Ch. 33: The Nervous System
Arrange the following statements placing the first one on top according to how a neuron relays information, starting at the top
1. Information reaches dendrites2. Excitation of membrane rises3. Nerve impulses are triggered4. Impulses are conducted along axon
Place the changes that occur in a voltage-gated sodium channel as the membrane potential reaches the threshold value, starting at the top. Instructions
1. activation gate opens 2. inactivation gate closes 3. activation gate closes and inactivation gate opens
______________ (association neurons) are located in the brain and the spinal cord of vertebrates, where they help provide complex reflexes and higher associative functions.
Blank 1: Interneurons
An __________ that originates at an axon base is recreated along the membrane of an axon pathway until the end of the axon is reached.
Blank 1: action Blank 2: potential
The rising phase, falling phase, and undershoot phase are the three phases of a(n) ______________ ____________ .
Blank 1: action Blank 2: potential
When a particular level of depolarization is reached, a nerve impulse, or ______________potential is produced.
Blank 1: action or threshold
When a particular level of depolarization is reached, a nerve impulse, or____________ potential is produced.
Blank 1: action or threshold
An action potential is triggered at the base of a(n) _____________ when the membrane potential reaches a certain threshold level.
Blank 1: axon
The brain the spinal cord comprise the __________ nervous system of vertebrates.
Blank 1: central
The brain the spinal cord comprise the _____________ nervous system of vertebrates.
Blank 1: central
The two types of __________ gated channels in membranes are gated and _____________ gated.
Blank 1: chemically or ligand Blank 2: voltage
Cytoplasmic extensions of the cell body of neurons are called __________.
Blank 1: dendrites
A neuron integrates information arriving at its___________ via the membrane of the cell body. If the resulting excitation is sufficient, it triggers the conduction of impulses away from the cell body along the__________ .
Blank 1: dendrites or dendrite Blank 2: axon or axons
An excitatory postsynaptic potential happens when an excitatory neurotransmitter __________ the postsynaptic membrane.
Blank 1: depolarizes
An excitatory postsynaptic potential happens when an excitatory neurotransmitter ___________ the postsynaptic membrane.
Blank 1: depolarizes
Of the biogenic amines, the neurotransmitter ___________ is used in some areas of the brain which control body movements.
Blank 1: dopamine
Of the biogenic amines, the neurotransmitter ____________ is used in some areas of the brain which control body movements.
Blank 1: dopamine
Some neurotransmitters are called ______________ neurotransmitters because they depolarize the postsynaptic membrane.
Blank 1: excitatory
Some neurotransmitters are called _______________neurotransmitters because they depolarize the postsynaptic membrane.
Blank 1: excitatory
An __________ potential (EPSP) is the response to a neurotransmitter which results in depolarization the postsynaptic membrane.
Blank 1: excitatory Blank 2: postsynaptic
The major excitatory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate CNS is __________.
Blank 1: glutamate
A small, continuous change to the membrane potential of a neuron is called a(n) ____________ potential.
Blank 1: graded
A small, continuous change to the membrane potential of a neuron is called a(n)__________ potential.
Blank 1: graded
Ligand-gated channels are important for producing___________ potentials, while voltage-gated channels are involved in the production of _______________ potentials.
Blank 1: graded Blank 2: action
Coordinating motor response patterns and integrating sensory signals from muscles are the tasks of the ____________, one of the 3 divisions of the brain.
Blank 1: hindbrain
Coordinating motor response patterns and integrating sensory signals from muscles are the tasks of the_______________ , one of the 3 divisions of the brain.
Blank 1: hindbrain
Neurons of the somatic nervous system that control skeletal muscles are called ____________ neurons.
Blank 1: motor or efferent
Neurons of the somatic nervous system that control skeletal muscles are called _____________ neurons.
Blank 1: motor or efferent
A potential difference exists across every cell's plasma membrane. The side of the membrane exposed to the cytoplasm is the__________ charged pole, while the side exposed to the extracellular fluid is the _____________charged pole.
Blank 1: negatively or negative Blank 2: positively or positive
GABA, glutamate, and glycine are examples of ____________ .
Blank 1: neurotransmitters
A synapse involves two cells, a__________ cell that sends the signal, and a ____________ cell that receives the signal.
Blank 1: presynaptic Blank 2: postsynaptic
The parietal lobe contains the ___________ __________ cortex which receives input from sensory neurons associated with the skin and muscles.
Blank 1: primary Blank 2: somatosensory
The opening of the activation gate of the K+ channel causes a __________of the cell membrane as a result of an___________ of K+ ions.
Blank 1: repolarization or repolarizing Blank 2: efflux, exit, or departure
The______________ membrane potential of a neuron arises due to the action of the sodium-potassium pump and the differential permeability of the membrane to Na+ and K+ due to ion channels.
Blank 1: resting
The action potential has three phases: a ___________ phase, a phase, and an ____________ phase.
Blank 1: rising Blank 2: falling Blank 3: undershoot
Motor neurons of the somatic nervous system stimulate ____________ muscles to contract, while motor neurons of the autonomic nervous system regulate the activity of __________ muscles, cardiac muscle, and ____________ .
Blank 1: skeletal Blank 2: smooth Blank 3: glands or gland cells
Some neurons have dendritic ____________ that increase the neuron's surface area available to receive stimuli.
Blank 1: spines
In vertebrates, there are two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system, the __________ division, and the _______division.
Blank 1: sympathetic Blank 2: parasympathetic
The junction between the axon of a neuron and the dendrite of another neuron is called a ___________.
Blank 1: synapse
The process by which all EPSPs and IPSPs from various synapses combine together and lead the postsynaptic membrane closer to or farther away from the threshold potential is called ___________ integration.
Blank 1: synaptic
The extracellular space between the presynaptic and the postsynaptic cells is called the ___________ ___________.
Blank 1: synaptic Blank 2: cleft
Some of the characteristics of the neuronal presynaptic axon include a swollen end terminal and a large quantity of ___________ vesicles which are packed with ____________.
Blank 1: synaptic Blank 2: neurotransmitters or chemicals
Typing or touching your fingers to the tip of your nose with your eyes closed are examples of activities that are controlled by which of the following structures of the brain?
Cerebellum
Which of the following is a neural adaptation to increase the surface area of a neuron available to receive stimuli?
Dendritic spines
Excitatory neurotransmitters cause which of the following on the postsynaptic membrane?
Depolarization
Match the vertebrate brain region with its major functions.
Forebrain -Initiates motor functions and processes sensory inputs Midbrain - Processes visual information Hindbrain -Monitors and coordinates body movements Monitors and coordinates body movements
The cerebellum, pons, and the medulla oblongata are components of which part of the brain?
Hindbrain
The primary component of the brains of modern fishes and also early brains is which of the following structures?
Hindbrain
Match the function to the vertebrate brain region. Instructions
Initiates motor functions -Forebrain Plays role in alertness - Midbrain Coordinates body movements - Hindbrain
Of the main types of neurons, which forms interconnections between other neurons in the CNS?
Interneurons
The end of the presynaptic axon has which of the following characteristics?
It contains many synaptic vesicles, which contain neurotransmitters.
During the falling phase of an action potential, the opening of the K+ channels causes which of the following to occur?
K+ to diffuse out of the cell
Which of the following are called efferent because they send signals away from the central nervous system?
Motor neurons
The cerebrum in vertebrates is divided down the middle into which of the following? These are connected by the corpus callosum.
Two hemispheres
The surface layer of the cerebrum is known as the cerebral ______, which is especially well developed in mammals.
cortex
The two main divisions of the vertebrate nervous system are ____.
the central and the peripheral nervous systems
Which of the following statements describe the hindbrain accurately?
- A major component of modern fish brain. - A major component of early brains
The binding of ACh to postsynaptic receptor proteins causes which of the following?
- An EPSP at that site - Opening of ligand-gated ion channels
Which of the following occurs when the threshold voltage is reached?
- An influx of Na+ ions - Rapid opening of the activation gate of sodium channels
Neurotransmitters that can link to receptor proteins in the postsynaptic membrane and cause the ligand gated channels for Cl- to open include which of the following?
- GABA - Glycine
Amino acids that act as chemical messengers in the nervous system include which of the following?
- GABA - Glycine
Identify which of the following are functions of the thalamus.
- Integrate incoming sensory information - Relay information to cerebrum
The capabilities of the hindbrain include which of the following?
- Integration of muscle sensory signals - Coordination of motor response patterns
The hindbrain is composed of which structures?
- Medulla oblongata - Pons - Cerebellum
If the neurotransmitter ACh is released at the neuromuscular junction then the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells are which of the following?
- Muscle fibers - Motor neurons
Regions of the human brain that are part of the cerebrum include which of the following?
- Occipital lobe - Frontal lobe - Left and right hemisphere - Temporal lobe
The autonomic nervous system is subdivided into which of the following divisions?
- Parasympathetic - Sympathetic
Which of the following describes the events of action potentials?
- They are separate events. -They are all or none events.
Glycine and GABA are neurotransmitters that act in which of the following ways?
- They bind to receptor proteins. - They open ligand gated channels for Cl-.
The activities under the control of the cerebellum would include
- coordinating bouncing and running on a basketball court. - balancing a bicycle.
Which of the following are part of the falling phase of an action potential?
-K+ diffuses out of the cell -The K+ channel opens - The membrane becomes repolarized
The functional behavior of gated ion channels can be likened to which of the following?
A door that can open or close
The binding of which of the following neurotransmitters to receptor proteins at the postsynaptic membrane causes an EPSP in the postsynaptic neuron?
ACh
Which of the following are most important to the resting potential of a neuron?
Actions of the sodium-potassium pump The differential permeability of the membrane to Na+ and K+
Sensory neurons are also referred to as which of the following?
Afferent neurons
Which brain areas contain neurons that are known to use the neurotransmitter dopamine?
Areas that are responsible for body movements
The resting potential of many vertebrate neurons ranges from________ mV to _______mV.
Blank 1: -40 Blank 2: -90
The sodium-potassium allows_________ K ions to enter into the cell for every __________ Na ions that are taken out of the cell.
Blank 1: 2 or two Blank 2: 3 or three
The neurotransmitter that is released in the synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber is _________
Blank 1: ACh or acetylcholine
Muscle relaxation requires the elimination of __________ from the synaptic cleft by __________.
Blank 1: ACh or acetylcholine Blank 2: AChe or acetylcholinesterase
Agricultural insecticides such as parathion are inhibitors of the enzyme__________ and can cause muscle paralysis and death.
Blank 1: AChe or acetylcholinesterase
The enzyme ___________ is released by the postsynaptic membrane to remove ACh from the synaptic cleft and __________the muscle
Blank 1: AChe or acetylcholinesterase Blank 2: relax or relaxes
Synaptic integration moves the membrane potential closer to the threshold potential by adding small _____________ together.
Blank 1: EPSPs or depolarizations
______________ potentials are small, continuous changes to the membrane potential, while __________ potentials are sharp, transient alterations to the membrane potentials.
Blank 1: Graded Blank 2: action
________________potentials are small, continuous changes to the membrane potential, while ____________potentials are sharp, transient alterations to the membrane potentials.
Blank 1: Graded Blank 2: action
Where is the primary motor cortex located?
On the frontal lobe
All of the following are true for a voltage gated Na+ channel returning to its resting state except which one?
Opening of activation gate
Each hemisphere in the human cerebrum is subdivided into four lobes. Choose the four lobes from the list below.
Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Frontal lobe Temporal lobe
An action potential is propagated along the axon pathway by which of the following?
Recreating the action potential in adjacent stretches of axon membrane
The major effect that occurs when the activation gate of the K+ channel opens is which of the following?
Repolarization of the membrane
Identify the action potential phase associated with the following characteristics: Na+ channels open rapidly; influx of Na+ ions into cell.
Rising phase
How many cells can an axon stimulate?
Several
Which type of muscle tissue is controlled by motor neurons of the somatic nervous system?
Skeletal
What structure is responsible for relaying sensory information to, and receiving outgoing motor instructions from, the cerebrum?
Thalamus
Which of the following is the best description of a synaptic cleft?
The extracellular space between the presynaptic to the postsynaptic cells
What prevents the membrane potential from reaching +60mV during the rising phase of an action potential?
The inactivation gate of the Na+ closes.
Sensory information is received by each hemisphere of the cerebrum from which of the following?
The opposite side of the body
Action potentials are separate, all-or-none events that result from which of the following?
The passive diffusion of ions
Sensory information from the left side of the body will be processed by which of the following?
The right cerebral hemisphere
Which of the following describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump?
The sodium-potassium pump establishes concentration gradients for Na+ and K+ by transporting Na+ out and K+ into the cell.