Ch. 4 A&P

101) Explain the ABCD rule.

The ABCD rule describes the appearance of the most serious form of skin cancer, melanoma. The "A" is for asymmetry. In melanoma, the two sides of the pigmented spot or mole do not match. The "B" is for border irregularity. In melanoma, the borders of the lesion are not smooth but exhibit indentations. The "C" is for color. In melanoma, the pigmented spot contains areas of different colors (blacks, browns, tans, and sometimes blues and reds). The "D" is for diameter. In melanoma, the spot is larger than 6 mm in diameter (the size of a pencil eraser).

104) Define and explain the function of the arrector pili.

The arrector pili are small bands of smooth muscle cells that connect each side of a hair follicle to the dermal tissue. They are activated by cold or fright and, when contracted, pull the hair follicle into an upright position, dimpling the skin surface with "goose bumps."

54) Male pattern baldness has a genetic switch that turns on in response to:

age

82) First-degree burn

burn in which only the epidermis becomes red and swollen

10) The outermost layer of the epidermis is keratinized and known as stratum __________.

corneum

20) The type of gland responsible for body temperature regulation is the __________ gland.

eccrine

77) Contact dermatitis

exposure to chemicals promotes itching, swelling, and redness of the skin

57) Serous membranes line and lubricate joint cavities such as the knee. t/f

false

63) Melanocytes are nerve cells that function in touch reception t/f

false

65) Sebaceous glands release sweat to help control body temperature. t/f

false

66) Melanin is found in the uppermost layer of skin and helps prevent water loss. t/f

false

73) The ABCD rule is used for classifying burns. t/f

false

74) Milia is most common during old age when secretions accumulate in the sebaceous glands. t/f

false

Joe just burned his hand on a hot pot. A blister forms and the burn is painful; Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree burn. t/f

false

The reason that the nail bed appears pink is the presence of a large number of melanocytes in the underlying dermis. t/f

false

When an individual is exposed to extremely low air temperatures, the capillaries of the skin will dilate so that blood will flush into skin capillary beds and heat will be dissipated. t/f

false

19) The Staphylococcus infection of the skin that causes pink, water-filled, raised lesions is known as __________.

impetigo

49) Which of the following abnormal skin colors results from liver disorders:

jaundice

Although you get wet while swimming, a tough protein within the skin prevents it from soaking up moisture like a sponge. This substance is:

keratin

17) The white crescent area located over the nail matrix is called the __________.

lunule

48) Which of the following is NOT associated with a hair:

lunule

22) Which moist epithelial membrane lines body cavities that open to the exterior:

mucous

Type of membrane that lines open body cavities

mucous membrane

61) The pattern that produces fingerprints are produced by dermal papillae in the dermis. t/f

true

62) The epidermis is made up of stratified squamous epithelium. t/f

true

67) Hair is produced by the hair bulb and is composed primarily of dead keratinized cells. t/f

true

68) The thickened, proximal area of the nail is called the nail matrix, and it is responsible for nail growth. t/f

true

71) The nail is actually a modification of the skin and corresponds to the hooves of animals.

true

72) Apocrine gland secretions are normally odorless, and may be milky or yellowish in color. t/f

true

75) Squamous cell carcinoma arises from cells of the stratum spinosum. t/f

true

A serous membrane is composed of a layer of simple squamous epithelium resting on a thin layer of areolar connective tissue. t/f

true

Membranes that line body cavities that have openings to the exterior of the body are called mucous membranes. t/f

true

The pinkish hue of healthy individuals with fair skin is the result of the crimson color of oxygenated hemoglobin circulating in the dermal capillaries and reflecting through the dermis. t/f

true

18) The layer of the serous membrane that covers an organ is known as the __________ layer.

visceral

5) The gland that produces a mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells is indicated by label __________.

C - sebaceous gland

Type of membrane that forms the skin

C) cutaneous membrane

42) Which of the following is NOT a true statement about the papillary layer of the dermis:

C) it is the deepest layer of the skin

36) The "tanning" effect (darkening of the skin) that occurs when a person is exposed to the sun is due to:

C) melanin

Peritoneum, pericardium, and pleura are examples of this type of membrane

C) serous membrane

25) Which of the following is a connective tissue membrane:

C) synovial membrane

43) In order to warm the body up when cold:

C) the arrector pili muscles contract to stand hairs upright

6) The gland that produces sweat is indicated by label __________.

E - eccrine sweat gland

34) A needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order: 1. stratum basale 2. stratum corneum 3. stratum granulosum 4. stratum lucidum 5. stratum spinosum

E) 2, 3, 5, 1

47) The secretion of sweat is stimulated:

E) both by high temperatures and by hormones, especially male hormones

26) The only dry membrane is the:

E) cutaneous membrane

33) The two main layers of skin are:

E) epidermis and dermis

32) The uppermost layer of skin is:

E) full of keratin

29) Which of the following is a vital function of the skin:

E) it converts modified epidermal cholesterol to vitamin D

31) The epidermis is composed of:

E) stratified squamous epithelium

37) The layer of the epidermis in which cells die because of their inability to get nutrients and oxygen is the clear

E) stratum lucidum

92) Nail cuticle

E) thick proximal nail fold

51) A physician estimates the volume of fluid lost in a severely burned patient by:

E) using the "rule of nines"

23) The innermost serous membrane covering the outside of the heart is the:

E) visceral pericardium

91) Apocrine gland

I) sudoriferous glands largely confined to the axillary region

106) List and describe the three types of epithelial membranes.

1. Cutaneous membrane is: skin dry composed of keratinizing stratified squamous epithelium and the underlying connective tissue is often dense and fibrous. Mucous membrane: is moist is found lining all body cavities that open to the exterior often contains stratified squamous epithelium or simple columnar epithelium Serous membrane: a. is composed of two layers (visceral layer covers the organ in the cavity while the parietal layer lines a specific portion of the wall of the ventral body cavity) covers organs in body cavities that are closed to the exterior is constructed of simple squamous epithelium overlying a thin layer of areolar connective tissue

Identify four changes that occur to the skin and subcutaneous connective tissue as a result of aging, and state how these changes can be delayed.

1. The amount of subcutaneous tissue below the skin decreases, leading to an intolerance to cold in the elderly. 2. Because of decreased oil production and declining numbers of collagen fibers, the skin becomes drier and may become itchy and bothersome.3. Thinning of the skin makes it more susceptible to bruising and other types of injuries.4. A decrease in elasticity of the skin, along with the loss of subcutaneous fat, allows bags to form under the eyes and causes jowls to sag. To delay these changes, the skin should be kept clean and shielded from the sun, and a healthy diet with plenty of fluids should be maintained.

3) The layer responsible for whorled ridges on the epidermal surfaces is indicated by letter __________.

A

35) Which of the following homeostatic imbalances is caused by skin exposure to chemicals:

A) contact dermatitis

41) Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of:

A) diffusion

28) The skin and its derivatives (nails, glands, and hairs) form the:

A) integumentary system

80) Basal cell carcinoma

A) malignancy of the lowest epidermal layer

Type of membrane adapted for absorption or secretion

A) mucous membrane

87) Papillary layer

A) upper layer of the dermis

21) The letters in the ABCD rule for recognizing melanomas stand for __________.

Answer: A for asymmetry, B for border irregularity, C for color, D for diameter

13) "Goosebumps" are caused by contractions of the __________ muscles.

Answer: arrector pili

11) The three pigments that contribute to skin color are __________.

Answer: melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

The white, cheesy-looking substance that is produced by the sebaceous glands and protects a baby's skin while it is floating in its water-filled sac inside the mother is called __________.

Answer: vernix caseosa

4) The structure that pulls the hair follicle into an upright position is indicated by letter __________.

B - erector pilli

52) Which of the following is an indication of melanoma:

B) a pigmented spot that contains areas of different colors

24) Serous fluid reduces friction:

B) between the visceral and parietal layers of serous membranes

Medulla

B) central core of each hair

44) Finger-like upward projections of the dermis into the epidermis are called:

B) dermal papillae

79) Athlete's foot

B) fungus infection between toes

55) The membrane shown in Figure 4.2 is:

B) pleura, a serous membrane

Type of membrane that contains a visceral and a parietal layer

B) serous membrane

Type of membrane that secretes fluids around organs

B) serous membrane

39) A splinter penetrates to the deepest layer of the epidermis on your foot. This layer is:

B) stratum basale

A container of gasoline exploded on Murray. He experienced some blistering to the skin on his face while the skin on his hands was blackened. Classify and explain the type of burns he received. What are his chances for a full recovery?

Blisters and red, painful skin indicate a second-degree burn. Second-degree burns affect the epidermis and upper region of the dermis. Regrowth usually occurs and scarring is rare if infection is prevented. Blackened, pain-free skin indicates a third-degree burn. This type of burn affects the full-thickness of the epidermis and dermis of the skin. The lack of pain results from damage to the nerve endings in the burned area. Regrowth is not possible, so skin grafts must be used.

1) The region that contains adipose tissue is indicated by letter __________.

D - hypodermis

53) Sebum is responsible for all of the following except:

D) body temperature regulation

50) What is the first threat to life from a massive third-degree burn:

D) dehydration

27) Synovial membranes are found in the:

D) joint cavities

45) Nails are composed of:

D) keratin

46) The secretions of the eccrine glands are:

D) mostly water, sodium chloride, and trace amounts of wastes, lactic acid, and vitamin C

38) Melanocytes are found in the:

D) stratum basale

40) Which layer of the epidermis produces dandruff:

D) stratum corneum

102) Distinguish between the locations and secretions of apocrine and eccrine sweat glands.

Eccrine sweat glands are more numerous than apocrine sweat glands; they are found all over the body Eccrine sweat glands function in body temperature regulation. When we are too hot, eccrine sweat glands release sweat containing water, salts, vitamin C, and metabolic wastes on to the body's surface. Upon its evaporation, we are cooled down. The ducts of apocrine sweat glands empty into hair follicles in the axillary and genital areas. Apocrine sweat glands activate at puberty and produce sweat almost continuously, but their overall function is not know. Apocrine sweat is milky or yellowish in color due to fatty acids and proteins in the secretions.

2) The hair follicle is indicated by letter __________.

F

81) Squamous cell carcinoma

F) cancer of stratum spinosum cells

88) Hair root

G) part of the hair enclosed in the follicle

86) Decubitus ulcers

H) bedsores

Matrix

H) divides to form hair cells

76) Malignant melanoma

J) cancer of melanocytes

85) Male pattern baldness

K) pattern of hair loss in men due to genetics

107) Differentiate among the roles of melanocytes and keratinocytes. Where in the skin are these cells located?

Melanocytes are located in the stratum basale of the epidermis. These cells produce a pigment, melanin, upon exposure to the skin. Melanin functions to protect the dermis from damage due to UV radiation. Keratinocytes form most of the cells of the epidermis; they produce a water-resistant, tough protein called keratin.

103) Explain how the skin helps regulate body temperature.

The nervous system is responsible for controlling all temperature-regulating functions of the skin. When the temperature in the external environment is high, heat loss occurs as the nervous system activates sweat glands. Perspiration is produced, which evaporates from the skin surface, causing heat to be dissipated. At the same time, the nervous system causes blood to be flushed into skin capillary beds so that heat radiates from the body surface. In contrast, when the temperature in the external environment is low, the nervous system prevents blood from entering the skin capillary system and radiation to the body exterior is prevented so that perspiration does not occur. At the same time, blood is prevented from entering deeper tissues and the core temperature of the body is maintained.

83) Seborrhea

overactivity of sebaceous glands that results in dandruff

78) Psoriasis

overproduction of skin cells causing dry, silvery scales

12) The dermis is composed of the reticular and __________ layers.

papillary

8) The specific serous membrane covering the digestive organs is called the __________.

peritoneum

16) The part of the hair enclosed in the follicle is known as the __________.

root

The type of burn that involves injury to the epidermis and the upper region of the dermis and is red, blistered, and painful is termed as a __________-degree burn.

second

9) The part of a hair that projects from the surface of the scalp or skin is called the __________.

shaft

7) The dry cutaneous membrane forms the __________.

skin

93) Arrector pili muscle

smooth muscle bands of tissue that connect each hair follicle to dermal tissue

84) Impetigo

staphylococcus bacterial infection causing water-filled lesions around the mouth and nose

Type of membrane that lines the fibrous capsules surrounding joints

synovial membrane

59) The dermis is composed mostly of dense connective tissue. t/f

true