ch. 3,4,5,6

Which of the following is true about protein?

It is made up of combinations of approximately 20 amino acids.

What is meant by the amino acid sequence of a protein?

Order of appearance of amino acids in the peptide chain

Which of the following is a true statement about the digestion and absorption of proteins?

Polypeptide chains are digested to yield individual amino acids, which can be absorbed into the blood.

GI tract

Sites in the body for digestion and absorption of nutrients; consists of mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.

Omega 6 fatty acid

an unsaturated fatty acid with the first carbon-carbon double bond at the sixth carbon atom from the methyl end

Metabolism can be categorized into 2 types of reactions, __________________ puts smaller molecules together to build larger ones and, therefore requires energy. The other type of reaction, _________________, takes molecules apart and, therefore releases energy.

anabolic, catabolic

linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid, is converted by the body into

arachidonic acid

______ are lipoproteins made of dietary fat surrounded by a shell of cholesterol, phospholipids, & protein; their role is to transport fat that has been absorbed by the GI tract.

chylomicrons

immediately after a meal, newly absorbed dietary fats appear in the blood as

chylomicrons

The nitrogen from amino acid breakdown is

converted to urea

Treating a protein with acid, heat, or agitation will cause ________, meaning that the three-dimensional structure of the protein has been altered.

denaturation

digestive system

digestion, absorption and controlled by nervous system and hormones from endocrine sys.

Maltose

disaccharide

John Fibernugget wants to increase his fiber intake. Which of the following would be the safest way for him do this?

eating more fruits & veggies & not removing the edible peels

Sometimes phospholipids are used in commercial salad dressings to suspend vegetable oil in water. In this case, phospholipids are serving as _______________.

emulsifiers

which hormone is released during stressful times to increase blood glucose levels, making more energy available for use

epinephrine

the symptoms of diabetes may occur suddenly & may include

extreme thirst & excessive urination

the main problem with the fat replacer olestra is that it can reduce absorption of

fat-soluble vitamins

the simplest form of lipid; a carbon chain, flanked by hydrogen, w/ an acid group at one end & a methyl group at the other end

fatty acid

polyunsaturated fatty acid

fatty acid with two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

Polysaccharides that cannot be digested by human digestive enzymes, & therefore cannot be absorbed, are called

fiber

The most reliable source of vitamin B-12 for the vegan would be

fortified soybean milk

After absorption, galactose is converted to ________ in the liver.

glucose

starch consists of hundreds & perhaps thousands of which molecules?

glucose

Soluble (vicious) fiber

help to lower blood cholesterol

Which lipoprotein is responsible for picking up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources so it can be transported back to the liver for excretion?

high density lipoprotein

food manufacturers prefer to use ______ as a sweetener b/c its easy to transport, has good shelf stability, low cost, & improves food properties.

high-fructose corn syrup

In terms of heart disease risk, which of the following is true?

higher LDL= increased risk

the process of ____ changes the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids into single bonds, giving the fat a more solid consistency

hydrogenation

Most plant proteins are ________ proteins, which means that they are low in one or more of the essential amino acids.

incomplete

diets high in trans fatty acids tend to _____ the level of LDL in the blood

increase

When eating a high-fiber diet, one should

increase fluid intake

A protein that acts as a hormone is

insulin

what's the importance of insulin?

insulin is produced by the pancreas, helps control the amount of glucose in blood

which is true about olestra

it cannot be digested; therefore, its secreted in feces.

NOT a characteristic of cholesterol

its an essential nutrient

When too little dietary carbohydrate is available to meet energy needs, ______ arise as byproducts of partial fat metabolism.

ketones

A vegetarian who excludes animal flesh but consumes milk and eggs is referred to as a

lactoovovegetarian

If a food does not contain the necessary amounts of a certain amino acid to meet a body need, that amino acid is referred to as a(n)

limiting amino acid

Most lipids are transported in the blood as part of a structure called a(n) _______________.

lipoprotein

immediately after sugars are absorbed into the blood, they travel to the

liver

When blood glucose levels drop below normal, hormones signal the breakdown of ______, which releases glucose into the blood

liver glycogen

After chylomicrons leave the intestinal cells, they are transported via what system?

lymphatic

Chemical Processes involved in maintaining life• Enable us to release and use energy from foods, synthesize new organic molecules and remove waste

metabolism

Which of the following is a food that provides ample amounts of all of the essential amino acids?

milk

minimum # of grams of carbohydrate, per day, humans must consume to avoid ketosis

130

a disaccharide is formed by the chemical bonding of

2 monosaccharides

a meal providing 1,200 kilocalories contains 13 grams of saturated fat, 10 grams of monosaturated fat, & 27 grams of polyunsaturated fat. This meal provides _____% of total kcal as fat

37.5

The Food and Nutrition Board recommends that Americans consume ______ of their total calories from carbohydrates.

45%-65%

Jack weighs 176 pounds. What is his RDA for protein?

64 grams (176/2.2=80 x 0.8 =64)

saturated fatty acid

A fatty acid with no carbon-carbon double bonds

endocrine system

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and cell metabolism

List at least three hormones that tend to increase blood sugar.

Glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine

which of the following combinations of monosaccharides is true?

Glucose & galactose form lactose

galactose

monosaccharide

Olive and canola oils contain a high percentage of ____________ fatty acids.

monounsaturated

When insulin is released, it causes

muscle and fat cells to take up glucose from the blood

the major storage sites for glycogen are the

muscles and liver

The chemical element found in all amino acids but not found in either carbohydrates or fats is

nitrogen

A _____fatty acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid that has a double bond at the 3rd carbon from the methyl end

omega-3

a monounsaturated fatty acid contains

one double bond

Excessive sugar intake is related to development of dental caries b/c

oral bacteria produce acids that dissolve tooth enamel when they metabolize sugars.

Amylose

starch

describe the process of starch digestion

starch to maltose to glucose

Human enzymes digest proteins in which areas of the body?

stomach & small intestine

the major function of adipose tissue is to

store triglycerides

When protein consumption is in excess of body needs and energy needs are met, the excess amino acids are broken down and the energy in the molecule is

stored as fat

Which of the following is a function of protein?

synthesis of enzymes & hormones

omega-3 fatty acid

An unsaturated fatty acid with its first carbon-carbon double bond at the third carbon atom from the methyl end

best source of insoluble (nonfermentable) fiber

Broccoli

hepatic portal circulation

Drains nutrient-rich blood from digestive organs Delivers it to the liver for processing

Chylomicron

Lipoprotein made in the intestine after fat absorption

VLDL

Lipoprotein that carries cholesterol and lipids newly synthesized by the liver

HDL

Lipoprotein that picks up cholesterol from dying cells & other sources & transfers it to other lipoproteins, as well as directly to the liver

lymphatic system

Lymph is a clear fluid that eventually passes into bloodstream from the lymphatic system.

Which of the following is an essential amino acid?

Tryptophan

amylose

a long, straight glucose chain

Proteins regulate the acid-base balance of the blood by

acting as buffers.

Amino acids are absorbed via

active absorption

If the carbohydrate content of the diet is insufficient to meet the body's needs for glucose, which of the following can be converted to glucose?

amino acids

2 forms of starch found in food are

amylose & amylopectin

the glycemic index (GI) is a measurement of how a carbohydrate-containing food raises

blood glucose

Edema appears when there is a severe lack of dietary protein because

blood protein levels fall and fluid shifts into extracellular spaces.

The edema in children with kwashiorkor is the result of fluid leaking into

body tissues from the bloodstream because of decreased blood protein levels.

An essential amino acid

cannot be synthesized in the body in sufficient quantity to meet body needs.

the red blood cells & brain are 2 body tissues that derive most of their energy from

carbohydrate

most lipids are composed of

carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen

Consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.Transports nutrients, waste products, gases, and hormones throughout body.Plays role in immune responses and regulation of body temperature.

cardiovascular system

Describe Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

caused by lack of insulin production

phospholipids are the main component of

cell membranes

organization of the body

cells --> tissues Tissues --> Organs Organs --> Digestive Systems

fiber

cellulose

In the case of sickle cell anemia, slight alterations in the DNA code lead to

changes in the structure of the protein hemoglobin.

which food is cholesterol free

peanut butter

In proteins, amino acids are joined by ________ bonds.

peptide

The disease phenylketonuria (PKU) illustrates how a nonessential amino acid can become conditionally essential as a result of a genetic disease. A person with PKU has a limited ability to metabolize the essential amino acid

phenylalanine

Most proteins are ________, which are composed of 10 or more amino acids.

polypeptides

Dietary fibers primarily are

polysaccharides

LDL

product of VLDL metabolism that contains primarily cholesterol

effects of sugar

prolonged exposure of the teeth to simple sugars from snacks & drinks promotes dental caries

Which section of MyPlate is the least significant source of carbohydrate?

protein

Antibodies are

proteins produced by white blood cells as part of the immune response

refers to the breakdown of fatty acids upon exposure to light, oxygen, or heat. this breakdown of fatty acids may cause disagreeable flavors & odors in food products

rancidity

plant sterols

reduce cholesterol absorption in the small intestine & lower is return to the liver

which oil contains the most polyunsaturated fatty acids

safflower oil

the major dietary fiber to be concerned about in relation to heart disease is

saturated fat

Triglyceride

three fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone

hydrogenation produces _____ in food products

trans fatty acids

in which form are most dietary lipids found

triglycerides

Lipoproteins are composed of

triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids, & proteins

A person who does not eat any animal foods and consumes only plant products is a

vegan