environment from the process of economic growth."

Japan was an isolated country before the arrival of ________ in 1853. A) Marco Polo B) Admiral Halsey C) Commodore Perry D) Admiral Pennington E) the East India Company

C. The foundation for Japan's contemporary behavior includes seven centuries under the shogun feudal system, the isolation before the arrival of Commodore Perry in 1853, the threat of domination by colonial powers, the rise of new social classes, Western influences, the humiliation of World War II, and involvement in the international community.

Which commodity dominated the trade between Britain and China during the early 1800s? A) bamboo B) mother-of-pearl C) silk D) tea E) porcelain

D. During the early 1800s, the British taste for tea was creating a huge trade deficit with China. Silver bullion was flowing fast in an easterly direction. Though other commodities were also traded, the tea-for-silver swap dominated the equation.

The idea of Manifest Destiny was used to justify the U.S. annexation of A) Virginia. B) Ohio. C) Pennsylvania. D) New Mexico. E) Carolina.

D. The idea of Manifest Destiny was used to justify the U.S. annexation of Texas, Oregon, New Mexico, and California and, later, U.S. involvement in Cuba, Alaska, Hawaii, and the Philippines.

In the context of U.S. foreign policy in the 19th and the 20th centuries, ________, in its broadest interpretation, meant that Americans were a chosen people to create a model society. A) Roosevelt Corollary B) Monroe Doctrine C) Hays Corollary D) Grant Mandate E) Manifest Destiny

E. Manifest Destiny, in its broadest interpretation, meant that Americans were a chosen people ordained by God to create a model society. More specifically, it referred to the territorial expansion of the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

In numerous cultures, a family's only wealth is represented by the number of children they have. This demonstrates how ________ can deter population control. A) financial benefits B) poor enforcement mechanisms C) biological factors D) government welfare schemes E) cultural attitudes

E. Perhaps the most important deterrent to population control is cultural attitudes about the importance of large families. In many cultures, the prestige of a man, whether alive or dead, depends on the number of his progeny, and a family's only wealth is its children.

China has emerged as the most efficient user of energy worldwide.

FALSE China spends three times the world average on energy (all sources) to produce one dollar of gross national product (GNP). In comparison with Japan, possibly the world's most efficient user of energy, where less than 5 ounces of oil is needed to generate $1 in GNP, in China, approximately 80 ounces of oil is needed.

In the context of U.S. foreign policies, the Monroe Doctrine, in its broadest interpretation, meant that the United States surrendered occupation of Cuba to the Soviet Union.

FALSE Citizens of the U.S. saw the Monroe Doctrine as protection for Latin America from European colonization and the intervention of Europe in the governments of the Western Hemisphere.

North America is the region of the world most affected by a steadily declining worker-to- retiree ratio.

FALSE Europe is the region of the world most affected by aging and thus by a steadily decreasing worker-to-retiree ratio. To keep the worker-to-retiree ratio from falling, Europe will need 1.4 billion immigrants over the next 50 years, while Japan and the United States will need 600 million immigrants between now and 2050.

Confucian philosophy, taught throughout Japan's history, emphasizes the basic virtue of loyalty to the country.

TRUE

Continuous improvements in electronic communications have facilitated the expansion of trade.

TRUE

Countries that suffer the most from major natural calamities are among the poorest in the world.

TRUE

Currently, the developing world has a growing population while the industrialized world's population is declining.

TRUE

In much of the underdeveloped world, human labor is the prevalent source of energy.

TRUE

To understand a country's attitudes, prejudices, and fears, it is necessary to look beyond the surface of current events to the inner subtleties of the country's entire past for clues.

TRUE

What was the earliest form of a trade route? A) land routes B) the Internet C) sea routes D) underground routes E) air routes

A. Early trade routes were over land; later came sea routes, air routes, and, finally, some might say, the Internet to connect countries.

Which source of energy is used most in America? A) wind B) solar C) coal D) oil and gas E) wood

D. Americans' huge appetite for oil and gas is being fueled by the new domestic availability of copious fossil fuels via new exploration and enhanced recovery technologies such as fracking, and a drastic reduction of governmental restrictions and oversight of domestic exploration.

What key tool is necessary for anyone participating in commerce in order to know where goods and services exist and also know where they are needed? A) sustainable development B) expropriation C) immigration D) effective communications E) political stability

D. An underpinning of all commerce is effective communications—knowledge of where goods and services exist and where they are needed and the ability to communicate instantaneously across vast distances.

Describe how the historical roots of Japan's culture have influenced its contemporary behavior and culture.

Loyalty to family, to country, to company, and to social groups and the strong drive to cooperate, to work together for a common cause, permeate many facets of Japanese behavior and have historical roots that date back thousands of years. Historically, loyalty and service, a sense of responsibility, and respect for discipline, training, and artistry were stressed to maintain stability and order. Confucian philosophy, taught throughout Japan's history, emphasizes the basic virtue of loyalty "of friend to friend, of wife to husband, of child to parent, of brother to brother, but, above all, of subject to lord," that is, to country. A fundamental premise of Japanese ideology reflects the importance of cooperation for the collective good. Japanese achieve consensus by agreeing that all will unite against outside pressures that threaten the collective good. A historical perspective gives the foreigner in Japan a basis on which to begin developing cultural sensitivity and a better understanding of contemporary Japanese behavior.

Briefly describe Manifest Destiny and the Monroe Doctrine as the policies that were accepted as the basis for U.S. foreign policy during the 19th and 20th centuries.

Manifest Destiny and the Monroe Doctrine were accepted as the basis for U.S. foreign policy during much of the 19th and 20th centuries. Manifest Destiny, in its broadest interpretation, meant that Americans were a chosen people ordained by God to create a model society. More specifically, it referred to the territorial expansion of the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The idea of Manifest Destiny was used to justify the U.S. annexation of Texas, Oregon, New Mexico, and California and, later, U.S. involvement in Cuba, Alaska, Hawaii, and the Philippines. The Monroe Doctrine was enunciated by President James Monroe in a public statement proclaiming three basic dicta: no further European colonization in the New World, abstention of the United States from European political affairs, and nonintervention of European governments in the governments of the Western Hemisphere. After 1870, interpretation of the Monroe Doctrine became increasingly broad. In 1881, its principles were evoked in discussing the development of a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. An extension of the Monroe Doctrine known as the Roosevelt Corollary stated that not only would the United States prohibit non-American intervention in Latin American affairs, but it would also police the area and guarantee that Latin American nations met their international obligations. The corollary sanctioning American intervention was applied in 1905 when Roosevelt forced the Dominican Republic to accept the appointment of an American economic adviser, who quickly became the financial director of the small state. It was also used in the acquisition of the Panama Canal Zone from Colombia in 1903 and the formation of a provisional government in Cuba in 1906.

Discuss how these three statements found in the text reflect the need for a deeper understanding of a country when participating in international trade. (1) "History is taught one way in Mexico and another way in the United States—the United States robbed us but we are portrayed in U.S. textbooks as bandits who invaded Texas." (2) "We may not like gringos for historical reasons, but today the world is dividing into commercial blocks, and we are handcuffed to each other for better or worse." (3) "We always have been and we continue to be a colony of the United States."

Student answers will vary but should focus on the need for understanding a country's attitudes, prejudices, and fears related to its economic and political status.

In the context of social responsibility and environmental management, what is sustainable development?

Sustainable development is a joint approach among those (e.g., governments, businesses, environmentalists, and others) who seek economic growth with "wise resource management, equitable distribution of benefits and reduction of negative effects on people and the environment from the process of economic growth." Sustainable development is not about the environment or the economy or society. It is about striking a lasting balance between all of these. More and more companies are embracing the idea of sustainable development as a "win- win" opportunity. Responsibility for protecting the environment does not rest solely with governments, businesses, or activist groups; however, each citizen has a social and moral responsibility to include environmental protection among his or her highest goals.

A major reason why China is inefficient in oil usage is because of outdated technology.

TRUE

According to some economists, economic prosperity is a factor that leads to the decline in fertility rates.

TRUE

Altitude, humidity, and temperature extremes are climatic features that affect the uses and functions of products and equipment.

TRUE

An accurate depiction of the Roosevelt Corollary is "whatever is good for the United States is justifiable."

TRUE

One of the foundations of modern technology is the ability to generate energy because nations are not equal in their ability to produce energy.

TRUE

Recording of historic events by historians belonging to different cultures gives us a subjective view of history.

TRUE

Sustainable development is often frowned upon in the United States because consumers are more interested in style than sustainability.

TRUE

The Monroe Doctrine dictated that there would be no further European colonization in the New World.

TRUE

The Roosevelt Corollary played a significant role in the U.S. acquisition of the Panama Canal.

TRUE

The process of controlling industrial wastes leads to the issue of disposal of hazardous waste, a by-product of pollution controls.

TRUE

Manifest Destiny was used to justify the U.S. annexation of Texas, Oregon, New Mexico, and California.

TRUE

________ represent(s) the attempts of countries to overcome economic and social imbalances created in part by the influence of geography. A) Import tariffs B) Free Trade policies C) Trade routes D) Global migration E) Resource sharing pacts

c. Trade routes bind the world together, minimizing distance, natural barriers, lack of resources, and the fundamental differences between peoples and economies. Trade routes represent the attempts of countries to overcome economic and social imbalances created in part by the influence of geography.

On September 13, the president of Mexico, the cabinet, and diplomatic corps assemble to recall "despojo territorial." What is its significance? A) U.S. troops claimed 890,000 square miles of land that became Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas. B) U.S. border officials allowed the peaceful crossing of Mexican citizens into the United States. C) Trade barriers were lifted between Mexico and the U.S. D) U.S. and Mexican soldiers defeated the Chinese attempt to take over this land. E) Mexico joined forces with Europe to defeat the U.S. attempt to purchase Louisiana.

A. A prominent monument at the entrance of Chapultepec Park recognizes Los Niños Heroes (the boy heroes), who resisted U.S. troops, wrapped themselves in Mexican flags, and jumped to their deaths rather than surrender. Mexicans recount the heroism of Los Niños Heroes and the loss of Mexican territory to the United States every September 13, when the president of Mexico, the cabinet, and the diplomatic corps assemble at the Mexico City fortress to recall the defeat that led to the "despojo territorial" (territorial plunder). To the Mexican, the exploit to which the "halls of Montezuma" refers is remembered as U.S. troops marching all the way to the center of Mexico City and extracting as tribute 890,000 square miles that became Arizona, California, New Mexico, and Texas.

he main reasons certain products dominate energy usage around the world is because they are A) easy to store and transport. B) favored by most governments. C) the cheapest form of fuel. D) the most efficient forms of fuel. E) unlimited.

A. Because of petroleum's versatility and the ease with which it is stored and transported, petroleum-related products continue to dominate energy usage.

What is the most universal means used by governments to control birthrates? A) family planning B) universal access to healthcare C) high literacy levels D) education for women E) improved nutrition

A. Family planning and all that it entails is by far the most universal means governments use to control birthrates, but some economists believe that a decline in the fertility rate is a function of economic prosperity and will come only with economic development.

Which policy implied that Latin America was only for the United States and European countries should not attempt to control it? A) Monroe Doctrine B) Manifest Destiny C) Confucian philosophy D) Taiping Rebellion pact E) Opium war treaty

A. One way to describe the Monroe Doctrine is "Europe keep your hands off—Latin America is only for the United States." The Monroe Doctrine proclaimed: no further European colonization in the New World, abstention of the United States from European political affairs, and nonintervention by European governments in the governments of the Western Hemisphere.

What was the overall end result of the Mexican War of 1846-1848? A) Mexico was forced to cede California to the U.S. B) The U.S. and Mexico signed a nonaggression pact. C) Mexico gave up California and the U.S. gave up Baja California. D) Mexico paid the U.S. $5 million for war damages. E) The U.S. signed a pledge to not invade Mexico again.

A. The Mexican War (1846-1848) resulted in Mexico ceding California and a large part of the West to the United States.

Abstention of the United States from European political affairs was one of the three basic dicta of the A) Monroe Doctrine. B) North American Security Treaty. C) Hays Corollary. D) Grant Mandate. E) Roosevelt Corollary.

A. The Monroe Doctrine, a cornerstone of early U.S. foreign policy, was enunciated by President James Monroe in a public statement proclaiming three basic dicta: no further European colonization in the New World, abstention of the United States from European political affairs, and nonintervention by European governments in the governments of the Western Hemisphere.

Explain, with examples, how climate and topography of a country affect its economic profile.

Altitude, humidity, and temperature extremes are climatic features that affect the uses and functions of products and equipment. Products that perform well in temperate zones may deteriorate rapidly or require special cooling or lubrication to function adequately in tropical zones. For example, manufacturers have found that construction equipment used in the United States requires extensive modifications to cope with the intense heat and dust of the Sahara Desert. Within even a single national market, climate can be sufficiently diverse to require major adjustments. Different seasons between the northern and southern hemispheres also affect global strategies. Bosch-Siemens washing machines designed for European countries require spin cycles to range from a minimum spin cycle of 500 rpm to a maximum of 1,600 rpm. Because the sun does not shine regularly in Germany or in Scandinavia, washing machines must have a 1,600 rpm spin cycle because users do not have the luxury of hanging them out to dry. In Italy and Spain, however, clothes can be damp, because the abundant sunshine is sufficient to justify a spin cycle speed of 500 rpm. Mountains, oceans, seas, jungles, and other geographical features can pose serious impediments to economic growth and trade. For example, mountain ranges cover South America's west coast for 4,500 miles, with an average height of 13,000 feet and a width of 300 to 400 miles. This natural, formidable barrier has precluded the establishment of commercial routes between the Pacific and Atlantic coasts.

Discuss how less-privileged nations suffer disproportionately from natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods. Provide an example of a current situation where this is evidenced.

Always on the slim margin between subsistence and disaster, less-privileged countries suffer disproportionately from natural and human-assisted catastrophes. The slow recoveries from the Haitian earthquake disaster of 2010 and the Puerto Rican hurricane in 2017 are perhaps the most prominent examples, particularly when juxtaposed with the progress of Japan's recovery from its 2011 earthquake/tsunami/nuclear power plant disaster. Climate and topography coupled with civil wars, poor environmental policies, and natural disasters push these countries further into economic stagnation. Without irrigation and water management, droughts, floods, and soil erosion afflict them, often leading to creeping deserts that reduce the long-term fertility of the land. Population increases, deforestation, and overgrazing intensify the impact of drought and lead to malnutrition and ill health, further undermining these countries' abilities to solve their problems. Countries that suffer the most from major calamities are among the poorest in the world. Many have neither the capital nor the technical ability to minimize the effects of natural phenomena; they are at the mercy of nature. (Specific examples will vary.)

Explain why communication infrastructures are an integral part of international commerce

An underpinning of all commerce is effective communications—knowledge of where goods and services exist and where they are needed and the ability to communicate instantaneously across vast distances. Continuous improvements in electronic communications have facilitated the expansion of trade. First came the telegraph, then the telephone, television, satellites, mobile phones, the computer, the Internet, and combinations of them all. Each revolution in technology has had a profound effect on human conditions, economic growth, and the manner in which commerce functions. Each new communications technology has spawned new business models; some existing businesses have reinvented their practices to adapt to the new technology, while other businesses have failed to respond and thus ceased to exist. The Internet and mobile phone revolutions will be no different; they too affect human conditions, economic growth, and the manner in which commerce operates.

According to Manifest Destiny, who gave Americans the power to create a model society? A) Roosevelt B) the people C) God D) family E) big business

C. Manifest Destiny, in its broadest interpretation, meant that Americans were a chosen people ordained by God to create a model society. More specifically, it referred to the territorial expansion of the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

Explain what it means for historical records to be subjective and why a proper understanding of this concept is essential for a marketer.

Answer: Historical events always are viewed from one's own biases and self-reference criteria (SRC), and thus, what is recorded by one historian may not be what another records, especially if the historians are from different cultures. Historians traditionally try to be objective, but few can help filtering events through their own cultural biases. Our perspective not only influences our view of history but also subtly influences our view of many other matters. For example, maps of the world sold in the United States generally show the United States at the center, whereas maps in Britain show Britain at the center, and so on for other nations. For a marketer, a crucial element in understanding any nation's business and political culture is the subjective perception of its history.

How did the British respond in 1839 after the Emperor of China ordered the destruction of opium inventories in Canton? A) The British taxed China for existing inventories. B) The British sunk ships in the Pearl River. C) The British opened all Chinese ports. D) The British joined forces with China and also destroyed its inventories. E) The British made an agreement with America for opium supplies.

B Explanation: The Emperor ordered the destruction of the inventories in Canton (now known as Guangzhou). By 1839 the trade was dead. The British responded by sinking junks in the Pearl River and blockading all Chinese ports.

Which of the following statements is true with respect to the economic effects of controlling population growth? A) Fertility rates increase proportionately to the rate of economic growth. B) A decline in fertility rate is a function of economic prosperity. C) Lower male-female ratios favor higher fertility rates. D) Developing nations tend to have lower fertility compared to developed nations. E) Higher population growth rates have resulted in increased global trade.

B. Family planning and all that it entails is by far the most universal means governments use to control birthrates, but some economists believe that a decline in the fertility rate is a function of economic prosperity and will come only with economic development.

A country that struggles to export crops because it cannot build transportation around the large mountains that cover most of the terrain is being affected by A) sociology. B) geography. C) cartography. D) demographics. E) geomatics.

B. Geography is much more than memorizing countries, capitals, and rivers. It also includes an understanding of how a society's culture and economy are affected as a nation struggles to supply its people's needs within the limits imposed by its physical makeup.

_______ is the study of the earth's surface, climate, continents, countries, peoples, industries, and resources. A) Geophysics B) Geography C) Cartography D) Demography E) Sociology

B. Geography, the study of Earth's surface, climate, continents, countries, peoples, industries, and resources, is an element of the uncontrollable environment that confronts every marketer but that receives scant attention.

History helps us understand why nations behave the way they do. For this reason, most historians try to present information A) anonymously. B) objectively. C) simultaneously. D) verbally. E) subjectively.

B. Historical events always are viewed from one's own biases and self-reference criteria, and thus, what is recorded by one historian may not be what another records, especially if the historians are from different cultures. Historians traditionally try to be objective.

The ________ was a political protest against the British taxing system. A) Hong Kong Revolution B) Boston Tea Party C) Taiping Rebellion D) First Opium War E) Canton Uprising

B. In a sense, American history really begins with China. Recall the Boston Tea Party: Our complaint then was the British tax and, more important, the British prohibition against Yankee traders dealing directly with merchants in Canton.

Most of the energy in the underdeveloped areas of the world comes from what source? A) Nuclear power B) Human labor C) Wind energy D) Geothermal power E) Fossil fuel

B. In much of the underdeveloped world, human labor provides the preponderance of energy. The principal supplements to human energy are animals, wood, fossil fuel, nuclear power, and, to a lesser and more experimental extent, the ocean's tides, geothermal power, and the sun.

In the context of global population trends, a nation needs a fertility rate of about 2.1 children per woman to be able to A) reduce its population. B) maintain its population. C) encourage immigration. D) increase its population. E) discourage immigration.

B. Just to keep the population from falling, a nation needs a fertility rate of about 2.1 children per woman.

Manifest Destiny specifically referred to the A) political clout of the United States over European countries. B) territorial expansion of the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific. C) focus on investment and infrastructure development in Asia-Pacific. D) network of intelligence operations across the world, especially the Communist world. E) "white man's burden" to develop the underdeveloped parts of the world.

B. Manifest Destiny, in its broadest interpretation, meant that Americans were a chosen people ordained by God to create a model society. More specifically, it referred to the territorial expansion of the United States from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

In the context of social responsibility and environmental management, which of the following is a by-product of pollution controls? A) corporate environmental responsibility B) higher tariffs against developing countries C) the disposal of hazardous waste D) reduced availability of petroleum products E) the emission of greenhouse gases

C. The very process of controlling industrial wastes leads to another and perhaps equally critical issue: the disposal of hazardous waste, a by-product of pollution controls.

Which of the following best describes the perception of geographical features such as mountains in the context of economic growth in Europe? A) They provide natural protection from potentially hostile neighbors. B) They are impediments to efficient trade and communication. C) They are natural landmarks that symbolize national treasure. D) They are fortuitous blessings that provide a wealth of natural resources. E) They are symbols of national heritage and history.

B. Mountains, oceans, seas, jungles, and other geographical features can pose serious impediments to economic growth and trade. Once seen as natural protection from potentially hostile neighbors, physical barriers that exist within Europe are now seen as impediments to efficient trade in an integrated economic union.

Which source of energy dominates the world's energy usage? A) Hydroelectric power B) Petroleum products C) Wind energy D) Geothermal power E) Nuclear power

B. Of all the energy sources, oil and gas contribute over 60 percent of world energy consumption. Because of petroleum's versatility and the ease with which it is stored and transported, petroleum-related products continue to dominate energy usage.

The Boston Tea Party is an example of how U.S. history really begins with China because A) China placed a tax on the British who in turn taxed the colonists. B) the British prohibited American traders from dealing directly with China. C) the British recognized China as a more valuable market. D) China attempted to export tea into the colonies. E) most colonists had genealogical roots in China.

B. Recall the Boston Tea Party: Our complaint then was the British tax and, more important, the British prohibition against Yankee traders dealing directly with merchants in Canton, China.

Which event, leading to the overthrowing of the dictator Díaz, is particularly remembered for the expulsion of foreigners—most notably North American businessmen who were the most visible of the wealthy and influential entrepreneurs? A) the Madero Rebellion B) the Mexican Revolution C) the Los Niños Rebellion D) the Mexican-American War E) the San Patricios Revolution

B. The Mexican Revolution, which overthrew the dictator Díaz and launched the modern Mexican state, is particularly remembered for the expulsion of foreigners—most notably North American businessmen who were the most visible of the wealthy and influential entrepreneurs in Mexico.

The ________, a cornerstone of early U.S. foreign policy, dictated that no further European colonization in the New World would be accepted. A) Madison Corollary B) Monroe Doctrine C) Hays Corollary D) Wilson Policy Position E) Manifest Destiny

B. The Monroe Doctrine, a cornerstone of early U.S. foreign policy, was enunciated by President James Monroe in a public statement proclaiming three basic dicta: no further European colonization in the New World, abstention of the United States from European political affairs, and nonintervention of European governments in the governments of the Western Hemisphere.

The Roosevelt Corollary implies that A) Latin America can control its own economy. B) whatever is good for the United States is justifiable. C) European intervention in Latin America is valid. D) the United States and Europe should work together in Latin America. E) no president should interfere in the affairs of another country.

B. The corollary stated that not only would the United States prohibit non-American intervention in Latin American affairs, but it also would police the area and guarantee that Latin American nations met their international obligations. The manner in which the United States acquired the land for the Panama Canal Zone typifies the Roosevelt Corollary—whatever is good for the United States is justifiable.

What effect did the Basel Convention have on world trade? A) It allowed the United States full control over the developing countries of Central America. B) It mandated a total ban on the export of hazardous waste by developed nations. C) It implemented higher tariffs on exports that created greenhouse-gas emissions. D) It required a country to remove tax barriers when importing or exporting to a contingent nation. E) It eliminated anti-dumping policies on electronic devices.

B. Waste disposal is legal in some developing countries as governments seek the revenues that are generated by offering sites for waste disposal. In other cases, illegal dumping is done clandestinely. A treaty among members of the Basel Convention that required prior approval before dumping could occur was later revised to a total ban on the export of hazardous wastes by developed nations.

It has been noted that China is inefficient in oil usage. What seems to be the main reason for this inefficient use of energy? A) government regulations B) consumer consumption C) outdated technology D) lack of alternatives E) preponderance of need

C. As countries industrialize, energy sources are not always efficiently utilized. China, for example, spends three times the world average on energy (all sources) to produce one dollar of gross national product (GNP). In comparison with Japan, possibly the world's most efficient user of energy, where less than 5 ounces of oil is needed to generate $1 in GNP, in China, approximately 80 ounces of oil is needed. The reasons for China's inefficient oil use are numerous, but the worst culprit is outdated technology.

Which of the following may best explain why the Japanese have such strong loyalty toward their companies? A) Zen philosophy B) Taoism C) Confucian philosophy D) Buddhism E) Bushido philosophy

C. Loyalty to family, to country, to company, and to social groups and the strong drive to cooperate, to work together for a common cause, permeate many facets of Japanese behavior and have historical roots that date back thousands of years. Confucian philosophy, taught throughout Japan's history, emphasizes the basic virtue of loyalty "of friend to friend, of wife to husband, of child to parent, of brother to brother, but, above all, of subject to lord," that is, to country.

Manifest Destiny and the ________ were accepted as the basis for U.S. foreign policy during much of the 19th and 20th centuries. A) Roosevelt Corollary B) North American Security Treaty C) Monroe Doctrine D) Grant Mandate E) Hays Corollary

C. Manifest Destiny and the Monroe Doctrine were accepted as the basis for U.S. foreign policy during much of the 19th and 20th centuries. Manifest Destiny, in its broadest interpretation, meant that Americans were a chosen people ordained by God to create a model society. The Monroe Doctrine proclaimed: no further European colonization in the New World, abstention of the U.S. from European political affairs, and nonintervention by European governments in the governments of the Western Hemisphere.

The part of the world with the largest portion of people over 65 years is also the part of the world with the fewest number of people under age 15 years. Based on this, what might occur in this area of the world? A) a conscious effort to slow down rapid urbanization and industrialization. B) a larger focus on automation and technology in industries. C) a heavy tax burden on future workers. D) an increased focus on lower birthrates through incentives. E) an increase in migration to other nations.

C. This disparity means that there will be fewer workers to support future retirees, resulting in an intolerable tax burden on future workers, more of the over-65 group remaining in the labor force, or pressure to change existing laws to allow mass migration to stabilize the worker-to-retiree ratio.

When Vicente Fox became Mexico's first opposition party president, he struggled with the drug problem and the violence it created in his country. What did he propose to alleviate this issue? A) He implemented a zero tolerance policy and first offenders were sentenced to jail. B) He decided to only legalize marijuana for medical use. C) He suggested that all drugs be legalized, including LSD, opium, meth, and more. D) He created a cabinet post that would address the issue and come up with a solution. E) He ignored the issue because it was too large for him to control.

C. Vicente Fox, Mexico's first opposition party president, was elected in 2000 to a six-year term of office to change things. He proposed legalizing everything for users—cocaine, heroin, LSD, marijuana, PCP, opium, synthetic opioids, mescaline, peyote, psilocybin mushrooms, amphetamines, and meth. The law allowed for substantial quantities for personal use.

Which country is considered to be the world's most efficient user of energy? A) Canada B) Vietnam C) Japan D) India E) China

C. As countries industrialize, energy sources are not always utilized. In comparison with Japan, possibly the world's most efficient user of energy, where less than 5 ounces of oil is needed to generate $1 in GNP, in China, approximately 80 ounces of oil is needed.

In the context of the subjective nature of historical events, contrast the American and Mexican perspectives on the Monroe Doctrine. Which popular statement typifies the difference between the perspectives?

Citizens of the United States feel they have been good neighbors. They see the Monroe Doctrine as protection for Latin America from European colonization and the intervention of Europe in the governments of the Western Hemisphere. Latin Americans, in contrast, tend to see the Monroe Doctrine as an offensive expression of U.S. influence in Latin America. To put it another way, "Europe keep your hands off—Latin America is only for the United States," an attitude perhaps typified by former U.S. President Ulysses S. Grant, who, in a speech in Mexico in 1880, described Mexico as a "magnificent mine" that lay waiting south of the border for North American interests. The following statement typifies the difference in the perspectives. Most Americans would agree with President John F. Kennedy's proclamation during a visit to Mexico that "Geography has made us neighbors, tradition has made us friends." North Americans may be surprised to learn that most Mexicans felt it more accurate to say "Geography has made us closer, tradition has made us far apart."

Citizens of the United States felt that the Monroe Doctrine provided A) an opportunity for Latin America to become a superpower among nations. B) excessive tariffs on imported goods. C) higher priced goods in the United States. D) protection for Latin America from European colonization. E) a message to Latin America that Russia was in control.

D. Citizens of the United States feel they have been good neighbors. They see the Monroe Doctrine as protection for Latin America from European colonization and the intervention of Europe in the governments of the Western Hemisphere.

Which statement describes the consumption of petroleum products by the United States? A) America is the largest producer of petroleum products. B) America is likely to stay self-sufficient for the next several decades. C) America is the third largest consumer of petroleum products. D) America has become a major importer of petroleum products. E) Petroleum products are no longer the largest source of energy for the U.S.

D. Many countries that were self-sufficient during much of their early economic growth have become net importers of petroleum during the past several decades and continue to become increasingly dependent on foreign sources. A spectacular example is the United States, which was almost completely self-sufficient until 1942, became a major importer by 1950, and between 1973 and 2011 increased its dependency from 36 percent to over 66 percent of its annual requirements.

Which statement most accurately reflects the feelings of most Mexicans toward the United States in terms of the economy? A) Mexicans trust and favor the United States above other trading partners. B) Mexicans prefer Europeans over the United States with respect to trade. C) Mexico considers the United States a protector who will help it emerge as a world power. D) Mexicans see the United States as a threat to their political, economic, and cultural independence. E) Mexicans see the United States as a land of abundant opportunity and good fortune.

D. Mexicans have a love-hate relationship with the United States because Mexicans see the United States as a threat to their political, economic, and cultural sovereignty.

The opium wars resulted in a loss of confidence in the Chinese government that led to the revolt known as the Taiping Rebellion. How many Chinese lives were lost in this rebellion? A) 2 million B) 40,000 C) 400,000 D) 20-40 million E) 2.4 million

D. One consequence of the humiliation at the hands of foreigners during the two opium wars was a loss of confidence in the Chinese government. The resulting disorder came to a head in Guangxi, the southernmost province of the Empire. This led to the Taiping Rebellion, the single most horrific civil war in the history of the world. Estimates of the death toll from the Taiping Rebellion stand between 20 and 40 million people

What event occurred during the Mexican Revolution? A) the overthrowing of dictator Ernesto Zedillo B) the youth movement against religion C) the nationalization of Mexican oil industry D) the expulsion of North American businessmen E) the support of French arms for revolutionaries

D. The Mexican Revolution, which overthrew the dictator Díaz and launched the modern Mexican state, is particularly remembered for the expulsion of foreigners—most notably North American businessmen who were the most visible of the wealthy and influential entrepreneurs in Mexico.

Which of the following policies was used in the formation of a provisional government in Cuba in 1906? A) the Manifest Destiny B) the Hay Manifesto C) the Wilson Mandate D) the Roosevelt Corollary E) the Gadsden Policy Position

D. Theodore Roosevelt applied the Monroe Doctrine with an extension that became known as the Roosevelt Corollary. The Roosevelt Corollary was used in the formation of a provisional government in Cuba in 1906. The Roosevelt Corollary implies whatever is good for the United States is justifiable.

What was the response of Latin America to policies found in the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary? A) They were welcomed because they created a stronger economy for all Latin American countries. B) They were used as role models for Latin American legislation. C) They were only considered important for some of the countries in Latin America. D) They were seen as a sign of hope. E) They were considered an unwelcome intrusion in Latin American affairs.

E. According to U.S. history, these Latin American adventures were a justifiable part of our foreign policy; to Latin Americans, they were unwelcome intrusions in Latin American affairs.

Which event is one of the pivotal factors behind the wariness of the Chinese leadership toward foreign influences in general, and religious movements in particular, even today? A) the Boxer Revolution B) the Satsuma Rebellion C) the Nanjing Rebellion D) the Hong Kong Revolution E) the Taiping Rebellion

E. Based on events in the mid-1800s, like the Opium Wars (core issue: foreign access to Chinese trade) and the Taiping Rebellion Wars (core issue: rebellion led by religious zealot influenced by Protestant Western missionaries), it is easy to see why the Chinese leadership has remained wary of foreign influences in general, and religious movements in particular, even today.

When studying the dynamics of global population trends, it is important to remember that A) the demand for goods worldwide may have no effect on migration patterns. B) changes in the distribution of population among the world's countries may fail to influence demand. C) the global financial crisis has caused migration from rural to urban areas within countries. D) economic growth forecasts and assumptions about fertility rates are independent of each other. E) the existence of sheer numbers of people is significant in appraising potential consumer markets.

E. Current population, rural/urban population shifts, rates of growth, age levels, and population control help determine today's demand for various categories of goods. Although not the only determinant, the existence of sheer numbers of people is significant in appraising potential consumer markets.

What commodity did the English East India Company turn to in order to help Britain erase the tea-caused trade deficit with China during the 1800s? A) watches B) betel nuts C) diamonds D) textiles E) opium

E. During the early 1800s, the British taste for tea was creating a huge trade deficit with China. Then came the English East India Company's epiphany: opium. The best opium came from British India, and once the full flow began, the tea-caused trade deficit disappeared fast.

Which region is most affected by aging and thus by a steadily decreasing worker-to-retiree ratio?A) Africa B) North America C) South America D) Asia E) Europe

E. Europe is the region of the world most affected by aging and thus by a steadily decreasing worker-to-retiree ratio.

Countries like ________ and the U.S. epitomize the problems caused by an increasing percentage of elderly people who must be supported by a declining number of skilled workers. A) Brazil B) China C) Egypt D) Chile E) Japan

E. Europe, Japan, and The United States epitomize the problems caused by an increasing percentage of elderly people who must be supported by a declining number of skilled workers.

What event ultimately became about foreign access to Chinese trade? A) the Boxer Revolution B) the Satsuma Rebellion C) the Vietnam War D) the Louisiana Purchase E) the Opium Wars

E. Opium Wars were fought between China and Britain over the British-run opium trade in China during the middle 1800s. The British navy attacked Chinese ports in retribution for a Chinese ban on the drug, and the Treaty of Nanjing signed in 1842 allowed greater European access to Chinese ports generally, a resumption of the opium trade, and ceding of Hong Kong to British control. Ultimately the Opium War became about foreign access to Chinese trade.

Two main points of the Monroe Doctrine were that ________ was to stop colonization in the New World and not interfere in governments in the Western Hemisphere. A) Asia B) the United States C) Latin America D) Canada E) Europe

E. The Monroe Doctrine, a cornerstone of early U.S. foreign policy, was enunciated by President James Monroe in a public statement proclaiming three basic dicta: no further European colonization in the New World, abstention of the United States from European political affairs, and nonintervention by European governments in the governments of the Western Hemisphere.

According to Confucian philosophy, above all else, loyalty should be given to A) family. B) spouse. C) parents. D) company. E) country.

E. drive to cooperate, to work together for a common cause, permeate many facets of Japanese behavior and have historical roots that date back thousands of years. Confucian philosophy, taught throughout Japan's history, emphasizes the basic virtue of loyalty "of friend to friend, of wife to husband, of child to parent, of brother to brother, but, above all, of subject to lord," that is, to country.

During the early 1800s, the British taste for tea was creating a huge trade deficit for Britain with what country? A) France B) Italy C) Belgium D) Finland E) China

E. with China. Silver bullion was flowing fast in an easterly direction. Then came the English East India Company's epiphany: opium. Easy to ship, high value to volume and weight ratios, and addicting to customers—what a great product! At the time, the best opium came from British India, and once the full flow began, the tea-caused trade deficit disappeared fast.

In the context of social responsibility and environmental management, the Basel Convention identified safe dumping zones for hazardous wastes exported by developed nations.

FALSE A treaty among members of the Basel Convention that required prior approval before dumping could occur was later revised to a total ban on the export of hazardous wastes by developed nations.

Working as individuals, rather than together, for a common cause is a fundamental belief in Japanese behavior.

FALSE Loyalty to family, to country, to company, and to social groups and the strong drive to cooperate, to work together for a common cause, permeate many facets of Japanese behavior and have historical roots that date back thousands of years.

Mexico's attitude toward America is accurately summed up in the statement—"Geography has made us neighbors, tradition has made us friends."

FALSE Most Americans would agree with President John F. Kennedy's proclamation during a visit to Mexico that "Geography has made us neighbors, tradition has made us friends." North Americans may be surprised to learn that most Mexicans felt it more accurate to say "Geography has made us closer, tradition has made us far apart."

While temperatures and rainfall affect trade because they can vary, geographical conditions such as mountains and oceans do not have an effect on trade.

FALSE Mountains, oceans, seas, jungles, and other geographical features can pose serious impediments to economic growth and trade

In the context of social responsibility and environmental management, sustainable development is about protecting the environment at all costs.

FALSE Sustainable development is not about the environment or the economy or society on an individual basis. It is about striking a lasting balance between all of these.

In the context of U.S. foreign policies, the Roosevelt Corollary paved the way for non- American intervention in Latin American affairs.

FALSE The Roosevelt Corollary stated that not only would the United States prohibit non-American intervention in Latin American affairs, but it would also police the area and guarantee that Latin American nations met their international obligations.

The United States leads the fight against pollution with the most stringent greenhouse emission standards in the world.

FALSE The United States has one of the highest pollution rates on a per capital basis. But, in 2017 the Trump administration decided to back out of the Paris Climate Accords, ceding global climate change mitigation to Chinese and European Union leadership.

The amount of renewable energy resources such as wood and solar power has decreased sharply in the last decade.

FALSE The increases in renewable energy sources (wood, peat, dung, wind, solar, and geothermal) have increased tenfold during the last three years creating new jobs along the way.

The consequences of a population explosion set the stage for countries to implement some ethical forms of population control. Describe some of the factors that must be in place in order for these types of controls to work.

The prerequisites to population control are adequate incomes, higher literacy levels, education for women, universal access to healthcare, family planning, improved nutrition, and, perhaps most important, a change in basic cultural beliefs regarding the importance of large families. Unfortunately, minimum progress in providing improved living conditions and changing beliefs has occurred. India serves as a good example of what is happening in much of the world. India's population was once stable, but with improved health conditions leading to greater longevity and lower infant mortality, its population will exceed that of China by 2050, when the two will account for about 50 percent of the world's inhabitants. The government's attempts to institute change are hampered by a variety of factors, including political ineptitude and slow changes in cultural norms. Nevertheless, the government continues to pass laws with the intended purpose of limiting the number of births. A novel example was a law that bars those with more than two children from election to the national Parliament and state assemblies. This rule would mean that many now in office could not seek reelection because of their family size.