Ch 39

48) What is the main reason that a person sitting on the beach with an air temperature of 15°C loses heat less rapidly than when immersed in lake water at 15°C?

A) Water conducts heat more efficiently than air does.

15) In a typical nerve cell, the nucleus is found in the ________.

A) cell body

34) You discover a new species of bacteria that grows in aquatic environments with high salt levels. While studying these bacteria, you note that their internal environment is similar to the salt concentrations in their surroundings. You also discover that the internal salt concentrations of the bacteria change as the salt concentration in their environment changes. The new species can tolerate small changes in this way but dies from large changes because it has no mechanism for altering its own internal salt levels. What type of homeostatic mechanism is this species using to regulate its internal salt levels?

A) conformation

5) If you were to view a sample of animal tissue under a light microscope and notice an extensive extracellular matrix surrounding a tissue, which tissue type would you most suspect?

A) connective

14) With its abundance of collagen fibers, cartilage is an example of ________.

A) connective tissue

20) Which of the following structural features of epithelial tissues are related to the function of these cells? Epithelial cells ________.

A) have polarity

13) Blood is best classified as connective tissue because ________.

A) its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix

6) Tissues functioning together make up ________.

A) organs

46) A woman standing and watching the stars on a cool, calm night will lose most of her body heat by ________.

A) radiation

25) Some animals have no gills when young, but then develop gills that grow larger as the animal grows larger. What is the reason for this increase in gill size?

B) Relative to their volume, the young have sufficient skin surface area across which they can transport all the oxygen they need.

33) Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?

B) When a baby is nursing, suckling leads to the production of more milk and a subsequent increase in the secretion of prolactin, which in turn stimulates lactation.

35) Which of the following would be an example of an animal employing torpor to survive very cold weather?

B) a small mammal entering hibernation

24) The large surface area in the small intestine directly facilitates ________.

B) absorption

16) The type of muscle that contains branched cells is ________.

B) cardiac muscle

12) The composition of connective tissue determines its physical properties. If you gently bend your ear, and then let go, the shape of your ear will return. This can best be explained by the presence of what tissue type in your ear?

B) cartilage with elastic fibers

18) The body tissue that consists largely of material located outside of cells is ________.

B) connective tissue

21) Blood is a type of connective tissue because blood ________.

B) has an extensive extracellular matrix

23) Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has ________.

B) less surface area per unit of volume

3) In house sparrows (Passer domesticus) it is generally found that both males and females care for the eggs and young. However, some male house sparrows do not provide parental care. In addition, it is known that young that receive parental care from both the male and female are more likely to survive to fledging (leaving the nest). Which of the following activities by males that do not provide parental care would represent the most beneficial trade-off for the reduced survival of their offspring?

B) mating with additional females and fathering more eggs

17) Food moves along the digestive tract as the result of contractions by ________.

B) smooth muscle

Refer to the paragraph on crucian carp. Gills serve multiple functions in fish in addition to gas exchange. Given the large surface area of gills with lamellae, what is the most likely explanation for why crucian carp cover protruding lamellae in their gills when levels of oxygen are normal?

B) to prevent loss of ions to the surrounding water

53) Hummingbirds are small birds that require a regular food supply. When hummingbirds are faced with a situation that decreases their food supply, such as a storm, which of the following adaptations would be most useful for the bird to survive such an unpredictable and short-term absence of food resources?

B) torpor

52) Which principle of heat exchange is the most important explanation for why birds look larger in colder weather because they fluff their feathers?

C) Fluffing creates a pocket of air near the bird that acts as insulation.

27) Which of the following is a TRUE statement about body size and physiology?

C) Small and large animals face different physiological challenges because an animal's body volume or mass increases as a function of its body length cubed while its surface area increases as a function of the body length squared.

4) You observe two female fish of the same species laying eggs. One female lays 100 eggs and the other female lays 1000 eggs. Which one of the following is LEAST likely given the limits of fitness trade-offs?

C) The eggs from the female laying 1000 eggs have larger yolks than the yolks of the eggs from the female laying 100 eggs.

28) An elephant and a mouse are running in full sunlight, and both overheat by the same amount above their normal body temperatures. When they move into the shade and rest, which animal will cool down faster?

C) The mouse will because it has the higher surface-area-to-volume ratio.

45) You are studying a large tropical reptile that has a high and relatively stable body temperature. How would you determine whether this animal is an endotherm or an ectotherm?

C) You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate follow the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm.

2) Chum salmon (Oncorhynchus ketA) are born in freshwater environments and then migrate to the sea. Near the end of their lives, they return to the freshwater stream where they were born to spawn. In freshwater, water constantly diffuses into the body and ions are lost from the body. In salt water, body water diffuses out of the body and excess ions are gained from the water. A salmon's gills have special cells to pump salt in or out of the body to maintain homeostasis. In response to the salmon's moves between freshwater and salt water, some cells in the gills are produced and others are destroyed. These changes made in the cells of the gills during the lifetime of an individual salmon are an example of which of the following?

C) acclimatization

9) Which of the following is an example of a connective tissue?

C) blood

42) Countercurrent heat exchangers are more useful for ________.

C) endotherms to allow the body's core temperature to remain stable

22) Environmental influences appear to contribute to cellular mutations that lead to tumor growth. For example, certain diets lead to higher incidence of colon cancers, and overexposure to sunlight leads to higher incidence of skin cancers. The tissues in closest contact with a carcinogen or mutagen (anything that causes genetic mutations) are obviously the ones most likely to develop tumors. Carcinomas and melanomas account for well over half of all cancers. Given this information, what type of tissue is most closely associated with the terms carcinoma and melanoma?

C) epithelial

37) Panting by an overheated dog achieves cooling by ________.

C) evaporation

31) When the mammalian brain compares the actual temperature of the body to the preferred temperature of the body, which component of a homeostatic control system is being used?

C) integrator

32) A behavioral physiologist is studying the homeostatic control of blood pH. In a trial, a lizard runs on a treadmill for a set amount of time and the blood pH is measured. The blood pH drops as carbon dioxide is released into the bloodstream. Which component of the homeostatic feedback system is responsible for determining if the blood pH is far enough from normal that a response is necessary?

C) integrator

49) You observe a lizard sitting on a log on a sunny day. If the lizard is attempting to raise its body temperature by basking in the sun, what mechanism of heat transfer is being employed?

C) radiation

29) You have a cube of modeling clay in your hands. Which of the following changes to the shape of this cube of clay will decrease its surface area relative to its volume?

C) rounding the clay up into a sphere

43) Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment?

C) wind blowing across the body surface

51) Which of the following statements comparing endotherms and ectotherms is correct?

D) Both endotherms and ectotherms exchange heat with the environment through convection, conduction, radiation, and evaporation.

26) A researcher is setting up an experiment to measure basal metabolic rate in prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster-a small rodent). Which of the following would be the best set of conditions for the voles immediately before and during the measurement?

D) House the animals in a cage with no food for a few hours before measurement; conduct measurements in a room the same temperature as the room where housed.

47) Compared to ectotherms, endothermic animals are likely to be at the greatest disadvantage in ________.

D) environments with variable and limited food sources

19) You are looking through a microscope at a slide of animal tissue and see a single layer of flat, closely packed cells that cover a surface. This specific tissue is most likely ________.

D) epithelial

8) Most of the absorption surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with ________.

D) epithelial tissue

50) Which term best describes an animal that, although generating a significant amount of heat through metabolism, does NOT maintain a constant body temperature?

D) heterothermic endotherm

44) An animal's inputs of energy and materials would exceed its outputs if ________.

D) it is growing and increasing its mass

38) Most mammals are strict homeotherms. Elephants allow their body temperature to vary during the hottest parts of the day, meaning they are ________.

D) poikilothermic

11) Connective tissues typically have ________.

D) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix

39) A moth preparing for flight on a cold morning may warm its flight muscles via ________.

D) shivering

36) What explains the ability of honeybees to use heat to kill invading hornets?

E) Honeybees are better adapted to high temperatures than hornets.

7) The absorptive epithelia in the gut are considered "polarized" because ________.

E) THE APICAL SURFACE IS DIFFERENT FROM THE BASAL SURFACE

1) Natural selection involves energetic trade-offs between ________.

E) high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care

10) A stratified epithelium is composed of ________.

E) multiple layers of cells, stacked from the basolateral side to the apical side