Ch 3 practice test

10. Abuse of highly dependent elders by their children, due to the children increasingly becoming unable to care for the elders, is explained by __________. a. the social learning view b. the caregiver stress view c. the social exchange view d. the power and control view

B

14. According to victim precipitation theory __________. a. some people are more susceptible to victimization than others b. it is sometimes the victim that provokes the offender c. victimization is always the result of a certain decision or action by the victim d. victims often have prior relationships with the offender

B

11. Why do fraudsters often target the elderly? a. The elderly typically do not report victimization. b. The elderly often do not seek the assistance of police. c. The elderly are seen as easy targets. d. The elderly do not use passwords in online banking.

C

18. Which of the following would increase the risks of victimization in an upscale neighborhood, under routine activities theory? a. the presence of security-hardened homes defended by cameras and gates b. heightened monitoring of known ex-offenders in the community c. long response times by a small, ineffectual police department d. strong bonds between members of the community and law enforcement

C

2. How do victim costs differ from intangible costs? a. Victim costs are of an indirect nature .b. Victim costs are long-lasting. c. Victim costs can be financially estimated. d. Victim costs are psychological.

C

24. What is the importance of a Victims' Bill of Rights, which most states now have? a. It allows those victimized to have a direct say in the sentencing of an offender. b. It protects those who have been victimized from being offended against in the future. c. It allows those victimized to be alerted and aware of criminal proceedings against an offender. d. It prevents offenders from further victimizing those people they have already offended against.

C

9. What demographic change could likely result in higher household victimization rates in the United States? a. stable population growth of juveniles and elders b. decreasing size of families c. increasing urbanization d. growth of rural communities

C

12. What contributes to target gratifiability that can encourage victimization? a. a victim who socializes with criminal offenders b. a victim who is an easy target, due to a physical handicap c. a victim who arouses anger in others. a victim who routinely displays material wealth

D

20. Restitution agreements are __________. a. meant to remove an offender from society b. intended to prevent recidivism c. designed to serve as incapacitation d. conditions of probation for an offender

D

13. A typical male is most likely to be victimized by __________. a. a childhood friend b. a close family acquaintance c. a person they do not know d. a romantic female partner

C

22. What is the importance of a victim impact statement (VIS) in distributing justice to an offender? a. They determine whether an offender should be charged with a misdemeanor or a felony. b. They set the compensation level a victim can be awarded by the state. c. They provide the courts with clear evidence of the wrongdoing by an offender. d. They allow victims to recount the ordeal, which can be used to influence sentencing.

D

1. Which of the following represents victimization by the justice system? a. police questioning a rape victim and insinuating that the victim was at fault b. a homicide suspect being interrogated without a lawyer by police c. police shooting an armed suspect who was violently resisting arrest d. a judge in a criminal court case declaring a mistrial due to the judge's personal bias

A

17. How can an individual living in a crime-ridden neighborhood rationally avoid victimization, under deviant place theory? a. move to a safer neighborhood b. change their personal behavior c. alter their lifestyle d. take safety precautions

A

23. The state providing funds to a victimized individual to pay for damages associated with a crime is known as victim __________. a. compensation b. restitution c. bequeathing d. allowance

A

25. In most states, the status of sex offenders is now made public. Why? a. to let the public know the identity and the whereabouts of sex offenders b. to shame and stigmatize sex offenders c. to allow communities to prevent sex offenders from moving in d. to allow probation officers to properly monitor sex offenders

A

7. How can victimization typically lead to criminality? a. It can encourage negative behaviors that are meant to alleviate stress and anger. b. It most often encourages those victimized to seek revenge on those who victimized them. c. It typically serves to remove victims from normal society. d. It prevents victims from delineating between right and wrong by changing their social outlook.

A

5. How does the transformative effect of early victimization impact young victims? a. It results in sociological defects that lead to social withdrawal. b. It discourages young victims to lash out at others in an abusive manner since they dislike what they experienced. c. It makes young victims highly susceptible to entering into abusive adult relationships. d. It makes young victims less likely to engage in physical violence as they mature.

C

3. Crime career costs are __________. a. costs incurred by the state in arresting and incarcerating a career criminal b. personal economic losses that a crime victim suffers c. indirect costs, such as pain and suffering, incurred by a crime victim d. the imputed value of money an individual loses by engaging in crime rather than in legal activities

D

16. Under lifestyle theory, which of the following persons would be highly susceptible to victimization? a. a juvenile who attends a public school in an economically disadvantaged neighborhood b. an older male who frequents an upscale sports bar every Friday night c. a female who typically has lunch in a busy public park with friends in the afternoon d. a young male who typically skips school to partake in substance abuse with others

D

15. Which of the following scenarios would increase the chances of an individual being victimized as a result of passive precipitation? a. An individual at a bar makes provocative statements to a drunk, rowdy patron. b. An individual enters an establishment that is frequented by a racial group at odds with the individual's racial group. c. An individual at a company encourages collaboration with subordinates. d. An individual visibly flashes their wealth in an economically depressed part of town.

B

8. In which of the following situations would violent victimization more likely occur? a. a daytime robbery in a highly frequented part of a city b. an early morning burglary in a private residence c. an afternoon burglary of a popular bank d. a nighttime robbery in a secluded part of a city

D

19. How are lifestyle theory and victim precipitation theory similar to each other? a. Both hold that victimization is the product of an environment b. Both focus on the behaviors and actions of the potential victims in encouraging victimization. c. Both stipulate that victimization is random and is determined by external factors. d. Both argue that victimization can be avoided through changes in social relationships.

B

21. Which of the following can be considered an example of target hardening? a. the construction of a new police precinct in a crime-ridden neighborhood b. a restaurant owner installing deadbolt locks on the doors to the business c. a bank offering firearm training to the staff d. making the status of ex-offenders known to the public

B

6. Which of the following can be explained by the cycle of violence? a. Criminality is perceived as a social norm for people living in disadvantaged neighborhoods. b. Children who are abused increasingly engage in crime as they mature. c. Crime is genetic, predisposed and passed from generation to generation. d. The children of a violent offender dislike crime because of what they have seen at home.

B

4. What is the role of parent incarceration in factoring the cost of victimization?a. It decreases state costs of victimization by placing prison costs on the offender. b. It limits economic strain on families while increasing the costs to the state. c. It greatly decreases the role of criminality in children due to a stronger belief in the system. d. It can create additional costs and victimization of families, due to the effects of parental absence.

D