ch 3

Identify the steroids with the correct name (in the docks to the left) and their function (in the docks to the right).

1- estrogen 2-developmental female characteristics 3-cholesterol 4-embedded in plasma membrane 5-testosterone 6-developmental male characteristics

Which is the most accurate statement about the DNA double helix? 1-Complimentary base pairing across the double helix allows information to be transferred via RNA transcription and DNA replication. 2-Complimentary base pairing allows the production of identical copies of the template strand (or parts of the template strand) via RNA transcription and DNA replication. 3-It takes large amounts of energy to separate the double helix because it is held together via covalent bonds.

1-Complimentary base pairing across the double helix allows information to be transferred via RNA transcription and DNA replication.

You have been asked to create a complementary RNA strand for four nucleic acid sequences. Match up each original sequence with its resulting RNA complement. 1-TCGATTGCGATCG 2-TAGGACGCTTAGC 3-UCGUAGCCAGGCG 4-ATCGTCCGATGAC a-AGCAUCGGUCCGC b-UAGCAGGCUACUG c-AUCCUGCGAAUCG d-AGCUAACGCUAGC

1-d 2-c 3-a 4-b

Label the DNA molecule.

1-nitrogenous base 2-phosphate 3-hydrogen bond 4-covalent bond 5-sugar

Label the different types of isomers shown in the figure.

1-structural isomers 2-cis butene 3-trans butene 4-enantiomers 5-sterioisomers

How many shells of electrons does carbon have?

2

How many hydrogen bonds are between Adenine and Thymine? cytosine and guanine?

2 3

Which is a characteristic of double-stranded DNA? Multiple Choice 2 nanometers in width 10 base pairs per turn 0.34 nanometers per base pair2 nanometers in width and 10 base pairs per turn 2 nanometers in width, 10 base pairs per turn, and 0.34 nanometers per base pair

2 nanometers in width, 10 base pairs per turn, and 0.34 nanometers per base pair

A DNA molecule contains 30% G. What percentage of its bases are A?

20%

You have created a way to disrupt bonds between carbon atoms and functional groups. What is the maximum number of covalent bonds you could disrupt between six carbon atoms?

24

How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom form with other atoms?

4

hexokinase & lactase function

plays a role in digestion and metabolism

myosin function

plays a role in muscle contraction / movement

RNA polymerase function

plays a role in protein synthesis (transcription)

geometric isomers (cis/trans)

Compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangements of their atoms, so cis = same side ; trans= opposite sides, require double bond

carbon isomers

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures.

Identify the two major classes of nucleic acids. Multiple choice question. Purines and pyrimidines DNA and RNA tRNA and mRNA Thymine and uracil Amino acids and fatty acids

DNA and RNA

What are the three atoms found in all carbohydrates? Multiple select question. Sulfur Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Carbon Hydrogen

Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen

T/F: A carbon atom has six electrons in its outermost shell

F

T/F: The bond between a carbon and hydrogen atom is a polar bond.

F

t/f Bonds between carbon and other atoms are relatively unstable and readily dissociate, resulting in the formation of new molecules

F

t/f Carbon is a relatively large atom allowing it to bind to more atoms than smaller atoms would, thereby making it more versatile.

F

True or false: Only purines are found in DNA, and only pyrimidines are found in RNA.

False, Both purines and pyrimidines are found in DNA and RNA, but DNA uses the pyrimidine thymine and RNA uses the pyrimidine uracil.

How can fats provide protection for mammals in cold weather? Multiple choice question. Fats can become incorporated into cell membranes and keep the membrane fluid in low temperates. Fats do not freeze and therefore provide protection from cold. Fats under the skin can provide insulation to protect against cold.

Fats under the skin can provide insulation to protect against cold.

What feature of fats allows them to store high levels of energy? Multiple choice question. Fatty acids contain double bonds Fatty acids contain long chains of C-OH bonds Fatty acids contain long chains of C-H bonds

Fatty acids contain long chains of C-H bonds

Which of the following DNA molecules is the most stable? CTGCATAC GACGTATG GAAATTTC CTTTAAAG GCGTGCAC CGCACGTG

GCGTGCAC CGCACGTG (bc C and G are stronger than A and T with three hydrogen bonds instead of two)

Which polysaccharides are used for energy storage in cells?

Glycogen Starch

What type of bond forms between two sugar molecules? Multiple choice question. Glycosidic bond Double bond Peptide bond Disaccharide bond Ester bond

Glycosidic bond

What are functional groups? Multiple choice question. Groups of atoms found only in hydrocarbons Groups of atoms that are associated with enzymes to aid in their function Groups of atoms with characteristic chemical features and properties

Groups of atoms with characteristic chemical features and properties

Steroid ring structure function

Hormone production

What are the four elements found in all proteins? Multiple select question. Hydrogen Amino Carbon Phosphate Oxygen Carboxyl Nitrogen Sulfur

Hydrogen Carbon Oxygen Nitrogen

Match the level of protein organization with the proper description. Primary- Secondary- Tertiary- Quaternary

Primary-The linear sequence of amino acids Secondary-Repetitive folding patterns such as α helix and β pleated sheet Tertiary-The three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide Quaternary-Two or more interacting polypeptides

What functional group is involved in disulfide bridges? Multiple choice question. Carboxyl Hydroxyl Phosphate Sulfhydryl

Sulfhydryl

T/F: A carbon atom can form up to four covalent bonds.

T

t/f Oxygen and nitrogen have a stronger electronegativity than carbon (e.g., a strong pull on a shared electron)

T

t/f The carbon backbone of a molecule comes in a variety of shapes: linear, ring-like, or highly branched

T

t/f The carbon backbone of a molecule is made up of a string of carbon atoms held together with either single or double bonds.

T

What is the primary structure of a protein? Multiple choice question. The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide All secondary folding plus interactions with side chains The interactions between amino acids that cause folding in a polypeptide

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

An insulin receptor is a protein structure with multiple functioning areas. What are these areas also known as and how do they affect the receptors function? Codons, and their distinctive structure will affect the function. They are called domains, and their structure dictates their function. Also known as multiple binding sites, and their shape creates a unique function. Otherwise known as exons, and their three-paired structures will decide the function.

They are called domains, and their structure dictates their function.

Which type of fatty acid contains one or more C=C double bonds? Multiple choice question. Amphipathic fatty acid Unsaturated fatty acid Saturated fatty acid Hydrophilic fatty acid

Unsaturated fatty acid

Do unsaturated fats have double bonds?

Yes, usually one or more

Which of the following type(s) of bonds are nonpolar? a:C—C b:C—O c:C—H both a and b both a and c

a and c a-C—C c-C—H

Structural isomers differ in what way? a change in bonding relationships a change in electrical charge leading to a functional change a change in cis and trans regions there will be no change as they are both the same

a change in bonding relationships

Which of the following molecules are isomers of each other? a and b a and c b and c a, b, and c None of them are isomers of each other.

a, b

The structures of three molecules are shown below. Which of them is (are) amphipathic?

a,c

The monomers of proteins are __________blank, and these are linked by polar covalent bonds commonly referred to as __________blank. nucleotides, peptide bonds amino acids, ester bonds hydroxyl groups, ester bonds amino acids, peptide bonds monosaccharides, glycosidic linkages

amino acids, peptide bonds

Functional groups help define the properties of macromolecules. The _____ functional group(s) is/are found within amino acids, while carbohydrates contain the _____ functional group(s). Multiple Choice amino and carboxyl; hydroxyl phosphate and hydroxyl; carbonyl and carboxyl amino and methyl; sulfate and phosphate carboxyl; hydroxyl and amino phosphate and carbonyl; hydroxyl and amino

amino and carboxyl; hydroxyl

In contrast to other fatty acids, essential fatty acids are always saturated fats. cannot be synthesized by a living organism and are necessary for survival. can act as building blocks for large, more complex macromolecules. are the simplest form of lipids found in plant cells. are structural components of plasma membranes.

cannot be synthesized by a living organism and are necessary for survival.

4 types of organic molecules and macromolecules

carbohydrates-glycosidic bonds lipids-ester bonds proteins-peptide bonds nucleic acids-phosphate bonds

Molecules that are found in living cells and contain the element __________blank are considered organic molecules. hydrogen carbon oxygen nitrogen calcium

carbon

Which elements are the primary components of lipids? Multiple choice question. nitrogen and hydrogen oxygen and hydrogen carbon and hydrogen oxygen and nitrogen carbon and oxygen

carbon and hydrogen

The amount of energy a fat contains is determined by how many bonds it has between

carbon and hydrogen atoms

The three chemical elements that are found in all carbohydrates are

carbon, hydrogen ,oxygen

phospholipid function

cell membrane structure

Isomers are molecules that have the same ______ but different ______ and characteristics. Multiple choice question. atoms; molecular formulas spatial positioning of bonds; atoms structure; chemical formulas chemical formula; structures

chemical formula; structures

When proteins are denatured, which type of bond is not disturbed? Multiple Choice hydrogen bonds hydrophobic interactions covalent bonds ionic interactions

covalent bonds

What process is responsible for linking amino acids together to form polypeptides? Multiple choice question. Peptide synthesis Dehydration reactions Hydrolytic reactions Polymerization synthesis

dehydration reactions

DNA vs RNA

deoxyribose sugar vs. ribose sugar, thymine vs. uracil , double strand vs. single strand

If two proteins have the same complement of amino acids, what would increase the likelihood that the two proteins would behave differently, e.g., have different functions? Multiple Choice different sequence of the amino acids within the molecules differing numbers of double bonds formed between amino acids different types of bonds linking the amino acids together within the molecule the presence or absence of hydrogen bonds within the molecule the presence or absence of ionic bonds within the molecule

different sequence of the amino acids within the molecules

A __________blank is a portion of protein with a particular structure and function. peptide bond domain phospholipid wax monosaccharide

domain

A DNA molecule consists of two strands coiled around each other to form a structure called a

double helix

Triglycerides function

energy storage, insulation, protection

t/f: Saturated fats have one or more double bonds along the carbon backbone

f

t/f: Trans fats are synthetic saturated fats.

f

t/f: Unsaturated fats are found primarily in animals and animal products.

f

transporters

facilitates movement of molecules across plasma membranes

isotopes

forms of the same atom that differ in the number of neutrons they contain.

Starch, glycogen, and cellulose are all polymers of the monosaccharide ____.

glucose

Fats, or triglycerides, are composed of ______. Multiple choice question. polymers of glucose polymers of glycerol fatty acids covalently attached to each other by peptide bonds glycerol covalently bound to three fatty acids

glycerol covalently bound to three fatty acids

A polysaccharide that is commonly found in animal cells and stores energy is glucose. sucrose. glycogen. starch. cellulose.

glycogen.

The covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction is called a(n)

glycosidic bond

functional groups

groups of atoms with special chemical features that are functionally important each group exhibits the same properties in all mollecules which it occurs

In the secondary structure of a protein, what bonds, other than peptide bonds, are formed?

hydrogen bonds

Indicate if monosaccharide, disaccharide, or polysaccharide

mono-glucose (c6h12o6), fructose, galactose di-sucrose (C12H22O11), maltose, lactose poly-celullose, starch, glycogen

What type of organic molecule can assume both a linear or ring form? Multiple choice question. Nucleotide Monosaccharide Amino acid Fatty acid

monosaccharide

Carbohydrate monomers are known as

monosaccharides

A gram of fat stores _____ energy than a gram of starch due to ______ within fat molecules relative to starch molecules. Multiple Choice more; a higher proportion of C-H bonds more; the presence of a higher proportion of double bonds more; the presence of more polar regions less; a higher proportion of C-OH bonds less; the presence of a higher proportion of single covalent bonds

more; a higher proportion of C-H bonds

The organic molecule shown in this provided picture is a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. monosaccharide triglyceride amino acid nucleotide disaccharide

nucleotide

The building blocks of nucleic acids are monomers called

nucleotides

A protein whose highest level of structure is tertiary structure contains ______. Multiple choice question. one polypeptide folded into its three-dimensional structure three polypeptides that interact with each other to form the protein amino acid chains that form a triple helix

one polypeptide folded into its three-dimensional structure

What type of sugar are ribose and deoxyribose? Multiple choice question. Polysaccharide Disaccharide Pentose Hexose

pentose

A monosaccharide with five carbon atoms is called a(n) _______, and a monosaccharide with six carbon atoms is called a(n) ____.

pentose sugar, hexose sugar

What type of bond forms between two amino acids during a dehydration reaction? Multiple choice question. Phosphodiester bond Peptide bond Glycosidic bond Ionic bond

peptide

What type of bonds link individual amino acids together?

peptide bonds

The correct structure of DNA nucleotides can be presented as Multiple Choice phosphate-base-sugar. phosphate-sugar-base. base-phosphate-sugar. phosphate-sugar-phosphate-base. base-sugar-phosphate-base.

phosphate-sugar-base.

Carbohydrate polymers are called ______. Multiple choice question. polynucleotides polypeptides polyglycans polysaccharides

polysaccharides

Structures consisting of four fused rings of carbon atoms with one or more polar hydroxyl groups attached to the ring structure are called

steroids

Starch and glycogen are used for ______ in living cells. Multiple choice question. building membranes catalyzing reactions storing energy storing genetic information

storing energy

Disulfide bridges are covalent bonds between _____ groups of cysteine side chains.

sulfhydryl (SH)

t/f: Asymmetrical spacing of the backbones of the DNA double helix generates major and minor grooves.

t

t/f: Doubled-stranded DNA consists of two antiparallel strands, meaning that one strand is oriented in the 5' to 3' direction, while the other is oriented in the 3' to 5' direction.

t

t/f: Saturated fats are solid at room temperature.

t

t/f: Saturated fats have a higher melting point than unsaturated fats

t

t/f: Trans fats have a higher melting point than natural unsaturated fats and a lower melting point than natural saturated fats.

t

t/f: Unsaturated fats have kinks in the hydrogen-carbon chain and therefore the molecules do not lay flat.

t

A disulfide bond between two cysteines in the same polypeptide chain can help to stabilize the ______ structure of a protein. Multiple choice question. tertiary quaternary primary secondary

tertiary

dehydration reactions

water is removed as amino acids are linked together to form polypeptides

Waxes function

water storage and protection

What type of lipid consists of long structures resembling fatty acids attached to each other by their carboxyl groups? Multiple choice question. Wax Phospholipid Steroid Triglyceride

wax

Hydrogen bonds can form ______. Multiple choice question. within a polypeptide and between different polypeptide chains between different polypeptide chains but not within a polypeptide within a polypeptide but not between different polypeptide chains

within a polypeptide and between different polypeptide chains

A disulfide bond can form between two cysteines located ______. Multiple choice question. within the same polypeptide chain or in different polypeptide chains within the same polypeptide chain but not in different polypeptide chains in different polypeptide chains but not within the same polypeptide chain

within the same polypeptide chain or in different polypeptide chains

What are the two types of secondary structure found in proteins?

β pleated sheet α helix

Which of the following accurately describes the chemical structure of a typical amino acid found in a protein? Multiple choice question. A central carbon is bound to a carbonyl group, an amino group, and two R groups. A central carbon atom is bound to an amino group, carboxyl group, a side chain, and a hydrogen atom. A central carbon is double bonded to both an amino group and a carboxyl group.

A central carbon atom is bound to an amino group, carboxyl group, a side chain, and a hydrogen atom.

Which of the following accurately describes the chemical structure of a typical amino acid found in a protein? Multiple choice question. A central carbon is double bonded to both an amino group and a carboxyl group. A central carbon is bound to a carbonyl group, an amino group, and two R groups. A central carbon atom is bound to an amino group, carboxyl group, a side chain, and a hydrogen atom.

A central carbon atom is bound to an amino group, carboxyl group, a side chain, and a hydrogen atom.

amphipathic

A molecule that has both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region.

purines in DNA and RNA

Adenine and Guanine

A mutation is an heritable change in the DNA of a cell. Mutations are rare occurrences and are often caught by the cell's "proofreading" system during cell replication and so are not passed on to offspring. Why is it more likely for an A nucleotide to mutate to a G nucleotide than to a T nucleotide?

Because A and G are both purines, the width between the base pairs across the double helix will not be distorted.

A sample containing isolated functional groups has been given to you in order to identify each group; however, the sample has been corrupted during transportation. Identify the functional groups that could be found in the sample. CH3 (methyl group) Sulfate NH2 (amino radical) Carboxyl NaCl (sodium chloride)

CH3 (methyl group) Sulfate NH2 (amino radical) Carboxyl

What are the four categories of macromolecules? Multiple choice question. Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids Amino acids, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids Nucleotides, monosaccharides, proteins, and lipids Monosaccharides, sugars, lipids, and proteins

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

What element is found in all organic molecules? Multiple choice question. Carbon Nitrogen Hydrogen Oxygen

Carbon

Pyrimidines in dna and rna

DNA: cytosine and thymine RNA: cytosine and uracil

Which of the following sugars are pentoses? Multiple select question. Glucose Maltose Galactose Sucrose Deoxyribose Ribose

Deoxyribose Ribose

What type of bond can form between the side R groups of two cysteine amino acids to stabilize protein structure? Multiple choice question. Disulfide bond Peptide bond Hydrogen bond Glycosidic bond

Disulfide bond

A protein that has many hydrophobic R-groups pointing to the outside of the protein would be found where? Multiple Choice In the cytosol In the extracellular matrix Embedded within a membrane In the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Embedded within a membrane

What are the functions of fats in living organisms?

Energy storage Support cushion for organs Insulation

Match each bond or interaction with the correct description. Hydrogen bond- Ionic bond- Disulfide bond- Hydrophobic effect- van der Waals force-

Hydrogen bond-Bond between partial positive and negative charges on different amino acids Ionic bond-Bond between oppositely charged amino acid side chains Disulfide bond-Covalent bond between two cysteines Hydrophobic effect-Interaction between nonpolar amino acids van der Waals force-Weak, temporary attraction between two atoms

Which of the following bonds and interactions contribute directly to a protein's tertiary structure? Multiple select question. Hydrogen bonds van der Waals forces Peptide bonds Disulfide bonds Hydrophobic effect Ionic bonds Glycosidic bonds

Hydrogen bonds van der Waals forces Disulfide bonds Hydrophobic effect Ionic bonds

What type of bonds can form between positively and negatively charged side chains within a polypeptide? Multiple choice question. Disulfide bonds Peptide bonds Ionic bonds Covalent bonds

Ionic bonds

What are macromolecules? Multiple choice question. Large molecules that are formed by joining smaller molecules together Molecules that cannot be broken into smaller components Subatomic particles that combine to form molecules

Large molecules that are formed by joining smaller molecules together

Do saturated fats have double bonds?

No. Since there isn't any, the fat is saturated with hydrogen molecules

What did Wöhler and Kolbe's experiments demonstrate? Multiple choice question. Electrons are found in orbitals around the nucleus. Organic compounds can be synthesized from inorganic compounds. Carbon can form four covalent bonds with other atoms.

Organic compounds can be synthesized from inorganic compounds.

two classes of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides.

Purines and pyrimidines

Hydrophobic effects play a major role in what protein structures? Multiple select question. Quaternary structure Secondary structure Tertiary structure Primary structure

Quaternary structure Tertiary structure

Which levels of protein structure are stabilized by hydrogen bonds? Multiple select question. Secondary structure Quaternary structure Primary structure Tertiary structure

Secondary structure Quaternary structure Tertiary structure

What are the three major structural components of an amino acid? Multiple select question. Side chain (R) Glycerol Phosphate group Carboxyl group Amino group Nitrogenous base

Side chain (R) Carboxyl group Amino group

In what organisms are starch and glycogen found? Multiple choice question. Both starch and glycogen are found in plants. Starch is found in plants and glycogen is found in animals. Both starch and glycogen are found in animals. Starch is found in animals and glycogen is found in plants.

Starch is found in plants and glycogen is found in animals.

Olive oil and butter both contain fats; however, olive oil is liquid at room temperature and butter is solid. Why?

The low melting point of unsaturated fats is due to double bonds forming structures that stop tightly bound formations.

Which regions of a phospholipid bilayer face water and which face the interior of the membrane away from water? Multiple choice question. The polar regions face water, and the nonpolar regions face the interior. The nonpolar regions face toward water and the polar regions face the interior. The polar head and nonpolar tail face water, and the glycerol backbone faces the interior. The glycerol backbone faces water, and the polar head and nonpolar tail face the interior.

The polar regions face water, and the nonpolar regions face the interior.

What is the secondary structure of a protein? Multiple choice question. The repeating pattern of folding between regions The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide The overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain The interactions between two or more polypeptide chains

The repeating pattern of folding between regions

The plasma membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer, with the _____________ of the phospholipids_____________. hydrophobic tails; sticking out toward the interior and exterior of the cell hydrophilic heads; facing in toward one another hydrophobic and hydrophilic sides; facing in toward one another hydrophilic heads; sticking out toward the interior and exterior of the cell

hydrophilic heads; sticking out toward the interior and exterior of the cell

Amino acid side chains that are nonpolar tend to minimize their contact with water; thereby excluding water and contributing to _____ effects involved in protein folding.

hydrophobic

In the stable form of protein, what is generally oriented to the interior of the protein molecule? Multiple Choice charged portions random portions hydrophobic portions hydrophilic portions

hydrophobic portions

Molecules that have identical molecular formulas but different structures are called ______. Multiple choice question. reactants functional groups isomers isotopes

isomers

Enantiomers

isomers that are mirror images of each other, have asymetric carbon,never superimposable (images that coincide at all points when the images are laid upon each other),significant biological relevance

actin & collagen function

provides support and structure

Fatty acids without carbon-carbon double bonds, such as the fatty acid shown here, are called

saturated fatty acids

The best description of the bonds that form polypeptides and the difference between polypeptides and proteins is that carboxyl and amino groups join by a covalent bond and that a functioning protein can consist of several polypeptides. amino acids are joined via their hydroxyl groups with covalent bonds and many proteins make up a polypeptide. the functional group of one amino acid joins with the carboxyl end of another via covalent bonds; proteins and polypeptides are the same things. polypeptides form via hydrolysis, forming hydrogen bonds between amino acids; proteins have a functional group whereas polypeptides do not.

that carboxyl and amino groups join by a covalent bond and that a functioning protein can consist of several polypeptides.

The versatility of carbon that allows it to serve as the backbone for a variety of different molecules is due to (choose all that apply) the ability of carbon atoms to form four covalent bonds. the fact that carbon usually forms ionic bonds with many different atoms. the abundance of carbon in the environment.

the ability of carbon atoms to form four covalent bonds. the ability of carbon to form covalent bonds with many different types of atoms.

This is a _____ fatty acid

unsaturated