CH 34

c

Developing truffles produce a chemical that attracts what kind of organism for spore dispersal? a. amphibians b. birds c. pigs d. flies e. ants

b

Fungal cell walls are composed of what material? a. peptidoglycan b. chitin c. cellulose d. lignin e. glycogen

b d

How does the size of fungal hyphae contribute to their ability to decompose detritus? (Select all that apply.) a. Fungal hyphae have a low ratio of surface area to volume, so they are able to absorb more nutrients. b. Fungal hyphae have high ratio of surface area to volume, so they are able to absorb more nutrients. c. Fungal hyphae have a low ratio of surface area to volume, so they are able to secrete more digestive enzymes into the surrounding environment to break down detritus. d. Fungal hyphae have a high ratio of surface area to volume, so they are able to secrete enzymes into a greater area of soil to break down detritus.

a

If all of the fungi on Earth ceased to exist, what would happen to the local carbon cycle? a. Because fungi are decomposers, less CO2 would be released back into the atmosphere. b. Because fungi are photosynthetic, more CO2 would be removed from the atmosphere. c. Because fungi are photosynthetic, less CO2 would be removed from the atmosphere. d. Because fungi are decomposers, more CO2 would be released back into the atmosphere.

d

Imagine that you are on a nature walk. Your guide points out a lichen growing on a tree trunk and comments that lichens are actually a type of fungi. You know that this description is not correct. Why? a. Lichens are actually composed of both fungi and bryophytes. b. Lichens are actually bryophytes that produce hyphae instead of roots. c. Lichens are actually vascular plants that produce hyphae instead of roots. d. Lichens are actually composed of both fungi and green algae (or cyanobacteria).

a

In fungi, _____ cells are cells composed of the cytoplasm of two or more cells, but they retain distinct sets of chromosomes contained in separate nuclei. a. heterokaryotic b. haploid c. haplokaryotic d. diploid

b

The fungus that produces penicillin belongs to which of the following groups? a. zygomycetes b. ascomycetes c. glomeromycetes d. chytrids e. basidiomycetes

d

The network of branching filaments that form the main body of a multicellular fungus is the: a. fruiting body. b. rhizoid. c. spore. d. mycelium. e. hypha.

e

The numerous thin filaments that make up the body of a multicellular fungus are the: a. mycelia. b. spores. c. rhizoids. d. fruiting bodies. e. hyphae.

a

Toadstools (i.e., mushrooms with a central stalk and a cap with gills) are an example of which type of fungus? a. basidiomycetes b. zygomycetes c. chytrids d. glomeromycetes e. ascomycetes

e

What is the specific role of cyanobacteria (or green algae) in lichens? a. to synthesize defensive compounds b. Cyanobacteria and green algae play no role in lichens, because lichens consist of fungi. c. to transport water throughout lichens d. to help attach the lichens to surfaces e. to provide fungi with carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis

a b

Which of the compounds found in wood are difficult to degrade (or break apart)? (Select all that apply.) a. cellulose b. lignin c. protein d. starch

c

Which of the following BEST describes the role of fungi in an ecosystem? a. carnivores b. autotrophs c. decomposers d. herbivores e. producers

a b c d

Which of the following would be considered a fruiting body? (Select all that apply.) a. shiitake mushrooms growing on the trunk of a tree b. a toadstool in your backyard c. a portobello mushroom in the grocery store d. a truffle growing underground

b

Which plant-fungal symbionts exchange nutrients with their host plant MOST efficiently? a. ectomycorrhizal symbionts b. endomycorrhizal symbionts c. endophytic symbionts

d

_____ and _____ are structures formed in the fruiting bodies of dikaryotic (n + n) fungi that produce spores. a. Basidia; chitins b. Chitins; asci c. Basidia; septa d. Basidia; asci e. Septa; asci

d

_____ is the process by which the nuclei within a heterokaryotic fungal cell fuse. a. Mitosis b. Meiosis c. Plasmogamy d. Karyogamy