ch. 4-7 history 1010 inquizitive

conquest through Dhamma

"Conquest through Dhamma" means that the king wins over the loyalty of conquered and neighboring peoples by ruling over them ethically and tolerantly.

true -- (Merchants generally traveled only a short portion of the entire Silk Road, developing local connections and expertise.)

(t/f) Although trade items, like silk, were transported from China to Rome, individual merchants usually only traveled a small segment of the Silk Road, exchanging goods at each stop.

false -- (Wudi was known as the "Martial Emperor" because the empire expanded during his reign, but he distanced himself from the military and followed Daoist philosophy.)

(t/f) Emperor Wu was an idealized Han leader, rejecting philosophy and instead presenting himself as an active soldier.

false -- (Although the long-term effects of axial age thinkers were heavily dependent on written texts, Confucian, Daoist, Buddhist, and Greek philosophical ideas were initially spread orally)

(t/f) Increased literacy rates and improved writing systems facilitated the axial age because figures like Confucius, Laozi, the Buddha, and Socrates used writing as the primary method of communicating their ideas.

true -- (This practice was part of the Han dynasty's strategy to fortify its extended northwestern borders and control trade well into the Taklamakan Desert region)

(t/f) One way the Han dynasty strengthened its control over Silk Road trade routes was to have soldiers move with their families to garrison cities on the western frontier.

false -- (What differentiated Rome and Han China from earlier empires was their commitment to integrating conquered neighbors and rivals into their worlds. Subject peoples became members of empires, not just the vanquished.)

(t/f) Rome and Han China used the same techniques of conquest and governance as the Persian and Mauryan Empires; they simply used these techniques to manage more territory than those earlier empires.

false -- (The reverse is true. Han China was more integrated and more directly governed than Rome.)

(t/f) The Han government was less comprehensive in its administration than the Roman government, relying on private contractors and the patronage system to perform some of the functions of Rome's trained bureaucracy.

true -- (The Israelites shifted from polytheism, to henotheism, to monotheism over a period of centuries. Despite prophets' warnings of Neo-Assyrian conquest, there was a lot of resistance to these changes.)

(t/f) The Israelites gradually adopted monotheism because of their fear of Neo-Assyrian conquest.

true -- (All three of these aspects of the Pax Sinica and the Pax Romana are true. It is important to note, though, that the Pax Sinica (149-87 BCE) was both shorter and earlier than the Pax Romana (25 BCE-235 CE).)

(t/f) The Pax Sinica and the Pax Romana were similar in that they were both periods of peace won through extraordinary military force, they both began with the reign of powerful dictators, and they both fostered economic growth

false -- (The Silk Roads were not actually transcontinental roads in the modern sense. They were interconnected overland and maritime trade routes, along which people exchanged a variety of goods, including, of course, silk)

(t/f) The Silk Roads were built by the Chinese government to export silk

false -- (The Xiongnu and Kushan empires were both developed by nomadic peoples. They fostered links between urban centers but had no agricultural traditions of their own.)

(t/f) The Xiongnu and Kushan empires were both established by peoples with strong agricultural economies.

true -- (China's Imperial University, begun by Emperor Wu, was unique in the world.)

(t/f) Though there were educated Romans, Rome had no equivalent of China's state-supported Imperial University

true --(Although the vast majority of domesticated animals came from Afro-Eurasia, many globally important food crops were developed in the Americas)

(t/f) Though they did not use a wide variety of domesticated animals, Olmec and Chavín societies cultivated crops like potatoes, maize (corn), squash, beans, and cacao

royal appointee

-- "I left my home state and came to serve another king. Because of my loyalty and skill, I am now a top legal adviser to the king of Qin."

can be inferred from Primary Source 7.1, the short excerpt about Han legal philosophy written by Dong Zhongshu

-- A true father raises and protects his children; it is behavior, not simply nature, that defines the role of father. -- A man's first duty is to his family and his second duty is to the state

ways are large ruins, such as the amphitheater depicted here, evidence of substantial Hellenistic influence across Afro-Eurasia

-- Amphitheaters were frequently a part of the infrastructure of Afro-Eurasian cities, showing that Hellenistic cultural practices were fully integrated into Afro-Eurasian cities. -- The plays performed in these amphitheaters captured and helped to spread a universalized Hellenistic popular culture.

methods did they employ to accomplish this task. As globalizing empires, Rome and Han China integrated new territory into their administrative, economic, and social structures

-- Both empires distributed new territory to favored subjects. -- Both empires enabled individuals from among conquered populations to gain wealth and power through military service or scholarship. -- By extending their legal systems into conquered lands, both empires extended their social hierarchies and social values to conquered peoples

ways Chandragupta's Mauryan Empire connected to the Hellenistic world

-- Chandragupta's conquests were inspired by Alexander and facilitated by his military activity in the region. -- The Mauryan Empire and the Seleucid Empire negotiated a peace treaty, engaged in diplomacy, and traded with each another.

Roman Empire

-- Ideas of political legitimacy in this empire changed significantly as it grew from a small, homogenous community into a multiethnic state.

Ban Zhao and Musonius Rufus both wrote about the ideal relationship between husbands and wives statements with which both would agree, based on the excerpts presented in Primary Sources 7.3 and 7.4

-- Marriage is important and exists for the benefit of both partners, not just for the children they produce. -- Education improves people's ability to interact well with one another.

Christianity was born on the eastern edge of the Roman Empire, and the growth and message of the religion were deeply affected by this context. which ways are true

-- Palestine was connected to the rest of the Mediterranean world by a complex web of Roman roads and maritime trade routes, enabling Christian ideas to spread widely throughout the empire. -- The crucifixion of Jesus was part of Rome's standard practice of using their legal system in conquered territories and appointing leaders, like Pontius Pilatus, to administer provinces.

Many tensions in the Roman Empire related to land ownership and distribution. statements that accurately expand upon this fact

-- Roman elites, like those who opposed Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, sought to acquire as much land as possible for use on giant plantations worked with slave labor. -- Roman men needed to own land to serve in the military, so the Roman government had to ensure that a portion of Roman citizens were independent landholders.

Many of the administrative advances that underlay the Han Empire were actually developed during the Qin dynasty. Which of the following pairs of statements describing the Han and Qin dynasties actually occurred

-- Shi Huangdi issued currency and supported road building. The Han used both these practices, facilitating the growth of the Chinese economy and the Silk Road trade. -- Shi Huangdi required all men to serve military or labor service. The Han used this practice to expand their territory and construct lots of infrastructure.

early practices that strengthened and reinforced the Roman war ethos

-- The Roman city-state began a practice of conscripting huge numbers of young men for ten-year terms of military service, making fighting for the state a common experience and rite of passage for Roman citizens. -- Roman soldiers stood to gain material benefits—land and valuables—as a result of successful military campaigns, meaning military service was a common vehicle for social mobility. -- As the distribution of wealth became less equal in Rome, poor Roman citizens turned to military generals (rather than state institutions) for opportunities to acquire farmland and jobs.

what a reader can infer about Zhou beliefs regarding political leadership from the Zhou Succession Crisis

-- The Zhou king should show overt gratitude and appreciation when people are loyal to him and his family. -- Although the Zhou king ruled over many people, he was subject to the dictates of Heaven, with which he communicated with the help of his own ancestors. -- It is the duty of all loyal aristocrats and government officials to help and sacrifice for their king

han china and Roman Empire

-- The economy of this empire was primarily agricultural. -- The citizen, the soldier, and the military governor were the foundation of government in this empire.

han china

-- The elites of this empire shared a common written language, a tradition of ancestor worship, and the belief that their empire's structure mirrored the structure of the cosmos.

Neo-Assyrian Empire

-- The entire empire was divided into two basic categories: the superior interior lands, and the lesser conquered outer lands. -- The king, as the agent of the national god, waged near-constant war on his neighbors in an effort to bring universal order to the world

Roman

-- The expansion of the empire was halted by the impossibility of conquering the horse-mounted Parthian and Sasanian troops -- For centuries the empire fought against—and purchased thousands of slaves from—the settled populations to the north of the empire.

how the geography of Africa between the equator and the Sahara affect the settlement patterns and economic activities of African peoples

-- The growth and increased aridity of the Sahara region pushed people to migrate north and south of the desert. -- Because of the tsetse fly, dense human settlements were limited to the Sudanic grasslands and the Nile River valley.

accurately describe(s) what Persian subjects believed about their king

-- The king was appointed by their god, Ahura Mazda, to rule over and maintain order across the whole earth. -- The king had to be physically fit, as well as mentally and ethically fit. -- The king should exhibit ethical behavior, as described in the Avesta, the central text of Zoroastrianism.

Persian Empire

-- The king, who was chosen by their god, freed neighboring peoples from their oppressive local kings (through conquest). -- The entire empire was divided into provinces, each ruled by a relative or close associate of the king, and each monitored by military officers, tax collectors, and spies

influential philosophical ideas were emphasized by Confucius

-- The value of intellectual achievement suggested that there was a connection between intellectual prowess and fitness for government service. -- The duty and care shown between children and parents was the bedrock of ethical behavior and the ideal model for a relationship between ruler and subject.

rights the citizens of Mediterranean city-states exercise that noncitizen inhabitants of the city-state did not enjoy

-- They could help decide whether or not the city-state should go to war. -- They could make decisions about infrastructure projects within the city-state. -- They could hold public office.

methods the Zhou Empire use to expand its influence and power

-- agricultural colonies on the peripheries of the empire -- military force, including the adoption and successful use of new military technologies -- visual, literary, and ritual expressions of the legitimacy of its power, built on a religious foundation

characteristics of empires

--An empire unifies multiple ethnic groups under a single sovereign power. --An empire connects otherwise disparate regions through a common language, trade, religious beliefs, and/or a unifying political system.

mauryan empire

Although the formation of this empire was inspired and facilitated by Alexander's conquests, its political and spiritual practices were more influenced by Buddhism than Hellenism

Persia

Although this region adopted many aspects of Hellenism, Zoroastrianism retained its spiritual, economic, and political importance in the region

description of Han society depicts the actual experiences of the Chinese population

Elite families enjoyed the kinds of luxuries and entertainments that were previously only available at big, public events

how Gallic peoples from north of the Alps influence the birth of the Roman Empire

Gallic incursions into the Italian peninsula broke the power of the Etruscans, creating an opportunity for Romans to eventually control the entire region

Confucianism

Human beings are innately good, but they need education, training, and positive role models to help cultivate their goodness and forge a collectively orderly society.

accurate comparison between Han China and Rome

In Han China, Confucianism supported imperial power, and Confucian scholars helped administer the empire. In imperial Rome, leaders claimed military prowess, and professional soldiers took part in governance

Judea

In this region, people rejected many aspects of Hellenism, including its language, music, gymnasia, nudity, and figurative art

accurate description of the manner in which Octavian developed his position as emperor of Rome

Octavian claimed multiple traditional titles, each of which granted him power over part of the roman government; thus he concentrated all power in himself without actually claiming to be king

Brahmanic teachings from South Asia

Social order can be maintained only if everyone stays in their preordained place in society. The role of kings is to help maintain that order, and the role of priests is to guide kings and facilitate their relationship with the gods

Platonic philosophy as described in The Republic

The best society would be one led by a philosopher-king, in which each person strove to perform fitting tasks with honor and integrity, rather than simply chasing after money and power.

Han Chinese

The emperor remained aloof from his powerful military machine and tried to cultivate the idea that he was ethical and scholarly.

Han chinese and roman

The empire maintained huge military forces, built defensive walls, and stationed soldiers at garrison towns on the outer edges of the empire.

fact about Silk Road trade is illustrated by this image of a Palmyran tombstone relief depicting a young princess and her slave

The sculptor's depiction of luxurious, flowing textiles supports the fact that fine textiles—especially silk—were highly sought-after items traded along the Silk Road.

consul

This person served a one-year term with a partner, and together they commanded Rome's armies.

dictator

This person served for a six-month term, in times of crisis, and held absolute power over the entire state during his time in office.

senator

This person was one of 300 to 600 individuals from wealthy families who met to develop laws and policies for Rome.

tribune

This person was one of ten elected officials whose job was to protect the common people (the plebs) from the predations and interests of the Roman elites.

why climate changes lead to the collapse of ancient territorial states

When long-term drought gripped Afro-Eurasia, the lack of water led to decreased agricultural production, and this in turn led to famine. Cultures that relied heavily on agricultural exports suffered economic collapse while others, like the Egyptians, struggled to resist invaders

mandate of heaven

a Chinese concept that connected divine support for a ruling dynasty to its successful leadership practices

globalizing empire

an empire that controls vast physical territory, has a large, diverse population, and significantly influences peoples outside its borders

extent the Buddhist teachings challenge the power of the Brahmans and the rigid varna-jati system of social hierarchy in South Asia

buddhist teachings challenged the political and spiritual power of the Brahmans, but they did not specifically seek to dismantle the varna-jati system

koine greek

common language of the Hellenistic world

punic wars

even that marked Rome's rise as a great Mediterranean Sea power

Chinese political ideology, supported by Confucian teachings, suggested that kingship was an honor bestowed by heaven upon a particular Chinese family, and that the family retained power so long as it ruled well and virtuously. In comparison, what was the Brahmanical political ideology of South Asia?

kingship is an unpleasant task, so in exchange for helping keep society orderly and moral, the king gets to have great wealth, spiritual reward when his subjects behave, and the protection of the gods

march (The word March is derived from Mars, the Roman god of war, and refers to the time each year when the Roman army set out on a new campaign of conquest)

modern English word is evidence of long-standing Roman militarism

After a successful military campaign, the ruler of the Neo-Assyrian Empire Sennacherib wrote that he captured "200,150 people, great and small, male and female, horses, mules, asses, camels, and sheep without number Who was Sennacherib most likely referring to when he wrote "200,150 people"

people from the "Land under the Yoke of Ashur"

-- Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus -- leaders of the Sicilian Revolt -- a Roman soldier who spent years in the military, then returned home to find his family had lost its land to debt

people who would likely have been frustrated or angered by Cicero's The Role of the Roman State

Afro-Eurasian society that resembled the Chavín societies of the Andes

the Vedic societies of South Asia, in that both regions were connected by a common belief system and trade interactions but not by a single unifying political system

Aristotle

the way to understand the world is to collect information through observation, then use logical deductions to draw conclusions about how the world works

polis

what the greeks called a self-governing urban political entity

true -- (The author of the Periplus describes locations in East Africa, the Arabian peninsula, and India. Since Buddhism extended primarily eastward from South Asia and mostly spread overland, it would be surprising if the author were a Buddhist monk.)

(t/f) Considering how Buddhism spread in this era, it would be extremely surprising to discover that the author of the Periplus Maris Erythraei was a Buddhist monk.

true -- (This term refers to a person who is a citizen of the world. Cosmopolitan, multiethnic cities of the Hellenistic world, like Egypt's Alexandria, were populated by thousands of immigrants)

(t/f) Cosmopolitan comes from the Greek words kosmos and polites, which together mean universal citizen

false --(This statement is contradicted by the accomplishments of the Greeks, the Phoenicians, and the Israelites, among others.)

(t/f) Empires stifled the creativity and economic production of the people who lived on their fringes, since those people had to spend all their time resisting conquest instead of developing new ideas

false -- (Women could not vote or hold office, and as the text explains, "adult women of free birth remained enclosed within the private world of the family.)

(t/f) Greek city-states gave women unprecedented political power, enabling them to engage openly in business, vote, and even hold public office.

false -- (Greek philosophers considered everything from chemistry to cosmology to mathematics to music. Political philosophy was only one of many areas of thought and study)

(t/f) Greek philosophers were primarily concerned with the question of how to develop the ideal state.

true -- (In the modern United States, we tend to associate self-government only with representative democracy, but its original meaning was much broader than that)

(t/f) In the self-governing Mediterranean city-states, self-government had more than one meaning. It could be rule by a single popularly approved leader, by a small group of elite individuals, or by all free adult males.

true -- (Neo-Assyrian kings kept local leaders in place to collect and send tribute. Persian kings delegated power to satraps. Vedic leaders integrated local households into their own community. Zhou kings gave regional landholdings to families who pledged allegiance to the Zhou government)

(t/f) No matter how powerful their military force, all empires delegated regional power to local leaders in some manner, suggesting that successful empire building required more than simple military might

true

(t/f) The Sea Peoples who migrated into the Mediterranean basin and the Vedic peoples who migrated into South Asia were all Indo-European speakers.

false -- (Writing systems were a common feature of the empires mentioned in this chapter, but their writing systems often used a symbol for each word (logograms) rather than characters representing individual sounds, as in an alphabet.)

(t/f) To become an empire, a society had to develop an alphabet

true -- (The map indicates that northern China acquired horses (for military purposes) and peaceful borders through trade. Obtaining indispensable military "equipment" and protecting territorial borders can be considered national security operations)

(t/f) While southern China may have engaged in Silk Road trade for largely economic reasons, northern China's Silk Road interactions could be described as national security operations, carried out through trade

false -- (The Warring States period gave rise to many philosophies, known as the Hundred Schools of Thought)

(t/f)Because of the rampant warfare and political instability of the Warring States period, Chinese people experienced years of intellectual stagnation

hereditary officeholder

-- "I am the oldest son of a noble family, closely related to the Zhou king. For centuries now, our family has controlled thousands of acres near Luoyang. One day, managing the land will all be my responsibility." -- "My father is first-cousin to the Chu king and he is in charge of tax collection in the whole region. When he dies, I will be the new tax-collector."

new knowledge enabled Arab and Indian sailors to develop the Indian Ocean trade, which some historians consider a maritime Silk Road

-- Arab and Indian seafarers developed new navigational techniques and sailing technologies. -- Arab and Indian sailors learned the pattern of the monsoon winds, enabling them to make long voyages across the Indian Ocean.

Governments of the first millennium BCE utilized administrative innovations to manage growing populations and expanding territories. How these new ideas about order and procedure mirrored in the ideas of axial age thinkers

-- Chinese leaders began to appoint skilled bureaucrats rather than solely employing hereditary officeholders, and Confucian thinkers held that people became fully developed members of society through a process of education, rather than simply by noble birth. -- The Buddha taught that just as individual states had laws, there was a universal law. Each person's station in life was a reflection of their karma, or the cumulative extent to which they had followed or broken the universal law in previous lives.

correct interpretations of Primary Source 4.4, the passage from the Upanishads

-- Honesty and an excellent work ethic were traits of the Brahman. -- It was part of the natural order for men to wield complete control over women, including making servant women sexually available to guests.

helped Buddhism spread

-- Kushan support and regional economic growth enabled Buddhist communities to amass wealth, build institutional infrastructure, and welcome public worshippers. -- Buddhist art, literature, and drama developed, all of which promoted and disseminated Buddhist ideas. -- A new sect of the religion—Mahayana Buddhism—developed, and it appealed to potential converts because it promised individual salvation from suffering.

contrasting statements about Persia and Vedic South Asia are accurate

-- Persian religious belief described life on earth as an ongoing struggle between Good and Evil, as personified by Ahura Mazda and Ahriman. By contrast, Vedic religious belief suggests that our chaotic physical world obscures an orderly cosmic universe, called Brahma. -- People in the Persian Empire were unified by physical infrastructure, loyalty to the Persian king, and an organized system of satrapies, whereas people in Vedic South Asia were unified by religious practice, lineages, and an organized system of varnas.

kinds of economic and social changes occurred in China during the Spring and Autumn period (722-481 BCE)

-- Population increases led to deforestation, the extinction of various game animals, and cycles of terrible famines. -- Economic growth and improved methods for producing bronze goods enabled commoners to purchase bronze items that had once been available only to the wealthy. -- Crop rotation and oxen-pulled iron-edged plows enabled Chinese farmers to significantly increase agricultural productivity in many parts of China.

During the Spring and Autumn period, some Chinese rulers gave peasants the right to own their land in exchange for taxes and military service. This led to increased agricultural productivity because the farmers worked to benefit themselves. What does the timing of this development suggest about private property rights?

-- Private property rights were the result of a political exchange in which governments promised to protect individual ownership of parcels of land in exchange for tax payments and military service. -- Private property rights developed long after agriculture first began.

why governments choose to spend money on these kinds of things like caravan cities and ports required governments to fund a variety of infrastructural improvements, from roads and docks to storage facilities, to security along the routes in and out of town

-- Successful trade hubs were transit points for valuable, interesting new ideas and technologies, not just luxury goods. -- A successful trade hub could tax both imports and exports, and inhabitants made a lot of money providing services for travelers.

conclusion that can be drawn from the fact that Aśoka had multilingual edicts carved on pillars and boulders throughout his empire, promulgating his laws and explaining Buddhism to the diverse peoples in his empire

-- The Mauryan government employed people who could write in Mediterranean languages like Aramaic and Greek. -- Parts of the Mauryan Empire had no tradition of Buddhism, or they adhered to a version of Buddhism that differed from Aśoka's beliefs.

accurately describes the Mauryan Empire's road building

-- The Mauryan practice of road building was similar to the empire-building policies of the Persian, Roman, and Qin governments. -- The Mauryan government connected the empire's major urban centers with a system of tree-lined roads.

best descriptions of international relations across western, Central, and South Asia in the centuries after Alexander's conquest

-- The major powers across the region communicated a lot with one another, engaging in intensive diplomacy and treaty making. -- The major powers across the region were militarily powerful but well matched, meaning they fought without achieving gains against one another.

communicated in the excerpt from The Hymns of Zoroaster

-- The narrator, Zarathustra, wishes that Ahura Mazda would communicate with him directly to help him spread the Truth. -- The narrator, Zarathustra, is dedicated to following the guidance of Ahura Mazda and will guide others to follow Ahura Mazda as well.

practices part of the common culture of the Mediterranean region

-- The region-wide competitive ethos gave rise to sporting competitions, wars, and a large number of colonial settlements. -- Mediterranean city-states constructed central market locations and issued coins, both for the purpose of facilitating trade.

The text indicates that the ongoing warfare of the Warring States period (403-221 BCE) was fueled by the greater availability of weaponry and the increased power of local authorities. significant developments in the centuries before 403 BCE contributed to these changes

-- improvements in metal-smelting technologies -- increases in agricultural production

methods the Neo-Assyrian Empire use to expand its influence and power

-- military force, including the adoption and successful use of new military technologies -- visual, literary, and ritual expressions of the legitimacy of its power, built on a religious foundation

describe the axial age of the mid-first-millennium BCE

-- the period when the religious and philosophical foundations of many European and Asian societies were developed -- a period of both violent political upheaval and significant intellectual development

methods the Greek and Phoenician cities use to expand their influence and power

-- trade colonies far from their home territory -- the adoption and successful use of new technologies and innovations in communication

methods the Persian Empire use to expand its influence and power

-- visual, literary, and ritual expressions of the legitimacy of its power, built on a religious foundation -- military force, including the adoption and successful use of new military technologies

civitas

what the romans called a self-governing urban political entity

In the Spring and Autumn period, leaders began appointing bureaucrats to help them rule. administrative question was answered by the Confucian teachings described in the text

who should be appointed to government positions? are the best bureaucrats people of noble birth? loyal warriors? educated men?

military developments that arose during the first millennium BCE and facilitated the rise of empires

--crossbows --mounted cavalry, riding horses, camels, or elephants --torsion catapult --siege weapons, like battering rams, levers, and ladders

regions in order, with the first being the most politically centralized and the last being the least unified

1) Persian central and Western Asia 2) Zhou east Asia 3) Vedic South Asia 4) the Mediterranean basin

professions in order according to its status in South Asia during the first millennium BCE. Begin with the highest-status profession, and end with the lowest-status profession

1) leader in oligarchy 2) merchant 3) jeweler who works with gold 4) blacksmith who makes iron farming implements 5) garbage collecter

deities in order, starting with the one who was from the most strongly monotheistic belief system, and ending with the one from the least monotheistic belief system

1)YHWH 2)Ahura Mazda 3)Ashur 4)Indra

what Primary Source 4.1, the text of the Banquet Stele of Assurnasirpal II, demonstrate about the king's methods of interacting with subjects from distant lands

Although the king used military force to conquer outlying regions, he sought to impress and appeal to his regional appointees with demonstrations of his wealth and generosity

xenophanes

An abstract divine aura is present throughout all of creation, but each different ethnic group depicts this divine aura in its own likeness, making it seem like there are many gods in the world

why an alphabet was a particularly appropriate writing system for the Phoenicians

an alphabet has fewer characters than earlier writing systems, making it faster and easier to learn, thus making literacy a genuine possibility for working merchants

Confucianism

axial age belief systems most directly addressed questions about government and methods of leadership

-- As irrigation projects became increasingly complex, local people came to rely on centralized Zhou leadership for administrators and specialized engineers. -- As economic specialization increased, centralized Zhou leadership organized engineers and directed peasant labor to construct canals to facilitate interregional trade

Based on the authors' description of the vast, complex irrigation projects under Zhou leadership, what can you deduce about the relationship between the Zhou government and local communities

Siddhartha Gautama (the Buddha)

axial age thinker focused primarily on attaining personal contentment and spiritual growth, rather than achieving social and political order

the main point this chapter is making about the shift from city-states and territorial states to empires

Empires were fundamentally different from territorial states; they developed unifying political ideas, bureaucratic structures, and infrastructure that could knit together diverse ethnicities and vast regions

varnas

Even though they did not develop a unified empire, the Vedic peoples who settled in South Asia did develop a widespread system of social and economic hierarchy. What were the groups in this hierarchy called?

Democritus

Everything in the world is made up of tiny, indivisible particles, called atoma

Buddhism

Human life is full of suffering, but people can permanently escape suffering and achieve enlightenment by successfully renouncing all desires.

rome

In this Mediterranean polity, people adopted Greek-style plantation slavery, copied Greek architecture, and studied Greek philosophy.

Meroe

Influenced by their northern neighbor, people of this region adopted Hellenistic practices like inscribing their military victories on stone stelae and worshipping Dionysus and Zeus

assertion that is supported by the ruins of the agora in the Greek colonial city of Cyrene (in modern-day Libya)

city states in the Mediterranean region considered commerce an important part of day to day life

bodhisattvas

compassionate demigods who help people enter nirvana when they die. help widely spread Mahayana Buddhism

Daoism (person, text, and concept)

The Daodejing doing nothing, or Action Without Action (wuwei) The Path (dao) Laozi

the initial impact of the movement of nomadic peoples into territorial states and urban centers in the first millennium BCE

They caused the collapse of governments that were already struggling with famine and economic stagnation.

how the Neo-Assyrian and Persian Empires interact with the peoples living on the fringes of their territories

They persistently used military force to either conquer their neighbors or demand tribute from them

Bactria

This central Asian kingdom included a number of cities that began as Greek garrison towns, featuring gymnasiums, theaters, and columns with Corinthian capitals.

Daoism

There is an innate order to the natural world. If human beings ignore artificial rules and live in harmony with the natural processes, society will be orderly without the need for energetic government

sea peoples

These people altered values and practices along the Eastern Mediterranean basin, giving rise to militaristic cultures like those described in the Iliad.

Israelites

These people developed an extremely influential version of monotheism and an accompanying moral system, which significantly influenced future religious developments in Afro-Eurasia

greeks

These people established numerous trade outposts across the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions and ultimately mounted meaningful challenges to the Persian Empire

Phoenicians

These people established numerous trade outposts in the Mediterranean region, which helped facilitate the spread of their most amazing invention: the alphabet

Confucianism (person, text, and concept)

loyalty to family (xiao) the superior man (junzi) The Analects ritual (li) humaneness (ren) Confucius Kong Fuzi

Pythagoras

many phenomena, like musical sounds, are actually based in and describable by using numbers

chattel slavery

a wealthy merchant invest in 15 slaves at the local market, then rents them out to a copper mine 50 miles away and used the income to help support his other business ventures